Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial Fibrillation is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. In this video we cover what is atrial fibrillation, the signs and symptoms, causes of atrial fibrillation and the complications of atrial fibrillation. We also look at how atrial fibrillation is diagnosed, and treated (with rate vs rhythm control). PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Atrial Fibrillation?0:12 Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology1:14 Atrial Fibrillation Causes2:39 Atrial Fibrillation Signs and Symptoms3:30 Atrial Fibrillation Complications4:35 Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis5:28 Atrial Fibrillation Management (Rate vs Rhythm Control) LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesDing, W.Y., Gupta, D. & Lip, G.Y.H., 2020. Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state: revisiting Virchow’s triad in 2020. Heart, 106(19), pp.1463–1468. [online] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32675218/. PubMed+1National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016. Symptoms in atrial fibrillation: a contemporary review and future directions. PMCID: PMC5089512. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089512/. PMCNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Etiology, pathology, and classification of atrial fibrillation. PMCID: PMC7250635. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7250635/. PMCWikipedia, 2025. Atrial fibrillation: Causes. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation#Causes. WikipediaNICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS), 2025. Atrial fibrillation – prevalence. [online] Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/atrial-fibrillation/background-information/prevalence/. Clinical Knowledge SummaryDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Acute Coronary Syndrome refers to a spectrum of conditions including Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In this video we look at the pathology behind acute coronary syndrome, the differences between Unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI, as well as the signs and symptoms, diagnosis (including ECG changes!) and treatment of each. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Acute Coronary Syndrome - Acute Coronary Syndrome Definition0:25 Coronary Artery Anatomy1:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Atherosclerosis 2:08 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Unstable Angina vs Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction vs ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction3:00 Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Factors3:23 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome4:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG STEMI5:45 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG NSTEMI and Unstable Angina6:42 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Cardiac Troponin I 7:11 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Imaging7:42 Treatment of Acute Coronary SyndromeLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBritish National Formulary (BNF), 2015. Acute coronary syndromes – treatment summary. [online] Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/acute-coronary-syndromes.html. BNFTeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Heart vasculature. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/heart/heart-vasculature/. TeachMeAnatomy+1DeVon, H.A., 2020. Typical and atypical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9:e015539. [online] Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.015539. AHA JournalsWarren, A., 2020. Acute coronary syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal. [online] Available at: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/acute-coronary-syndrome-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment. The Pharmaceutical JournalLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2021. Acute coronary syndromes. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/acute-coronary-syndromes/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

An overview of what is a hiatus hernia (including sliding & paraesophageal classification), the causes of a hiatus hernia as well as the most common signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnosis and treatment of hiatus hernia. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is  Hiatal Hernia0:27 Hiatal Hernia Causes / Pathophysiology1:09 Hiatal Hernia Symptoms2:05 Epidemiology (Who gets a Hiatal Hernia)2:20 Hiatal Hernia Classification3:09 Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis3:53 Hiatal Hernia TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferenceNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Hiatal hernia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/. NCBIHyun, J.J., 2011. Clinical significance of hiatal hernia. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC3166665. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166665/. PMCEmbleton, D.B. et al., 2018. Congenital hiatus hernia: a case series. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC6593919. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593919/. PMCHopkins Medicine, 2022. Hiatal hernia. [online] Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hernias/hiatal-hernia. Hopkins MedicinePatient.info, 2025. Hiatus hernia: symptoms, causes and treatment. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/hiatus-hernia#nav-5. PatientMSD Manuals, 2025. Hiatus hernia – esophageal and swallowing disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Myopericarditis includes both myocarditis and pericarditis. In this video we cover what is myopericarditis, as well as causes of myocarditis and pericarditis, signs and symptoms of pericarditis and myocarditis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Myopericarditis? (What is Myocarditis / What is Pericarditis?)0:15 Anatomy - Pericardium & Layers of the Heart 1:41 Infectious Causes of Myocarditis / Pericarditis 2:31 Non Infectious Causes of Myocarditis / Pericarditis 3:22 Signs and Symptoms4:19 Diagnosis of Myopericarditis5:45 Treatment of Myocarditis and Pericarditis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesMSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Myocarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/myocarditis. Reviewed/Revised May 2024; Modified Oct 2025. MSD ManualsManda, Y. & Baradhi, K., 2023. Myopericarditis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534776/. NCBIWikipedia, 2025. Myopericarditis. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopericarditis. en.wikipedia.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, is a debilitating long term condition that affects around 1% of the population. We look at the signs and symptoms including diagnostic criteria, possible causes, risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome as well as treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis 0:13 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Symptoms1:47 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Risk Factors2:40 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis3:43 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesYang, J., Keller, S., Lin, J.S., et al., 2022. Ginseng for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review of clinical studies. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 11, pp.1–8. [online] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2164957X221079790. SAGE JournalsTirelli, U., et al., 2021. Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(1), p.29. [online] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/1/29. mdpi.comMerck Manuals Professional, 2025. Chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis). [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/chronic-fatigue-syndrome. Reviewed/Revised Jul 2023; Modified Apr 2025Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

An easy way to remember the bones of the wrist and hand, including names, position and fractures like the Boxer's Facture! PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Bones of the Wrist Mnemonic0:54 Scaphoid Fracture (Avascular Necrosis)1:36 Metacarpals (& Boxer's Fracture)2:02 Phalanges LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesTeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Bones of the Hand – Carpals, Metacarpals & Phalanges. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/bones/hand/.Geeky Medics, 2025. Bones of the Hand | Carpal bones – Metacarpal bones. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/bones-of-the-hand/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Infective endocarditis is a rare but life threatening infection of the heart, specifically the endocardium. We look at what causes infective endocarditis, its signs and symptoms, as well as diagnosis (including dukes criteria for infective endocarditis) and treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Infective Endocarditis? (Definition) 0:15 Infective Endocarditis Pathophysiology 1:45 Infective Endocarditis Complications3:05 Infective Endocarditis Signs and Symptoms4:20  Infective Endocarditis Risk Factors (Causes) 5:19 Which microorganisms cause infective endocarditis? 6:02 Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology6:45 Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis (Duke Criteria)8:08 Infective Endocarditis Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesHolland, T.L., Baddour, L.M., Bayer, A.S., Hoen, B. & Miro, J.M., 2016. Infective endocarditis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2:16059. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240923/. PubMed CentralWikipedia, 2025. Infective endocarditis. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis. WikipediaRajani, R. & Klein, J.L., 2020. Infective endocarditis: A contemporary update. Clinical Medicine, 20(1), pp.31-35. [online] Available at: https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/20/1/31. OvidRazmi, R. & Magnusson, P., 2019. Introductory chapter: Infective endocarditis – An introduction. In: Infective Endocarditis. IntechOpen. [online] Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45210. ResearchGateNational Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), 2024. Endocarditis, infective. [online] Available at: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/endocarditis-infective/. National Organization for Rare DisordersDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A complete look at asthma, including asthma pathophysiology, causes, as well as asthma signs and symptoms. Also includes how asthma is diagnosed as well as asthma treatment.PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratoryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Asthma / Asthma Definition0:22 Asthma Pathophysiology - Anatomy1:09 Asthma Molecular Pathology  (Early v Late Phase) 3:12 Airway Remodelling3:40 Asthma Causes & Risk Factors4:40 Asthma Symptoms 5:38 Asthma Diagnosis (Chronic - Includes Spirometry)7:15 Acute Exacerbation of Asthma (Mnemonic)8:00 Asthma Treatment - Stepwise ApproachLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2018. Asthma. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6157154/. PubMed CentralWiley Online Library, 2023. Allergic disease article. Allergy [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.14607. (Exact article title assumed – if you want the full title, provide the page text).National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Pathophysiology of Asthma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551579/. NCBIMoore, V.C., 2025. Spirometry: step by step. Breathe, 8(3), pp.232-240. [online] Available at: https://publications.ersnet.org/content/breathe/8/3/232. ERS PublicationsReddel, H.K. et al., 2021. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy 2021 – Executive summary and rationale for key changes. European Respiratory Journal, 59(1):2102730. [online] Available at: https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/59/1/2102730. ERS PublicationsBMJ Best Practice, 2025. BMJ Best Practice: Info. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is projected to be the number 1 cause of disease burden by 2030. We look at the causes and risk factors, the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, and the treatment of depression.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Major Depressive Disorder0:23 DSM 5 Criteria - Major Depressive Disorder 1:58 Depression Causes & Risk Factors 3:10 Depression Pathophysiology 4:28 Depression Epidemiology 4:59 Depression Diagnosis 5:39 Depression Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Reference:Bains, N. & Abdijadid, S., 2023. Major Depressive Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/. NCBIPsycom, 2025. DSM-5 depression criteria – Major Depressive Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.psycom.net/depression/major-depressive-disorder/dsm-5-depression-criteria.Wikipedia, 2025. Major depressive disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder.National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Depression. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression.Bondy, B., 2002. Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(1), pp.7–20. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.1/bbondy. Taylor & Francis OnlineDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Venous Thromboembolism refers to the presence of blood clots in veins, in particular deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We cover both, including Virchow's Triad and the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism. Also included are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of both. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratoryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Venous Thromboembolism?0:32 Normal Cardiac and Pulmonary Circulation 0:59 Deep Vein Thrombosis Pathophysiology (& Most Common Veins)1:24 Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology 3:52 Venous Thromboembolism Pathophysiology (Virchow's Triad)5:32 Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis5:49 Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism6:25 Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis8:18 Pulmonary Embolism ECG Findings8:53 Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis / Pulmonary EmbolismLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesStone, J., Hangge, P., Albadawi, H., Wallace, A., Shamoun, F., Grace Knuttien, M., Naidu, S. & Oklu, R., 2017. Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, 7(Suppl 3), pp.S276–S284. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5778510/. PubMed CentralMSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Pulmonary embolism (PE) – Pulmonary Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pulmonary-embolism/pulmonary-embolism-pe.Turetz, M., Sideris, A.T., Friedman, O.A. & Triphathi, N., 2018. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and natural history of pulmonary embolism. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986574/. PubMed CentralMSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) – Cardiovascular Disorders / Peripheral Venous Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-dvt.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.