Mindfulness and meditation - The Science of Effortless Awareness: EEG Neurofeedback and Meditation

Mindfulness Training for Smoking Cessation: Moderation of the Relationship Between Craving and Cigarette UseIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and colleagues discuss a randomized clinical trial evaluating mindfulness training (MT) as a smoking cessation intervention. The study demonstrates how mindfulness decouples the link between craving and cigarette use by disrupting the addictive loop reinforced by craving. Results showed that increased mindfulness practice—both formal and informal—significantly reduced cigarette consumption and moderated the relationship between craving and smoking behavior. By teaching participants to observe and accept cravings rather than suppress them, MT offers a powerful, evidence-based approach to addiction treatment.Full Reference:Elwafi, H. M., Witkiewitz, K., Mallik, S., Thornhill, T. A., & Brewer, J. A. (2013). Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Moderation of the relationship between craving and cigarette use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 130(1-3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.015Let's connect on Instagram

Meditation Leads to Reduced Default Mode Network Activity Beyond an Active TaskIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and Dr. Kathleen Garrison explore how meditation alters brain activity, specifically within the default mode network (DMN), a system associated with self-referential thinking and mind-wandering. This study uniquely compares meditation not just to resting states but also to an active cognitive task, demonstrating that experienced meditators exhibit significantly reduced DMN activity. Findings suggest that long-term meditation practice can quiet habitual self-referential thought patterns and improve attentional control. Tune in to discover how meditation reshapes the brain beyond relaxation, fostering present-moment awareness and mental clarity.Full Reference:Garrison, K. A., Zeffiro, T. A., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Brewer, J. A. (2015). Meditation leads to reduced default mode network activity beyond an active task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15, 712–720. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0358-3Let's connect on Instagram

Mindfulness Training for Smoking Cessation: Results from a Randomized Controlled TrialIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and colleagues present findings from a groundbreaking randomized controlled trial comparing mindfulness training (MT) to a standard smoking cessation program (Freedom From Smoking, FFS). The study demonstrates that MT not only reduced cigarette consumption more effectively during treatment but also sustained these improvements through a 17-week follow-up. Participants who received mindfulness training achieved significantly higher abstinence rates (31% vs. 6% for FFS) and showed a greater capacity to "sit with" cravings rather than react to them. Learn how mindfulness leverages awareness and acceptance to disrupt addiction loops, offering a scalable, evidence-based solution for smoking cessation.Full Reference:Brewer, J. A., Mallik, S., Babuscio, T. A., Nich, C., Johnson, H. E., Deleone, C. M., Minnix-Cotton, C. A., Byrne, S. A., Kober, H., Weinstein, A. J., Carroll, K. M., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2011). Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119(1-2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027Let's connect on Instagram

Source-Space EEG Neurofeedback Links Subjective Experience with Brain Activity During Effortless Awareness MeditationIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and Dr. Remko van Lutterveld explore the latest advances in neurofeedback and meditation. This study used high-density EEG to provide real-time neurofeedback from the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a key region in self-referential processing and mind-wandering. Both novice and experienced meditators demonstrated a strong correlation between decreased PCC activity and the subjective experience of "effortless awareness," a key component of meditation. Notably, participants were able to volitionally control their PCC activity, suggesting that neurofeedback may serve as a valuable tool for deepening meditation practice. Tune in to discover how neuroscience and technology are revolutionizing the way we train the mind.Full Reference:van Lutterveld, R., Houlihan, S. D., Pal, P., Sacchet, M. D., McFarlane-Blake, C., Patel, P. R., Sullivan, J. S., Ossadtchi, A., Druker, S., Bauer, C., & Brewer, J. A. (2016). Source-space EEG neurofeedback links subjective experience with brain activity during effortless awareness meditation. NeuroImage, 129, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.047Let's connect on Instagram

Craving to Quit: Psychological Models and Neurobiological Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training as Treatment for AddictionsIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and colleagues explore the transformative role of mindfulness training in treating addictions. Drawing from both modern psychological frameworks and ancient Buddhist models of suffering, this discussion highlights how mindfulness targets core elements of addiction, such as craving and habit loops. The episode unpacks the neurobiological mechanisms underlying mindfulness interventions, showcasing how they disrupt operant conditioning and rewire the brain's default mode network. Using nicotine addiction as a case study, Dr. Brewer presents mindfulness as a promising, scalable alternative to conventional treatments.Full Reference:Brewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H. (2013). Craving to quit: Psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028490Let's connect on Instagram

Neurofeedback from the Posterior Cingulate Cortex as a Mental Mirror for MeditationIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and Dr. Remko van Lutterveld explore how real-time neurofeedback from the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) can serve as a "mental mirror" to enhance meditation practice. Meditation is known for its benefits, but learning how to meditate effectively can be challenging due to the lack of immediate feedback. This study demonstrates how fMRI-based neurofeedback helps meditators recognize when their minds wander and when they are fully immersed in meditation. By providing real-time insights into brain activity, this innovative approach may accelerate meditation learning and deepen self-awareness. Tune in to discover how neurofeedback is bridging the gap between brain science and contemplative practice.Full Reference:van Lutterveld, R., & Brewer, J. A. (2015). Neurofeedback from the Posterior Cingulate Cortex as a Mental Mirror for Meditation. Biofeedback, 43(3), 000–000. https://doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-43.3.05Let's connect on Instagram

Bested by the Buddha: Does Ancient Theory Outperform Modern-Day Psychology for Habit Change and Addiction Treatment?In this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer explores the intersection of ancient Buddhist teachings and modern psychology to tackle habits and addictions. Drawing on his personal journey and clinical research, Dr. Brewer illustrates how mindfulness targets reinforcement learning, disrupting addictive cycles by fostering awareness and curiosity. This discussion highlights how strategies like exploring gratification to its end can outperform willpower-based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. With practical applications for smoking cessation, overeating, and anxiety management, this episode offers transformative insights into habit change and addiction treatment.Full Reference:Brewer, J. A. (2024). Bested by the Buddha: Does ancient theory outperform modern-day psychology for habit change and addiction treatment? Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02361-2Let's connect on Instagram

BOLD Signal and Functional Connectivity Associated with Loving-Kindness MeditationIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and his team explore the neuroscience behind loving-kindness meditation (Metta) and its impact on brain function. Using fMRI, this study compared experienced meditators and novices, uncovering key differences in brain activity and connectivity during the practice. The findings reveal that meditators exhibit reduced activity in the posterior cingulate cortex—a region linked to self-referential thinking and mind-wandering—suggesting a more present-centered and selfless focus. Additionally, meditators showed distinct patterns of functional connectivity, emphasizing a shift in emotional processing, inner speech, and memory networks. Tune in to learn how loving-kindness meditation transforms the brain and fosters compassion.Full Reference:Garrison, K. A., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Brewer, J. A. (2014). BOLD signal and functional connectivity associated with loving-kindness meditation. Brain and Behavior, 4(3), 337-347. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.219Let's connect on Instagram

Analyzing the Impact of Mobile App Engagement on Mental Health Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of the Unwinding Anxiety ProgramIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer and colleagues explore how engagement with specific app features impacts mental health outcomes in the context of anxiety treatment. Through secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, the study demonstrates that higher engagement with the Unwinding Anxiety app’s educational modules, meditations, and ecological tools significantly improves anxiety, worry, interoceptive awareness, and emotional regulation. Discover how microlevel engagement with app features translates to macrolevel health benefits, providing actionable insights into designing effective and scalable digital interventions for anxiety and mental health.Full Reference:Nardi, W., Roy, A., Dunsiger, S., & Brewer, J. A. (2022). Analyzing the impact of mobile app engagement on mental health outcomes: Secondary analysis of the Unwinding Anxiety program. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(8), e33696. https://doi.org/10.2196/33696Let's connect on Instagram

Real-Time fMRI Links Subjective Experience with Brain Activity During Focused AttentionIn this episode, Dr. Jud Brewer explores groundbreaking research on real-time fMRI neurofeedback, revealing how brain activity and subjective experience interact during focused attention. This study bridges the gap between objective neuroscience and first-person introspection by using experienced meditators who excel at monitoring their mental states. By providing real-time feedback from the posterior cingulate cortex (a key region in self-referential processing and mind-wandering), researchers demonstrated that meditators can voluntarily regulate brain activity linked to attention and awareness. Tune in to discover how these findings advance our understanding of meditation, neuroplasticity, and the mind-body connection.Full Reference:Garrison, K. A., Scheinost, D., Worhunsky, P. D., Elwafi, H. M., Thornhill, T. A. IV, Thompson, E., Saron, C., Desbordes, G., Kober, H., Hampson, M., Gray, J. R., Constable, R. T., Papademetris, X., & Brewer, J. A. (2013). Real-time fMRI links subjective experience with brain activity during focused attention. NeuroImage, 81, 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.030Let's connect on Instagram