DSD 7.7 | Manipulating absorption of colostrum

When the thermostat spikes, and temperature stress is high on the herd, what lasting effects are made? A data set that began several years back continues to grow in strength suggesting that summer calving harms in irreversible ways. This paper specifically focuses in on the calf developing in utero, incubated like a crock pot inside the dry cow. Maverick Guenther, conducted a studied with the oversight of Dr. Laporta in WI to specifically measure the impact of in-utero heat stress conditions on colostrum absorption to help explain the decreased calf performance parameters previously seen and ultimate reduction in milk production years later. Listen in today to learn how colostrum absorption is impacted and possible ways to improve the situation. Topics of discussion 1:40      Introduction of Maverick Guenther 3:42      Experimental design; calves heat stressed 4:43      Background IgG transfer from dam into offspring– Apparent Efficiency of Absorption (AEA) 8:04       Long term effects of heat stress 10:41     Microscopic observations of intestinal lining in addition to cellular death measurements 12:01    Acceleration of gut closure might be due to Cellular death   12:58     Does heat stress impact colostrum? 14:38     A second meal of colostrum might help 15:47     Changes in gene expression 16:46     Deeper explanation of “FC receptor” changed due to HS in utero 18:39     What is the source of the FC receptor   20:24     What does colostrum absorption look like for mild heat stress and primiparous animals                22:38     What are research next steps – rescue feeding vs prevention        23:14     Stress response, such as SCC impact on colostrum absorption                     25:10     What do you want boots on the ground dairymen to know from your research? 26:19     Ideal colostrum brix reading Featured Article: Effect of in utero heat stress on neonatal small intestinal cell turnover, and markers associated with barrier function and IgG transport in newborn dairy heifers. Past relevant episodes: 2024: DSD 5.5 | Avoid generations of production losses 2020: DSD 1.7 | Calves born to heat stressed dams programming for failure 2025: DSD 6.2 | Bump colostrum quality with ease 2026: DSD 7.7 | Manipulating absorption of colostrum #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #heatstress; #AEA; #dairy; #colostrum; #calf; #survival; #FCreceptor; #absorption; #IgG; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

It’s well accepted that management decisions during the first few weeks of life, can impact the long-term trajectory of success. Easy examples of this fact are colostrum management, plane of nutrition and vaccinations just to name a few. One can typically expect an increase in average daily gain, will return in the bulk tank 2 years later. Research on social housing over the years has shown an increased rate of gain during the milk phase, but hasn’t captured the implications later in life. First calf heifers transitioning into the milk string tend to be skittish, reluctant to enter the feed alley and fight with the boss cow. Through this transition, her size matters but also her ability to remain resilient in consistently tolerating the social attributes of the milk string. Dr. Emily Miller-Cushon, and her team of researchers from the University of FL in Gainesville really wanted to measure the impact of housing type on long-term effects, therefore they made the investment to compare individual, paired or group housing to determine if one housing type would dramatically impact her first lactation success. Listen in today to learn how social housing could improve your profits through increased survival and milk yields through social resilience. Topics of discussion 1:49      Introduction of Dr. Emily Miller-Cushon 2:47      Background overview of social housing 4:52      Project objectives and study design; individual, paired or group housed calves 6:04       What’s the best way to begin implementing paired housing on farm? 8:26       Managing the first two weeks of life for large groups 9:30      What’s the ideal age range in paired and groups. 10:24     Diets fed 11:48     Breeding aged culling rate 12:41     Cull risk timing (Figure 1) 14:01     ADG did not explain the milk yield change (Figure 4) 18:43     Cross sucking and mammary health 22:11     Longterm effects of paired housing, survival through lactation (Figure 2) 24:15     Milk production, first 5 weeks (Figure 3) 26:42     Disproportionately culled high producing, individually housed animals 28:04     What do you want boots on the ground dairymen to know from your research? Featured Article: Long-term effects of dairy calf social housing on first lactation survival and milk yield #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #groupedhousing; #pairedhousing; #dairy; #calf; #ADG; #survival; #resilence; #firstlactation; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

Much research has focused around the transition period. Recent findings suggest feeding oleic and palmitic fatty acids could aid in improving the energy balance of the cow, but why? Dr. Andres Contreras and his team of researchers conducted benchtop science, studying fat tissue to best understand the mode of action documented in this month’s featured article. The mitochondria is the powerhouse organelle in the cell which determines the energy status for the cow. If running efficiently, this ‘cellular engine’ will generate a substantial amount of energy, or ATP. However, when operating inefficiently, due likely to damage from oxidative stress, the organelle will generate less energy, resulting in the cow mobilizing more fat stores to fuel milk production. We all know, if the negative energy balance “spiral” begins – the cow is going to struggle through the transition period which has lasting implications on the entire lactation. Listen in today to learn about how energy production in early lactation could be impacted by your feeding program. Topics of discussion 1:45      Introduction of Dr. Andres Contreras 3:00      What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  4:49      Mitochondrial activity   6:04       Objective of the study, what happens to mitochondria when challenged and when subject to oxidative stress.   6:55       Two possible paths for the mitochondria in the first week of lactation. 8:04       When cows start to mobilize fats – mitochondria dysfunction begins 9:37      Excessive Lipolysis results in inflammation response 10:15    Treatment design 11:04     How did you test the effect of Oleic and Palmitic Fatty acids on the mitochondria? 11:47     Impact of Oleic Acid on mitochondria function 12:50    Increased respiration rates of the mitochondria, and why that matters.   14:08     ATP increase - The importance of the first 3 days in milk 15:53     How does FA concentrations impact the Redox reaction (Antioxidants : Oxidants) 18:10     If you have a cohort of over conditioned cows, would OA and PA help? Why? 20:43     Day 3 NEFA impact on first service conception rate Featured Article: Oleic Acid Supports Mitochondrial Function During Lipolytic and Pro-Oxidant Challenges in Bovine Adipocytes Day 3 NEFA article: Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and glucose in blood of periparturient dairy cows are indicative of pregnancy success at first insemination #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #oleic; #transitiondairy; #mitochondria; #ATP; #liposis; #NEFA; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

Arguably the most important first step in the life of any calf is successful establishment of passive immunity through colostrum management. This key touchpoint ensures easy newborn calf management for weeks in the future and improved pay price for your bull calves. Colostrum replacers occasionally need fed, for a variety of reasons. Understanding the key details of absorption, allows colostrum replacer manufacturers to optimize their product and therefore your success. How does dilution impact the absorption of the colostrum replacer, based on the rate of abomasal emptying? Does this impact the calf’s IgG absorption and ultimately success of passive transfer? Listen in to Dr. Alberto Lopez has he describes the results of his recently released research and observations from the field. Topics of discussion 1:43      Introduction of Dr. Alberto Lopez 2:39      Project design/treatments   3:08      150 IgG replacer used 4:55      Different CR products on the market  5:23      Osmolarity in colostrum 6:44      Maternal colostrum enhancement – impact on osmolarity 8:17      Path of colostrum once it leaves the tube 8:33      High osmolarity takes longer to feed, and digest 9:58      Should producers measure osmolarity?   11:17    Measuring / tracking successful transfer of passive immunity (STPI) 13:29    Calf buyer pay price 15:03    How did dilution impact IgG absorption 16:06    IgG upper limit maxing out absorption 17:27    Abomasal emptying 22:23    No difference in IgG absorption in differing dilution 27:35    What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  Featured Article: The effect of dilution of colostrum replacer on IgG absorption, abomasal emptying rate, and gastrointestinal permeability in newborn Holstein calves #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #IgG; #colostrum; #colostrumreplacer; #colostrumenhancement; #calf; #STPI; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel  

Opportunistic Grazing is a term used to maximize forage grazed on marginal land for heifer development. Research work completed in Wisconsin nearly a decade ago and recently published defined the differences between heifers reared on pasture for 6 months annually vs those housed in confinement year-round. Heifer development is the second most expensive portion of the dairy enterprise, and feed going into your replacements is the easiest metric to change. Simply by rotating the females between pastures every 2-4 days during optimum grazing conditions, this data suggests a return of nearly 2700 lbs milk during her first lactation when compared to the ‘couch potato’ counterpart on TMR. Listen in today to learn about what observations to expect, how to be responsive and nimble to weather while decreasing cost of production. Additionally, researchers Ken Kalscheur and Carlos Camisa Nova provides a sneak peek at future research being conducted to better understand what is changing in the heifer to improve first lactation performance. Topics of discussion 1:57      Introduction of Dr. Kalscheur and Carlos Camisa Nova 3:07      Project design/details/background 6:30      How was the pasture measured 7:46      Discussion of supplementation strategies 9:04      TMR composition for 1.8 ADG goal 10:03     Bodyweight difference after first grazing season 12:24     Supplementation strategy to bred heifers, during a drought year 14:59    Feed costs – pasture vs TMR, reduction of 35%   17:21     Repro effect of pasture vs confinement 18:59    First lactation performance of pasture based heifer development 20:02     Impact on Dry matter intake during first lactation 22:23     Follow up project, in progress, to assess possible metabolic differences 25:40     Impact of an activity difference in the two styles of rearing animals 27:57     What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  Featured Article: Growth and lactation performance from dairy heifers raised in confinement or on pasture #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #pasture; #replacement; #heiferdevelopment; #milk; #dmi; #active; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

The A2 protein variant was identified back in the 60s as a genetic difference among cattle. Recent consumer interest has driven a demand for A2/A2 milk, resulting in increased prevalence in the dairy industry. Acknowledging the importance of protein in cheese production, food scientists have worked with cheese makers to both identify and reduce the impact of A2 on cheese yield. Beyond yield impacts, Dr. Ibanez and his team of researchers at the Center for Dairy Research wanted to better understand specifically how proteolysis differs when casein proteins change and if this knowledge can ultimately be used to improve the human health impacts of cheese. Listen in to better understand how one slight change in amino acid sequence can transform the ripening process and ultimately the nutrients in your cheese. Topics of discussion 1:26      Introduction of Dr. Rodrigo Ibanez   2:32       Different proteins present in milk, based on genetics       4:00      How A2 milk impacts cheese making efficiency   5:52      Description of 4 types of casein in milk protein 8:07      Cheese yield losses with A2 milk ameliorated with skill of cheese makers. 9:46       Art of stirring the curd 10:30     Sire selection for A2, is it moving the mark?    12:10    Experimental design 12:50     How does A2 milk impact cheese quality – gel firmness and ripening 14:14    Protein and Fatty acid impact on flavor 15:50     Description of β-casomorphin peptides 19:11    A2 tend to be a little bit firmer then A1, and slower digestion.   20:20    Opioid activity in cheese 21:00     Testing for A2 protein fractions to confirm A2 milk was used for A2 cheese 22:42     Will aging help all cheeses be easier to digest? β-casomorphin 7 concentrations. 25:04    β-casomorphin impact on human health 26:54     What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  Featured Articles: Comparison of the proteolysis and occurrence of a range of β-casomorphin peptides in commercial U.S. Cheddar cheeses manufactured from A1/A2 and A2/A2 β-casein milks #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #A2; #β-casomorphin; #casein; #A1; #ripening; #cheese; #whey; #DRMS; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

The trajectory of the success for a dairy cow begins with mammary development, long before lactation begins.  Dr. Benjamin Enger, Associate Professor for The Ohio State University in Wooster, has worked with his team for years to best understand how infection can change the development and if the timing of infection impacts that response. He was specifically interested in Staphylococcus aureus (SA), a common contagious pathogen in dairy farms. To study this, 21 bred heifers at three stages (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 months) of pregnancy were inoculated, and tissue samples were collected 21 days later to determine the damage done. In this edition, there is much discussion about the physiology of mammary gland development and how different stages of pregnancy impacts progress towards lactation. Understanding the development of the mammary, will likely illuminate the importance of seemingly meniscal management steps. Analyzing your farm’s data could hold the key to eliminating what might be the source of this devastating pathogen. Listen in today to learn more! Topics of discussion 1:40      Introduction of Dr. Ben Enger   3:08      Project set up 3:47      Knowledge gained in projects leading up to this hypothesis 6:53      What is mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and stromal cells 10:18    How did Staph Aureus (SA) impact amount of MEC and stromal cells in infected quarters 13:21     Cellular changes in heifers 6.5 vs 8.5 months pregnant 17:00     Cellular differences between the edge tissue vs the center (pic p4) 18:40    Duration of impact as the result of SA infection in pregnant heifers   20:54     How does SA get into calves prior to freshening? 22:53    Did you observe immunotolerance in the pregnant heifers? 25:53    What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  27:26    Experimental increase of milk using blanket therapy to heifers precalving 28:17    Examine first test SCC in first calf heifers 27:20     What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project                 Featured Articles: Impact of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection on cellular proliferation and apoptosis on developing mammary glands of pregnant dairy heifers Supporting article: Impact of intramammary infections on mammary gland development in pregnant dairy heifers during late gestation #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #SA; #staphaureus ; #SA; #mammary; #mammarydevelopment; #heifer; #milk; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

Embryo transfer has become increasingly popular on US dairy farms to rapidly advance the genetic profile of the herd. This month’s feature article looks at the associations between fertility traits on the success of embryo transfer. Fertility traits such as daughter pregnancy rate (DPR), cow conception rate (CCR) and heifer conception rate (HCR) are consistently classified with low heritability. However, this retrospective study takes a deep dive into the data stored at the Council of Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) to use the statistical power of dairy farmers data. There, the researchers were able to find a clear impact of these traits on the success of an ET program and long term impact on herd fertility. Because ultimately  … we’re just interested in more calves on the ground, so listen in to better understand how data is improving ET fertility setbacks. Topics of discussion 1:39      Introduction of Dr. Sophia Ortega   2:18      Fertility traits discussion 3:47      How to improve these traits with low heritability                6:25      In vivo (IVD) and in vitro procedures (IVP) definition 8:11      Grade 1 embryo improvements when selecting females using fertility traits 9:27      Embryo loss discussion 10:30    Difference preg rate between cow vs. heifer 12:03    Global impact of ET improvements using fertility traits 13:45    How ET trends in the dairy industry in the past 5 years 16:02    Limitation of in-vitro procedures and expected preg rate 16:57    Blastocyst rate improvement 19:19    Impact of fertility of ET recipients 21:08    Where to find the fertility traits when selecting 27:20    What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  Featured Articles: Association of fertility traits with embryo development and pregnancy establishment Resources: Dairy Records Management Systems Council of Dairy Cattle Breeding #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #embryo; #ET; #DPR; #CCR; #HCR; #embryotransfer; #CDCB; #DRMS; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

Sorghum costs less to plant and requires less water to generate productive tonnages. For years, sorghum has been ignored as a dairy forage, because the starch filled berry was nearly impossible to process, limiting the energy available to the cow. To combat this issue a male sterile bmr dwarf variety was developed with no grain head as an opportunity to harvest a nutrient dense, resilient leafy forage. Researcher Juan Pineiro, Associate Professor & Extension Dairy Specialist at Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center in Amarillo and his team substituted a portion of corn silage in the TMR with sorghum silage to determine the feasibility of this forage for dairy farms. The team found an improvement in dry matter intake which resulted in a nearly 8lb increase in milk produced when substituting 25% of the corn silage with headless sorghum silage. To compensate for the decrease in dietary starch, Dr. Pineiro added ground corn into the ration to balance energy. Additionally, Dr. Pineiro drew our attention to the recent advancements in berry processing for the non-sterile varieties. “We were able to see 0-1% intact berries remaining with the recently patented processor,” he explained. This unlocks the starch available to the cow and should causes dairymen to consider planting once again. He cautions hybrid selection, harvest timing and processing are all keys to making this affordable resilient forage to earn a spot in your ration. Sorghum should be given a second look, especially in water limiting – dairy dense regions. Listen-in to this episode for an update in sorghum advancements for your dairy. Topics of discussion 2:05      Introduction of Dr. Juan Pineiro 2:48      What is male sterile sorghum 4:54      Sugar impact on fermentation profile of sorghum silage 5:50      Harvesting management for dwarf bmr sorghum 7:47      Substituting corn silage with sorghum silage 9:42       Increase of 6.6 lbs in dry matter intake 13:07     Increase of 8lbs of milk by substituting 25% corn silage with sorghum silage. 14:09    Cropping strategies 15:18     Financial and risk considerations on the forage system 16:05    Crop rotation or double crop options 17:36    Hybrid selection matters 19:13    Berry processing technology advancements 21:05    Principals of starch degradability   21:41    Results – shift in population, but same microbial efficiency 23:58     Best berry processing – headlage or whole plant 25:36     Increasing ensiling duration to increase starch digestibility   29:38     Timing of harvest -  late soft dough to optimize the total tonnage, starch concentration and reduced   leachate 30:41    Next research : 0, 3, 6, 9 month fermentation with 2 varieties of sorghum – yielded 80% starch digestibility 32:21     What’s the custom harvesters charging with this new berry processor 33:17     What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project  Featured Articles: Effects of partially replacing corn silage with brown midrib male-sterile sorghum silage on intake, digestibility, and milk production in dairy cows Effects of a novel onboard sorghum kernel processor and height of cut on berry processing score and ruminal in situ starch disappearance of forage sorghum ensiled for 0 and 90 days #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #starchdegradation; #sorghum; #dwarf; #bmr; #fermentation; #ruminantnutrition; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel

Seventy percent of the protein your herd uses for lactation is derived from the microbial population in her rumen. Researchers from UC Davis and Feedworks USA sought to learn more about how different substrates might impact rumen microbial efficiency. They did this with the ultimate goal of increasing the flow of protein available for absorption to help offset feed costs, recognizing protein is the highest cost of the ration, and likely the largest fraction to the cost of production on most dairies. “We know that efficency of growth in the rumen varies dramatically, nearly 2 fold. Microbes can use 1/3 of their energy for growth or as much as 2/3,” Hackmann described. His lab is using invitro cultures to attempt to determine why this variation exists. “If we can pinpoint cause then we can accomidate and make microbes grow more efficiently and deliver more protein to the ruminant at a lower cost.” Past models, used in ration formulation software such as CNCPS, claim rumen bacteria perform digestion more efficiently when fed cellulose, over glucose. However, featured work by Dr. Tim Hackmann’s invitro lab suggests a different result. “We found there will be a larger mass of microbes that grow on glucose then cellulose but they also digest more, so the efficiency is not differnet.” Listen-in to this episode for in interesting dive into the expected changes in the rumen under these conditions. An added bonus banter from Dr. Benjamin Wenner, ruminant nutritionist with FeedWorks USA and co-author on the featured article, about the futuristic concepts possible for ruminant nutrition with mindful investment. Topics of discussion 1:29      Introduction of Dr. Tim Hackman and Dr. Benjamin Wenner 2:03      Key highlights of 80 years of Ruminant nutrition – role of rumen microorganisms, knows and unknowns 4:40      Description of the Invitro research system, magnetic stir syringe treatment delivery 6:41      Treatment differences – Glucose vs Cellulose 8:22      Different Carbohydrates, and concentration changes microbial population 10:04    Why did you choose to focus reporting on bacteria – Hackman 11:20     Importance of Bacteria cont’d, 60-90% of biomass of the rumen - Wenner 13:32    Biochemistry of the Rumen - Acetate:Propionate shifts as a result of the substrate 15:41     The main message of the paper 16:06    Analogy for the ease of digestion - Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin 17:36    Fermentation profile 18:41    Unusual product of fermentation - Caproate 20:43    Add value by reporting all data 21:41    Results – shift in population, but same microbial efficiency                What do you want ‘boots on the ground’ dairymen to know about your project 23:18     The future of Ruminant Nutrition – needed investments in descriptive microbiology to feed efficient animals of the future. 26:13     Nutritionists replaced by AI? 28:29     Improving Ration formulation software from 1992     Featured Article: Mixed rumen bacteria grow with similar efficiency on cellulose and glucose    #2xAg2030; #journalofdairyscience; #openaccess; #MODAIRY; #CNCPS; #ruminant; #cellulose; #bacteria; #efficiency; #ruminantnutrition; #UCDavis; #feedworks; #dairysciencedigest; #ReaganBluel