Heart Failure

In this video we cover the different types of heart block as well as heart block ECG interpretation, including 1st degree, 2nd degree which has two types- Mobitz 1 or Wenckebach and Mobitz 2, as well as 3rd degree heart block also known as complete heart block. We also look at causes, symptoms and treatment options for each type of heart block. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Normal Cardiac Conduction Pathway1:07 First Degree Heart Block / 1st Degree AV Block  - ECG1:30 First Degree Heart Block  / 1st Degree AV Block -  Causes2:36 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 / Wenckebach - ECG3:15 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 - Causes4:01 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - ECG4:25 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - Causes5:29 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - ECG6:06 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - CausesLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. First-Degree Heart Block • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLOldroyd, S.H., 2023. First-degree atrioventricular block. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448164/. NCBIMedscape, 2024. First-Degree Atrioventricular Block. eMedicine Overview. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161829-overview#a7. Medscape eMedicineLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, including signs and symptoms, pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its diagnosis (and murmur!). Also features hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment options. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? 0:14 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology0:49 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology / Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology2:30 Systolic Anterior Motion / Systolic Anterior Movement4:22 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms6:07 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis7:19 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Marian, A.J. & Braunwald, E., 2017. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circulation Research, 121(7), pp.749–770. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654557/. PMCLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-hcm-ecg-library/.BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/409. BMJ Best PracticeDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Heart Failure / Heart Failure Definition0:11 Systolic vs Diastolic Heart Failure 0:31 How is Cardiac Output Calculated2:28 Causes of Heart Failure 4:39 Heart Failure Risk Factors5:24 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure6:12 Diagnosis of Heart Failure 7:41 Treatment of Heart Failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF) ReferencesNaing, P., Forrester, D., Kangaharan, N., Muthumala, A.S.M., Myint, S.M. & Playford, D., 2019. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. July 2019. [online] Available at: https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/july/heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction. RACGPLi, P., Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Ning, Y. & Tu, Y., 2021. Similarities and differences between HFmrEF and HFpEF. , 8:678614. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.678614/full. Cellular and molecular differences between HFpEF and HFrEF: a step ahead in an improved pathological understanding, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020.  Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7016826/. NCBIAlbakri, A., 2018. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: clinical status and meta-analyses of diagnosis by 3D echocardiography and natriuretic peptides-guided therapy. Paolucci, L., 2022. New guideline-directed treatments for heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Case Reports. Available at: https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaccases.2021.11.006. jacc.orgNicolas, D., 2024. Sacubitril-Valsartan. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507904/. NCBINational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure: diagnosis, management and prognosis. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961993/.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599960/. NCBIDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, also known as Broken Heart Syndrome, Stress Cardiomyopathy or Apical Ballooning Syndrome, is a condition that impairs the heart's ability to contract effectively. Takotsubo means octopus trap in Japanese, which is the shape the left ventricle resembles in this condition. We look at Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy pathology and symptoms, diagnosis including ECG changes as well as treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? 0:36 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Pathology / Causes1:59 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Risk Factors2:54 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Symptoms3:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis 4:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Prognosis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesAhmad, S.A., Khalid, N. & Ibrahim, M.A., 2023. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430798/. NCBICardiomyopathy UK, 2025. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy | Cardiomyopathy UK. [online] Available at: https://www.cardiomyopathy.org/about-cardiomyopathy/types-cardiomyopathy/takotsubo-cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy.orgWikipedia, 2025. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy. WikipediaDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Brugada Syndrome is a genetic condition that predisposes to sudden cardiac death. In this video we cover the Brugada Syndrome ECG changes and Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Brugada Syndrome? 0:22 Brugada Syndrome Epidemiology0:48 Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology 2:33 Brugada Syndrome Symptoms 3:08 Brugada Syndrome ECG3:23 Type 1 Brugada Syndrome ECG 3:48 Type 2 Brugada Syndrome ECG4:08 Brugada Syndrome Criteria5:09 Brugada Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Brugada Syndrome • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/brugada-syndrome-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLLi, K.H.C., Lee, S., Yin, C., Liu, T., Ngarmukos, T., Conte, G., Yan, G.X., Sy, R.W. & Letsas, K.P., 2020. Brugada syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiological mechanisms and risk stratification strategies. International Journal of Cardiology Heart & Vascular, 26:100468. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6974766/. PMCStatPearls / National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Brugada Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519568/. ncbi.nlm.nih.govDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiomyopathy. We cover causes, including pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?0:13 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology0:53 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causes (Primary vs Secondary)1:52 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology (with Compensatory Mechanisms) 4:09 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms4:44 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis5:49 Dilated Cardiomyopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Bice, T.W., 2024. Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), 2025. Dilated cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/221/dilated-cardiomyopathy.Wikipedia, 2025. Dilated cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy.Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm-ecg-library/.McDonagh, T.A., 2017. Diagnosis and assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy: a guideline protocol from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Research and Practice, 4(3), pp.R85–R98. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574280/. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Atrial Fibrillation is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. In this video we cover what is atrial fibrillation, the signs and symptoms, causes of atrial fibrillation and the complications of atrial fibrillation. We also look at how atrial fibrillation is diagnosed, and treated (with rate vs rhythm control). PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Atrial Fibrillation?0:12 Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology1:14 Atrial Fibrillation Causes2:39 Atrial Fibrillation Signs and Symptoms3:30 Atrial Fibrillation Complications4:35 Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis5:28 Atrial Fibrillation Management (Rate vs Rhythm Control) LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesDing, W.Y., Gupta, D. & Lip, G.Y.H., 2020. Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state: revisiting Virchow’s triad in 2020. Heart, 106(19), pp.1463–1468. [online] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32675218/. PubMed+1National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016. Symptoms in atrial fibrillation: a contemporary review and future directions. PMCID: PMC5089512. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089512/. PMCNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Etiology, pathology, and classification of atrial fibrillation. PMCID: PMC7250635. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7250635/. PMCWikipedia, 2025. Atrial fibrillation: Causes. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation#Causes. WikipediaNICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS), 2025. Atrial fibrillation – prevalence. [online] Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/atrial-fibrillation/background-information/prevalence/. Clinical Knowledge SummaryDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, is a debilitating long term condition that affects around 1% of the population. We look at the signs and symptoms including diagnostic criteria, possible causes, risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome as well as treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis 0:13 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Symptoms1:47 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Risk Factors2:40 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis3:43 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesYang, J., Keller, S., Lin, J.S., et al., 2022. Ginseng for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review of clinical studies. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 11, pp.1–8. [online] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2164957X221079790. SAGE JournalsTirelli, U., et al., 2021. Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(1), p.29. [online] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/1/29. mdpi.comMerck Manuals Professional, 2025. Chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis). [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/chronic-fatigue-syndrome. Reviewed/Revised Jul 2023; Modified Apr 2025Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Acute Coronary Syndrome refers to a spectrum of conditions including Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In this video we look at the pathology behind acute coronary syndrome, the differences between Unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI, as well as the signs and symptoms, diagnosis (including ECG changes!) and treatment of each. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Acute Coronary Syndrome - Acute Coronary Syndrome Definition0:25 Coronary Artery Anatomy1:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Atherosclerosis 2:08 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Unstable Angina vs Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction vs ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction3:00 Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Factors3:23 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome4:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG STEMI5:45 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG NSTEMI and Unstable Angina6:42 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Cardiac Troponin I 7:11 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Imaging7:42 Treatment of Acute Coronary SyndromeLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBritish National Formulary (BNF), 2015. Acute coronary syndromes – treatment summary. [online] Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/acute-coronary-syndromes.html. BNFTeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Heart vasculature. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/heart/heart-vasculature/. TeachMeAnatomy+1DeVon, H.A., 2020. Typical and atypical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9:e015539. [online] Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.015539. AHA JournalsWarren, A., 2020. Acute coronary syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal. [online] Available at: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/acute-coronary-syndrome-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment. The Pharmaceutical JournalLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2021. Acute coronary syndromes. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/acute-coronary-syndromes/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

An overview of what is a hiatus hernia (including sliding & paraesophageal classification), the causes of a hiatus hernia as well as the most common signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnosis and treatment of hiatus hernia. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is  Hiatal Hernia0:27 Hiatal Hernia Causes / Pathophysiology1:09 Hiatal Hernia Symptoms2:05 Epidemiology (Who gets a Hiatal Hernia)2:20 Hiatal Hernia Classification3:09 Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis3:53 Hiatal Hernia TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferenceNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Hiatal hernia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/. NCBIHyun, J.J., 2011. Clinical significance of hiatal hernia. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC3166665. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166665/. PMCEmbleton, D.B. et al., 2018. Congenital hiatus hernia: a case series. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC6593919. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593919/. PMCHopkins Medicine, 2022. Hiatal hernia. [online] Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hernias/hiatal-hernia. Hopkins MedicinePatient.info, 2025. Hiatus hernia: symptoms, causes and treatment. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/hiatus-hernia#nav-5. PatientMSD Manuals, 2025. Hiatus hernia – esophageal and swallowing disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.