Ukrainian War of Independence Part 8: An Unbreakable Union

Lafayette stages a remarkable display of patriotism at a festival celebrating the one year anniversary of the revolution’s beginning. Having reached the ‘zenith of his influence,’ his political opponents on both the left and right grow increasingly wary of his ambition.  Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015. Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956.  Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021.  Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011.  Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837.  Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.  Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002. Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938. Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834. Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

An official report on conditions in the Congo exposes the Free State’s atrocities to the world. As pressure mounts on Leopold II to relinquish control of his colony, the king became increasingly determined to cling onto it until his dying breath. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography Ascherson, Neal. The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo. Granta Books, 1963.  O’Siochain, Seamas and O’Sullivan, Michael. The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement’s Congo Report and 1903 Diary. University College Dublin Press, 2003. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Penguin Books, 2007.  Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Mariner Books, 2020.  Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa: White Man’s Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912. Perennial, 2003. Rutz, Michael. King Leopold’s Congo and the ‘Scramble for Africa:’ a Short History with Documents. Hackett Publishing Co. Inc, 2018 Cover Image: Satirical cartoon appearing in a November 1906 edition of the British magazine "Punch" depicting Leopold II as a snake attacking a Congolese man. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák Closing Theme: Central African tribal chant, date of recording unknown.

The Ukrainian nationalists under Symon Petliura are forced to make unlikely alliances in order to withstand a renewed Soviet invasion of Ukraine. Although the nationalists were ultimately vanquished, the ideal of independent Ukrainian statehood would live on and manifest itself in unexpected ways in the future. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

The Directory's tenuous hold on power continues to slip away as it faces off against an array of hostile powers in every direction. Meanwhile, the ideological divides within Ukraine itself become increasingly apparent. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

In early 1919, the unification of Ukraine, the dream of Ukrainian nationalists for centuries, had finally been achieved. In the midst of the wider conflict that was engulfing eastern Europe at that time, internal divisions and external pressures would once again threaten the unity of Ukraine. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

The German high command, losing patience with the intransigence of the Central Rada, has it overthrown and replaced by a new government under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky. However, as Germany's fortunes in the First World War began to wane, so too did the Hetman's control over Ukraine. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

The beleaguered Ukrainian People's Republic concludes a peace treaty with the Central Powers just as Soviet forces approach Kyiv. But while this action may have secured Ukraine's freedom from Bolshevik domination, it begins to appear as though the Ukrainians had exchanged one conqueror for another. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

In 1917, war breaks out between Russia's new Soviet government and the newly independent Ukrainian People's Republic. But as the armies of the Central Powers close in, and anti-Bolshevik opposition grows throughout the former empire, Ukraine is positioned to become a battleground in a much wider conflict. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

When the Tsar is overthrown in February of 1917, the Ukrainian people seek to take advantage of this opportunity to exercise their right to national self-determination. Despite the modesty of their initial demands, they are met with resistance from the Russian Provisional Government. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.

In the mid-18th century, the people of "Little Russia" began to form a new national identity as Ukrainians. Regarded by the Tsarist authorities as a threat to the stability of the Russian Empire, drastic measures would be taken to suppress this movement before it was too late. Email me: [email protected] Podcast Website Follow me on Twitter Facebook Page Buy Some Used Books Bibliography: Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975.  Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019.  Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970 Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977. Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970. Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021. Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952. Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917. Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák. Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.