Volunteer organization helps clean up the beach

If you've ever felt the benefit of a loved one's warm embrace when you're feeling stressed or sad, it might not surprise you that strong relationships can do wonders for your wellbeing. Research over the years has shown that people with strong social ties tend to be healthier, but a 2025 study, published in Brain, Behaviour and Immunity now suggests that it could also slow down the ageing process.如果你曾在压力大或情绪低落时，从挚爱的人温暖拥抱中得到力量，那么你大概不会惊讶：稳固的人际关系对身心健康有奇效。多年来的研究显示，拥有强大社会联系的人往往更健康；而 2025 年发表在《大脑、行为与免疫》上的一项研究更指出，人际关系甚至可能减缓衰老过程。Researchers in the United States came up with a measure called 'cumulative social advantage', which takes into account the benefits of maintaining strong, supportive relationships over time, rather than just newer relationships. They looked at things like support from parents growing up, participation in the community, and ongoing support from friends and family. People who had these things were more likely to have a younger biological age and less inflammation in the body. Co-author of the study, Anthony Ong, says "Think of social connections like a retirement account. The earlier you start investing and the more consistently you contribute, the greater your returns".美国研究人员提出了一个名为“累积社会优势”的指标，它强调的是长期维持稳定且具支持性的人际关系所带来的效益，而不仅仅是新建立的关系。他们考察的因素包括：成长过程中来自父母的支持、参与社区活动的程度，以及来自亲友的持续支持。具备这些条件的人，往往拥有更年轻的生物年龄和更低的身体炎症水平。该研究的合著者安东尼·翁（Anthony Ong）说：“把社交联系当作退休账户。越早开始投资、越持续投入，回报就越大。”So, how are friendships so powerful? Humans have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years as social beings – we're wired for connection. For our ancestors, being part of a group wasn't just about having company, it kept us safe and made it easier to find and share food and raise offspring. And it now appears that these connections affect our bodies on a biological, cellular level.那么，友谊究竟为什么如此强大？人类在数十万年的演化中始终是社会性动物——我们生来就需要连接。对祖先而言，成为群体的一部分不仅意味着有伙伴，更是保护自身安全、寻找食物、分享资源与养育后代的重要方式。而现在看来，这些连接甚至会在生物学与细胞层面影响我们的身体。"While it is always good to make new friends, there is often a greater sense of trust and dependability with people you've known for a longer time," says Hillary Ammon, a clinical psychologist at the Center for Anxiety and Women's Emotional Wellness. Of course, maintaining relationships as we get older can be difficult as people closest to us move away, or prioritise other things. Hillary says not to worry if your friends are newer, as connection is what really matters. A strong network of friends not only adds years to your life, it adds life to your years.“虽然结交新朋友当然很好，但与认识更久的人往往更容易建立深度的信任与可靠感。”来自焦虑与女性情绪健康中心的临床心理学家希拉里·阿蒙（Hillary Ammon）说。当然，随着年龄增长，维持关系变得更困难——朋友可能搬离，或将生活重心转向其他事情。希拉里强调，即便你的朋友比较新，也无需担心，关键是“连接本身”。稳固的友谊网络不仅能延长生命，更能让生命更有质量。

This group of young Iraqis shows how life is slowly returning to normal in Mosul,这群年轻的伊拉克人展示了摩苏尔的生活如何逐渐回归正轨the country's second largest city, which was destroyed by the Islamic State and the war against the terror group.这座伊拉克第二大城市曾被极端组织伊斯兰国及其反恐战争摧毁。These athletes all lost limbs during the fighting, but they did not lose their will to survive and thrive.这些运动员都在战斗中失去了肢体，但他们没有丧失生存和奋斗的意志。And now they play in a volleyball league designed for people with disabilities.现在他们参加了一个专为残障人士设计的排球联赛。I used to lead a normal life, just like everybody else during the Islamic State's occupation.在“伊斯兰国”占领期间，我曾过着和其他人一样的正常生活。One day, our house was bombed and I got wounded and was taken to hospital for about a month. Then I found this volleyball team in Mosul and decided to join them.有一天，我们的房子被炸了，我受了伤，在医院里住了大约一个月。后来我在摩苏尔发现了这支排球队，决定加入他们。Some are with prosthetic legs, others in wheelchairs. The players meet every day at Mosul and a loose hall to train and play in a country struggling on every front.有人装着假肢，有人坐着轮椅。球员们每天在摩苏尔一个简陋的大厅里训练和比赛，而这个国家正面临重重困境。The players credit this private volunteer initiative with providing them a meaning in their lives.球员们认为这项私人志愿活动为他们的生活赋予了意义。I saw my colleagues were playing in this club for free and are very respectful of each other. They have a purpose.我看到同事们在这家俱乐部免费踢球，彼此非常尊重，他们有着明确的目标。I realized I should be like them too and have a purpose. Thank god, everything is going very well, and I can say I'm a good player now.我意识到我也应该像他们一样，有一个目标。谢天谢地，一切都进展得非常顺利，我可以说我现在是个好球员了。In addition to volleyball, the manager of the project says he's working on expanding it to other sports such as table tennis.除了排球，该项目经理表示他正致力于将其扩展到乒乓球等其他运动项目。To make the sports team sustainable in the long run, he said, he needs government support.他说要让体育团队长期可持续发展就需要政府的支持。This is the first team of its kind in the name of our province.这是以本省名义组建的首支此类团队。We will continue to open new centers like this for the disabled, especially those who were impacted by the IS terror group's activities.我们将继续为残疾人开设更多这样的中心，尤其是那些受伊斯兰国恐怖组织活动影响的人。Some players have set their sights on playing larger competitions on a global level.一些选手已将目光投向全球范围内的大型赛事。I hope I can become a better player and play higher level games for the Iraqi national team. If god is willing, I will get there.我希望我能成为一名更出色的球员，为伊拉克国家队参加更高水平的比赛。若蒙天佑，我必能达成所愿。When they had done training for the day, the players have to change in the open on the court.当天训练结束后，球员们只能在球场上露天更衣。Neither the lack of facilities nor their disabilities, however, has discouraged them from attempting to reach their potential.然而，设施的匮乏和自身的残疾都没能阻止他们去挖掘自身的潜力。

We're talking about branding. And in particular, we're looking at one brand. We're looking at the British cycling team, Team Sky, and how, after only two years of racing, they were the most recognised of all the teams on the Tour, the Tour de France.我们今天讨论的是品牌塑造。特别是，我们要讨论一个品牌：英国自行车队——天空车队（Team Sky）。他们在仅仅参加两年比赛后，就成为环法自行车赛中辨识度最高的车队之一。Yeah, so how did that happen, eh, Richard? Well we should say, of course, that they are an incredibly ambitious and successful team. They didn't start until 2010, did they? And they had this amazing aim to create the first British winner of the Tour de France within five years.是啊，所以这是怎么做到的，理查德？当然必须先说，他们是一支雄心勃勃而且非常成功的团队。他们直到 2010 年才成立，对吧？但他们设下了一个惊人的目标：五年内培养出第一位英国籍的环法冠军。Mmm, and they actually achieved it within two.嗯，而他们实际上只用两年就达成了目标。Bradley Wiggins won the Tour de France to become the first British rider in 2012. And then his Sky teammate, Chris Froome, won it the following year. So an amazing achievement for a fairly new company.布拉德利·威金斯在 2012 年赢得环法，成为第一位英国冠军。接着他的队友克里斯·弗鲁姆在次年再次赢得冠军。对一个如此年轻的团队来说，这是了不起的成就。Going back to 2010, the Sky team, they needed to create a brand that would inspire the world's best riders, didn't they? And to get everyone, their partners and the fans behind it, but without ever having won anything.回到 2010 年，天空车队必须打造一个能激励世界顶尖车手的品牌，对吧？他们需要让所有人、合作伙伴和粉丝都支持他们，而当时他们还没赢得任何比赛。The man behind Team Sky, the brains, if you like, Dave Brailsford, he approached a British design company... Antidote. ...called Antidote, and they developed together their idea, and they called it The Line.团队背后的关键人物，说是“大脑”也不为过——戴夫·布莱尔斯福德，他找了一家英国设计公司 —— Antidote。他们一起开发了一个概念，并称之为“那条线”（The Line）。It's been brought to life across everything. The kit, the bikes, the vehicles, the website, the advertising, and the team merchandise. And in fact, it's referred to explicitly in editorials by journalists as well.这个概念被应用在所有地方：队服、赛车、车辆、网站、广告以及队伍周边产品。事实上，甚至记者的专栏文章中也明确提到这个概念。The Sky team, The Line. Exactly.“天空车队，那条线。”没错。So where did they get this idea then for The Line? Well, it was an idea that the graphic design company came up with that developed from the team philosophy, this idea that there's a thin line between winning and losing, between failure and success, between good and great.那么他们从哪得到“那条线”的灵感？——这是设计公司基于团队哲学提出的概念：胜利与失败、成功与挫折、优秀与卓越之间，只有一条非常细微的界线。And Team Sky think it's a fine line that challenges everything that they do. Yes, and now they say, isn't it, we ride the line every day. Yeah.天空车队认为，这条细线是他们所做的一切的挑战。是的，他们现在常说：“我们每天都在那条线上骑行。”没错。I quite like the idea as well that The Line represents the line of cyclists that you see when you watch the Tour de France, when you see the peloton stretched out. I quite like that idea as well.我也很喜欢另外一种解释：那条线代表你在环法比赛中看到的车队长龙，整队车手延伸成一条线。我也很喜欢这种说法。But they took this line, this idea of The Line, the graphic designers, and they put that amazing bright blue strip all the way down the back of the riders against their black shirts.而设计团队将“那条线”视觉化，在车手的黑色队服背后加入了一条非常醒目的亮蓝色线条。And it's extraordinarily striking. Yes, and it's practical as well because obviously that line of blue stands out against the black so the riders can pick each other out more easily during races, as do the fans on the roadsides and those watching on TV.效果极其抢眼。是的，而且很实用，因为亮蓝色在黑色背景上非常突出，车手在比赛中更容易辨认队友，路旁的粉丝和电视观众也能更清楚看到。Yeah, the helicopters. When the helicopter goes over, you can see the Sky train. Exactly.对，尤其是直升机拍摄时——一飞过，你就能看到“天空列车”（Sky train）。没错。And the interesting thing is though, it's not the colours of Sky, they're sponsors either.有趣的是，它甚至不是天空电视台（赞助商）的品牌颜色。It's a completely separate colour that they've developed just for the cycling team. A whole new concept that goes with the team.这是他们专门为车队设计的全新颜色，是一个全新的品牌概念。Well, it's certainly worked, hasn't it, Richard, in creating a strong identity.这一切显然非常成功，不是吗，理查德？成功打造了强烈的品牌识别度。It's certainly a strong, very strong corporate identity. 它的确建立了非常强大的企业识别形象。

Miami beaches have traditionally been a very attractive destination for both tourists and local residents.迈阿密海滩向来是游客和当地居民都十分向往的旅游胜地。But keeping them clean and attractive is a job that often falls to a dedicated group of volunteers that pick up trash under the scorching sun.但让它们保持干净和美观的工作通常落在志愿者肩上，他们顶着烈日捡拾垃圾。You don't want to go and see there in a dirty, trashy beach.你不想去那里看到肮脏的、充满垃圾的海滩。And so for me I want people to experience what the real Miami, the beautiful Miami, right, which is clean water not just for us but also for our wildlife.对我来说，我希望人们能体验真正的迈阿密，美丽的迈阿密，那里有干净的水，这不仅是为了我们，也是为了我们的野生动物。And so that's why I spend most of my time cleaning instead of tanning, which is well, I still get pretty dark.这就是为什么我大部分时间都在打扫卫生而不是晒日光浴，不过呢，我还是晒得挺黑的。Originally from Colombia, Maria Algarra came to Miami from New York,玛丽亚·阿尔加拉原籍哥伦比亚，她从纽约来到迈阿密，got a law degree and started working as a paralegal, spending her weekends cleaning up the beach with some of her friends.获得了法学学位，开始担任律师助理工作，周末则与一些朋友一起清理海滩。Soon Algarra realized working in the fresh air was more fulfilling than dealing with legal contracts in stuffy offices.不久，阿尔加拉意识到在新鲜空气中工作比在闷热的办公室处理法律合同更有成就感。That's when she had the idea of founding the volunteer organization clean this beach up.就在那时，她有了成立志愿者组织的想法，把这个海滩打扫干净。I didn't want to be on a 9-5 working towards something that wasn't inspiring me or my passion.我不想朝九晚五地工作，去追求那些无法激励我或让我提不起热情的东西。So when I was able to find what I really wanted to do which is this, I decided to quit my job and dedicate myself to run clean this beach head full time.当我终于找到自己真正想做的事时，我决定辞职，全身心投入这片海滩的清洁工作。Yet Algarra's family supported her decision to quit a high-paying legal job.阿尔加拉的家人支持她辞掉高薪法律工作的决定。Back in my country, I'm from Colombia. They see picking up trash as you know a job, a dirty job.在我的祖国哥伦比亚，人们认为捡垃圾是脏活。But it's the most rewarding thing ever, and so now they understand that and they feel really proud.但这是最值得做的事，现在他们明白了，他们感到非常自豪。Today dozens of volunteers help Algarra clean the beach, and hundreds more people take part in the events she organizes.今天，几十名志愿者帮助阿尔加拉清理海滩，还有数百人参加了她组织的活动。Together with her team, she's trying to turn cleaning the beaches into something festive.她和团队正努力把清洁海滩变成一件有节日氛围的事情。There's music, snacks and even a collective warm-up before each cleaning session.这里有音乐、零食，甚至在每次清理前集体热身。When I first started doing these kinds of things, I think she was one of the first people I met like this organization.当我刚开始做这类事情时，我想她是我在这个组织中最早结识的人之一。And she was like really nice and like she just like took me in. So I think without her, maybe I would have been just like doing here and there.她人很好，接纳了我。我想如果没有她，我可能就会东一榔头西一棒子地混日子了。But I joined her organization. I've been doing it like almost every week.但我加入了她的组织。我几乎每周都这么做。The group now has over 2,000 volunteers to help pick up trash.该组织目前有超过2000名志愿者帮忙捡垃圾。And so far they've collected over ten thousand kilograms of garbage.到目前为止，他们已经收集了超过一万公斤的垃圾。

We're talking about hashtags. Hashtags for Twitter.我们今天要谈的是标签（hashtag）。Twitter 上使用的标签。I'll stop you right there, Jackie.杰姬，我先打断你一下。You know I don't know hardly anything about Twitter whatsoever, but can you just clarify for me the difference between the hashtag and I've also seen the at symbol used for Twitter.你知道我对 Twitter 几乎一无所知，不过你能不能帮我解释一下 hashtag 和我在 Twitter 上看到的 @ 符号之间的区别？OK. So, the hashtag is basically a way for people to search for tweets that have the same topic or specific theme, whereas the at symbol is followed by the username.好的。Hashtag 基本上是一种让人们搜索同一主题或特定话题推文的方法，而 @ 符号后面则接的是用户名。It's the person's Twitter handle. It's used by a specific user.那是一个人的 Twitter 帐号，也就是某个特定用户使用的标识。Okidoki.好的，明白了。So, if we take the British Council or any other language organisations, learners or teachers of English, if they put in hashtag EFL, then they'll find all the tweets put up by people interested in that topic – English as a foreign language.例如，如果我们以英国文化协会或其他语言机构为例，英语学习者或教师输入 #EFL，他们就能看到所有有关该主题（英语作为外语）的推文。Right, OK. So, it's a bit like just simply Googling a topic.好，明白。所以这有点像直接用 Google 搜索一个主题。Exactly. But if you want to write someone, you'd put at.没错。但如果你想写信给某个人，你就用 @。Right. You're writing directly to that user.对，你是在直接留言给该用户。OK. So, anybody can make up a hashtag then on any topic they want?所以任何人都可以随意创建一个 hashtag，对任何主题都可以吗？Yes.是的。So, what's the issue then with businesses or organisations using the hashtag?那么企业或组织在使用 hashtag 时会遇到什么问题？Well, as we've said, the hashtags are shared, OK? So, if you take the University of Georgia, their hashtag is UGA, OK?如我们之前说过，hashtag 是共享的。比如佐治亚大学，他们的 hashtag 是 UGA。Right.好。Now, the problem is that during the Olympics, UGA was the three-letter code used by... Uganda.问题是，在奥运会期间，UGA 也是乌干达的三字母代码。Exactly.没错。And Twitter decided that all countries with their three-letter code would have a little flag attached to the code. So, it was hashtag UGA with a Ugandan flag.Twitter 决定所有国家的三字母代码都会附上一个小国旗。所以 #UGA 就自动加上了乌干达国旗。Right, OK.好，我知道了。So, the University of Georgia, which is American, their hashtag suddenly had a Ugandan flag attached to it.所以美国的佐治亚大学，他们的 hashtag 突然变成带有乌干达国旗的 #UGA。And people got confused when they were making searches, presumably.而用户在搜索时自然就产生了困惑。Well, exactly.完全正确。So, hashtag GBR for the Great Barrier Reef suddenly had a Union Jack.例如，大堡礁（Great Barrier Reef）的 hashtag #GBR 也突然变成带有英国国旗。For the great British Olympic team.因为英国奥运队的国家代码也是 GBR。Yeah.没错。So, businesses kind of had... you have to be careful that you might have your hashtag hijacked.所以企业必须小心，因为你的 hashtag 可能会被“挟持”。Mmm.嗯。Now, going back to hashtag EFL, right?回到 #EFL 这个例子。Yes. English as a foreign language.对，英语作为外语。Now, the problem there is the Football League in the UK, you're probably aware, has been completely rebranded.问题在于英国的足球联盟（Football League），你可能知道，他们已经完全重新品牌化。Yes.是的。They've got the Premier League but the other teams are in different leagues. They've branded themselves now as the English Football League. With their new logo.除了英超联赛，其他球队组成的联盟现在改名为“英格兰足球联赛”（English Football League），并启用了新的标志。So, they have started a Twitter account. They have a Twitter handle, at EFL.他们开了一个 Twitter 帐号，账号名称是 @EFL。Right.好。But if anyone puts the hashtag EFL, they'll get a mixture of the English Football League and English as a foreign language.但如果有人使用 hashtag #EFL，他们会同时看到英语足球联赛和英语作为外语两方面的内容。Exactly. It's like getting information about goals, like getting information about football rather than phonology.没错——你会看到进球信息，而不是语音学内容。Right, OK.好，我明白了。So, if you're a company, you've got to be very careful about what hashtags you choose for your company.所以，如果你是企业，你必须非常小心选择你的 hashtag。And we certainly can't use hashtag pie for obvious reasons.而我们当然不能用 #pie，这原因显而易见。Yes, exactly. So, businesses, just maybe do a little research before you choose the hashtag that goes with your tweet.没错。因此企业在选择 hashtag 时，最好先做一点研究。

We're talking about computer hacking. So Richard, what exactly do we mean by hacking? Accessing a computer without authorisation.我们今天要谈的是电脑骇客行为。那么，Richard，我们所说的 hacking（骇客行为）到底是什么意思？就是未经授权访问电脑系统。So why is it in the news? Well, there's been a huge attack recently – a DDoS attack.那为什么最近上新闻了呢？因为最近发生了一起大规模攻击——也就是 DDoS 攻击。Hold on, hold on. DDoS? Which is? A Distributed Denial of Service attack. Explain what that means.等一下，DDoS？是什么意思？它是“分布式阻断服务攻击”。你解释一下那是什么吧。We're hosted on a server.我们的网站托管在一台服务器上。Right. It happens to be in Germany.对，这台服务器刚好位于德国。Now, if millions and millions of people throughout the world all typed on their computer to get into our website, it would completely take the website down.如果全世界有成百万上千万的人同时试图访问我们的网站，网站就会完全瘫痪。Because? It can't handle so many people accessing our website at the same time.为什么？因为服务器无法同时处理这么多访问量。So is that a kind of hacking, though?那这算是一种骇客攻击吗？Well, it is the way it was done because, obviously, you can't just get millions of people to attack a website, can you?是的，根据他们的做法来看算是。因为你不可能真的叫到上千万的人同时去攻击一个网站，对吧？No. So what the hackers have done, they created a piece of malware.没错。所以骇客做了什么呢？他们制作了一种恶意软件。OK, OK, that is bad software, isn't it? Yes. We've all, we've heard of viruses and worms, etc.好，好，恶意软件就是坏软件，对吧？对。我们都听说过病毒、蠕虫这些东西。Malware is the generic term. And with this malware, they took control of millions and millions of computers. And those computers then attacked these websites.“Malware” 是所有恶意软件的统称。骇客用这种恶意软件控制了成百万上千万台电脑，再利用这些电脑发起攻击。And who did these computers belong to? Just normal, everyday people?那这些电脑原本是谁的？就是普通人的电脑吗？Well, that's the interesting thing about this attack. When you have this network of bad computers, it's called a botnet.嗯，这次攻击有个很有趣的地方。当你有一大堆被感染的电脑时，这网络叫做“僵尸网络”（botnet）。But the interesting thing about this attack is that they were all, they're called the Internet of Things.而特别之处在于，这次被控制的设备很多属于所谓的“物联网设备”。They're computers like, for instance, controlling fridges or webcams or garage doors.这些设备包括用来控制冰箱、网络摄像头、车库门之类的小型电脑。They're all these little bits of, little computer-like instruments that are throughout the world now. And they took control of these.它们都是一些遍布全球的小型电脑装置，而骇客成功控制了这些装置。How did they take control of things like that?那他们是怎么控制这种设备的？Well, all of these things, they're connected to the Internet. And often people, they have the default username and password, which this piece of software could easily guess.因为这些设备都连着网络，而很多人从来不更改默认的账号和密码，恶意软件很容易就破解了。And that's how it, that's how they did it.他们就是靠这种方式入侵的。So who's doing this, Richard?那到底是谁干的，Richard？A very good question. No one knows.这是个好问题。没人知道。Now then, because it's such a big attack, some people immediately suspected governments, Russia or China.因为攻击规模巨大，有些人马上怀疑是某些政府，例如俄罗斯或中国。Because they're attacking well-known websites, aren't they?因为目标是知名网站，对吧？They were well-known websites based in the US of A. Right.这些都是设在美国的知名网站。没错。So that was why they thought it might have been foreign governments. But then it could also have been even teenage hackers in their bedroom.因此有人认为可能是外国政府所为。但也有可能只是青少年骇客在自己房间操作。And also, there are cyber criminals involved as well.此外，还有网络犯罪分子可能参与。Because cyber criminals harness these, as I mentioned, botnets to blackmail companies.因为网络罪犯会利用这些“僵尸网络”来勒索公司。They say to a company, we are going to attack your company unless you give us lots of money.他们会威胁公司说：“给钱，否则我们就攻击你的网站。”So there are lots of cyber criminals as well.所以网络犯罪分子也非常多。Now, we're a fairly small site, Richard. Are we safe?我们的网站相当小，Richard。我们安全吗？I hope so.我希望如此。But having said that, our website did go down for two hours a couple of days ago. And we're not sure why.但话说回来，我们的网站前几天确实瘫痪了两小时，我们也不知道原因。The first for us.这是我们第一次遇到这种事。So what about you, the listeners? Have you been affected by this denial-of-service attack?那么你呢，正在收听的朋友？你有没有受到这种阻断服务攻击的影响？Have you been hacked at all? Or have you noticed where lots of websites you've tried to access have gone down?你有没有被骇过？或者你有没有注意到，最近很多你想访问的网站都突然打不开？

Kindness is the word that inspired Emmy award-winning filmmakers Kahane Cooperman and John Hoffman to make "The Antidote".“善良”一词启发了荣获艾美奖的电影制作人卡汉·库珀曼和约翰·霍夫曼制作《解药》。The documentary focuses on how American communities across the country are coming together in times of need.这部纪录片聚焦于美国各地社区如何在需要时团结一心。My name is O'connell. I'm Dr O'connell. What do you need? Anything? I need mental health.我叫欧康奈尔。请问你需要什么？什么都行？我需要心理健康。Dr James O'connell, founder of Boston healthcare for the homeless, goes out in the streets to treat homeless people.詹姆斯·欧康奈尔医生是波士顿流浪者医疗中心的创始人，到街上去治疗无家可归的人。In Amarillo, Texas, Russell Lowery-Hart, President of Amarillo College, helps underprivileged students manage their personal lives, thrive academically and escape generational poverty.在德克萨斯州的阿马里洛，阿马里洛学院院长拉塞尔·劳瑞·哈特帮助贫困学生管理个人生活，在学业上取得成功并摆脱代际贫困。At Peter Johansen High School in Modesto California, Sherry Mcintyre teaches a class about religious tolerance and the diversity of faith in America.在加州莫德斯托的彼得·约翰逊高中，雪莉·麦金太尔教授一门关于宗教容忍和美国信仰多样性的课程。We need to protect the rights of the smallest minority, because in doing that we're protecting our own rights.我们需要保护最弱势群体的权利，因为这样做就是在保护我们自己的权利。We can't get too comfortable; we have to stand up for each other. The stories go on and on.我们不能太过安逸，必须互相支持。故事还在继续。We came up with six questions that completely informed our creative process,我们提出了六个问题，完全反映了我们的创作过程，which are how do we raise our children, how do we teach our children,分别是：我们如何养育孩子？我们如何教导孩子？how do we take care of the sick and the dying, how do we live and work together, how do we welcome the stranger and how do we lead.我们如何照顾病人和临终者？我们如何共同生活和工作？我们如何接纳陌生人？我们如何领导他人？Hoffman says the film was made as a counterpoint to the growing political and social divisions in America.霍夫曼说，这部电影是为了对抗美国日益增长的政治分歧和社会分歧。Those stories are all examples of working to write these systemic bonds that we call fundamental on kindnesses.这些故事都是努力书写我们称之为基于善意的系统性纽带的例证。It's you know fundamentally unkind to not have a safe place to sleep; fundamentally unkind to not have access to health care.没有一个安全的地方睡觉，从根本上说是不人道的；无法获得医疗保健，从根本上来说也是不人道的。Racism is fundamentally unkind, homophobia is fundamentally unkind, sexism is fundamentally unkind.种族主义本质上是不友善的，恐同症本质上是不友善的，性别歧视本质上是不友善的。Cooperman says that although the film was made just before the country was ensnarled in the grip of the pandemic, it is relevant today.库珀曼说，尽管这部电影是在美国深陷疫情之前拍摄的，但它在今天仍有现实意义。More relevant perhaps than when we even started. Certainly with COVID, it was about communities coming together.甚至比我们刚开始的时候更有意义。尤其是在新冠疫情期间，关键在于社区团结起来。Such as how communities in Anchorage Alaska are welcoming African refugees, or how elderly communities in Portland Oregon are caring for children in foster care.比如阿拉斯加安克雷奇的社区接纳非洲难民，俄勒冈州波特兰市的老年社区照顾寄养儿童。The filmmakers hope the documentary inspires people to reach out to one another and to feed the force of good rather than found the flames of hatred and divisiveness.电影制作人希望这部纪录片能激励人们相互伸出援手，弘扬善的力量，而非煽动仇恨与分裂的火焰。

We're talking about Airbnb. What is Airbnb? Well, Airbnb is an online community marketplace for holiday rentals. It connects people with rooms to share with people who need a place to stay.我们今天要谈的是 Airbnb。什么是 Airbnb？嗯，Airbnb 是一个线上社区型的短租市场平台。它把有空房可分享的人与需要住宿的人连接起来。Right, so Airbnb has really taken off recently, hasn't it? Yes. June 2015, the company was priced at $25.5 billion. Wow.是的，Airbnb 最近真的发展得很快，不是吗？是的。2015 年 6 月，这家公司估值达到 255 亿美元。哇。I know, and ranked the third most valuable start-up business in the world. Hmm, so how many properties do they have on their books then?我知道，它被评为全球第三有价值的创业公司。嗯，那他们的平台上到底有多少房源呢？Over 2 million listings, Richard, in more than 190 countries. So it's truly worldwide.超过 200 万条房源，Richard，分布在 190 多个国家。可以说是真正的全球化。Yeah, over 65 million people have used it already. And counting. Exactly.是的，已有超过 6500 万人使用过它，而且数字还在持续上涨。确实如此。And it's mainly in cities, isn't it? And I think it's come up with a few problems though recently.而且它主要集中在城市，对吧？不过我觉得最近也出现了一些问题。Yeah. For this podcast, we're going to look at some concerns that city authorities have on the Airbnb business.是的。今天的播客里，我们会探讨一些城市管理当局对 Airbnb 所提出的担忧。I can imagine the first one is a lot of these people renting out their rooms. They're not declaring their tax, are they?我可以想象，第一个问题就是很多人把房间出租出去，但并没有申报纳税，对吧？Yeah, the illegality issue, of course, is probably number one. Landlords don't always register their property or pay taxes on their income.是的，违法问题当然是首要的。房东并不总是登记他们的房产，也不一定会为他们的租金收入缴税。In New York, it's illegal to sublet a room for fewer than 30 days if you aren't actually living there. But, of course, people will though, won't they?在纽约，如果房东本人不住在房子里，那么把房间出租少于 30 天是违法的。但当然，人们还是会这么做，对吧？Yeah, and in Barcelona, any flat rented to tourists must be registered with the Catalan Tourist Board. And local laws also prohibit renting out rooms in private residencies.是的，而在巴塞罗那，任何出租给游客的公寓都必须向加泰罗尼亚旅游局登记。此外，当地法律也禁止在私人住所中出租房间。Hmm, I think that's the big thing, isn't it?嗯，我想这就是最大的问题，对吧？Yeah, that's not happening either. So, the city recently fined Airbnb 30,000 euros because the properties listed were not legal.是的，但这些规定也没有真正落实。所以，这座城市最近对 Airbnb 罚款了 3 万欧元，因为平台上列出的许多房源都是违法的。Hmm. Another problem, Richard, that cities have, as a result of Airbnb's popularity, there are fewer rental properties for local people and rates have increased.嗯。Richard，另一个问题是，因 Airbnb 的流行，当地居民可租的房源变少，租金也上涨了。So that the local people are getting priced out of the market.导致当地人被迫离开原本能负担得起的社区。Yeah, landlords have quickly realised that they can make more money by renting their apartments to tourists.是的，房东很快意识到，把房子租给游客可以赚更多钱。Short-term rather than the long-term, Brett.相比长期租客，短租更赚钱，Brett。Exactly, exactly. So, many urban neighbourhoods, for example, New Orleans, right, they have become fun, cheap places to stay in if you're a tourist, but an unaffordable area for people who used to live there.完全正确。例如许多城市社区，比如新奥尔良，已经变成游客觉得好玩又便宜的住宿地，但对于原本住在那里的人来说却变得负担不起。Hmm. So, what are cities doing about that then?嗯。那么城市在对此采取什么措施呢？Well, good question. Another city, Berlin, they reckon that private online bookings represent an additional 6.1 million overnight stays a year.好问题。以柏林为例，他们估计私人在线预订每年增加 610 万个过夜量。Wow.哇。So, in an effort to keep housing affordable for local people, the city has passed a new law. Landlords are now limited to renting out only rooms.因此，为了保持住房对当地居民的可负担性，这座城市通过了新法令。房东现在只能出租单个房间。It's no longer possible for landlords to rent out whole apartments.房东不再能出租整套公寓。Well, let's see if that makes a difference then.好吧，那就看看这会不会带来改变。Right, so all these people coming into the city, it must put a lot of pressure on the infrastructure as well.是的，这么多人涌进城市，也必然给基础设施带来很大压力。Another good point, Richard. If you take Iceland, it's only got a population of 335,000, right?你提得很好，Richard。以冰岛为例，它的人口只有 33.5 万，对吧？Most of them in Reykjavik, yes, the capital.大多数集中在雷克雅未克，也就是首都。Exactly. Now, 2016 saw 1.6 million tourists.没错。而在 2016 年，冰岛接待了 160 万名游客。Wow, that's a lot of people descending on a small town.哇，那对这么小的城市来说实在太多人了。Yeah, and unsurprisingly, the number of Airbnb properties has risen, especially in the capital, Reykjavik, where most tourists stay.是的，不意外地，Airbnb 的房源也大幅增加，特别是在游客最集中的雷克雅未克。So, what's the problem there then?那那里出现了什么问题呢？Well, the Icelandic Tourist Board doesn't want Reykjavik to become a city centre devoid of citizens, right?冰岛旅游局不希望雷克雅未克的市中心变成没有居民的地方，对吧？And also, the lack of infrastructure on the island is a concern, particularly lack of public toilets and parking facilities and things like that.此外，岛上的基础设施不足也是个问题，尤其是缺乏公共厕所、停车设施等。So, what are they doing about it then?那他们对此采取什么措施呢？Now, a special licence is needed for any apartment rented out for more than 90 days a year, and these are going to be tightly controlled.现在，凡是一年出租超过 90 天的公寓，都必须取得特别许可证，而且管控会非常严格。Interestingly though, if you have a flat in an apartment block and you want to rent out the flat or a room there, you have to have approval from the other residents in the building before you can advertise on Airbnb.有趣的是，如果你住在一栋公寓楼里，想把整间或部分房间出租，你必须先得到楼里其他住户的同意，才能在 Airbnb 上挂牌。Yes, I'm sure that might lead to a few problems with your neighbours.是的，这肯定会引起邻居之间的一些矛盾。Well, the neighbours get fed up because someone rents out their apartment to a whole load of people who have a big party and there's nothing you can do about it. They suffer from the noise and their neighbour gets all the cash.邻居们会非常不满，因为有人把房子租给大群人，举办派对，而他们对此无能为力。他们要承受噪音，而房东却拿走所有的钱。So, what about you, the listener? What's your experience of Airbnb? Have you used it? Has it been a positive experience or a negative experience? We'd love to hear from you.那么你呢？我们的听众，你对 Airbnb 有什么经验？你用过吗？是正面的体验还是负面的？我们很想听听你的故事。

About a change he has made in his career.关于他在职业生涯中做出的一个改变。OK Jonny, what did you used to do?好的，Jonny，你以前是做什么的？I used to work in financial services and we found hedge fund managers and determined what their characteristics were and then we found institutional investors who would be interested in investing in those particular funds with those particular characteristics and we would try and match them up, arrange meetings and road shows and hopefully they would invest in the funds that we presented to them.我以前在金融服务业工作，我们会寻找对冲基金经理，判断他们基金的特性，然后再找出愿意投资具有这些特性基金的机构投资者，把双方撮合起来，安排会面和路演，希望投资者能投资我们推荐的基金。How long did you do that for?你做这份工作做了多久？We set up the business in 2004, so it's been going now for a dozen years.我们在2004年创立了这家公司，到现在已经有十二年左右了。Yeah, OK, well over ten years. OK Jonny, so that's not what you do now. What do you do now?是的，超过十年了。好，Jonny，但你现在已经不是做这个的了。那你现在是做什么？A completely different career.一个完全不同的职业。So I'm now very interested in the built heritage, so historic buildings and particularly the aspects of their history and restoring them.我现在对建筑遗产很感兴趣，也就是历史建筑，尤其是它们的历史面向和修复工作。In Britain?在英国吗？It's all in Britain, yes.是的，全都在英国。Right, so that is completely different.好吧，那真的是完全不同的工作了。So obviously my next question is going to be, what on earth, what prompted you to make such a career change, to go from finance basically to buildings, architecture? What happened?我接下来的问题显然是：究竟是什么促使你做出这么大的职业转变，从金融转到建筑和修复？发生了什么？I had always been interested in buildings and older buildings and architecture, but with a young family and the needs of all the finance, I worked in what I considered to be a conventional career first and it was really only with the departure of my children and feeling that I was free once again, that I made the formal transition into the built heritage environment.我一直对建筑、老建筑和建筑学感兴趣，但因为那时我有年幼的家庭，需要经济稳定，我选择了较为传统的职业。直到孩子们长大离家，我感觉自己重新获得自由，才正式转向建筑遗产领域。I'd been doing that same job, having set up the business for nearly ten years and so I'd learnt an enormous amount and it had been great fun, but the challenge and the interest of the variety was no longer there. It had waned.我创立那家公司并从事同样的工作将近十年，也学到了很多，也觉得很有趣，但其中的挑战和多样性已经不再，兴趣也逐渐减弱。Absolutely, and I've always been very interested in new things and in, if you like, mental stimulation of a new environment and learning additional skills.确实如此，而且我一直对新事物感兴趣，也喜欢在新的环境中得到心智上的刺激，并学习新的技能。So what are you actually doing then? How has this new career manifested itself?那你现在具体在做什么呢？你的新职业具体表现是什么？Okay, well I felt that I ought to do some formal training associated with the new career rather than just leap in repairing buildings and in particular I've been doing a Masters in Building History at Cambridge University.我觉得自己应该接受一些与新职业相关的正式训练，而不是直接跳进去修建筑。于是我在剑桥大学攻读了建筑历史的硕士学位。So back to school?所以你回到学校了？Absolutely, so yes, I was easily the oldest person on the course and I found it hugely enjoyable and I found that my previous business experience has actually been very useful.完全是的，我几乎是班里年纪最大的人，但我觉得非常享受。而且我发现自己之前的商业经验其实非常有用。People, you know, frankly they're very passionate about buildings but maybe they don't think about them in a conventional business and commercial way.坦白说，很多人对建筑非常有热情，但他们可能不会从传统的商业或商业化角度去思考它们。What would you say to anybody listening who they would like to, you know, maybe do something different? What would you say to those people?那你会对那些想尝试一些不同事物的人说些什么？你有什么建议？I think you really should be much more confident about the strength of your own passions overcoming hurdles and obstacles.我认为你应该更有信心，相信自己的激情有力量去克服各种障碍。Actually, if you're interested and you can convert your previous experience into a new area, I think you bring so much more.事实上，如果你有兴趣，并能把过去的经验转化到一个新的领域，你能带来更多价值。Really just seize your passions with confidence and enjoy the new challenges.真正要做的就是带着自信抓住你的热情，享受新的挑战。Seize your passions.抓住你的热情。Yes.是的。Fantastic. 太棒了。

We're returning to the topic of automation. Now last podcast we talked about how jobs were affected more in the manufacturing area, wasn't it Richard? Yes, we were talking about the production line and machines doing repetitive jobs in factories, weren't we?我们回到自动化这个话题。上期播客我们讨论了自动化对制造业的影响，对吧，Richard？是的，我们当时谈的是生产线，以及机器在工厂里如何执行重复性工作，对吗？Yes, and now we want to have a little look at the future and how businesses and jobs are going to be affected. The big change, in the past, machines did jobs in the manufacturing sector.没错，而现在我们想看看未来商业和工作将如何受到影响。最大的变化是：过去机器主要替代的是制造业的工作。It looks now as if the future, it will be the service sector jobs that are going to be lost. Can you give an example? Well, driverless taxi cabs. They're going to have taxis with no drivers going around the cities and this is actually happening now.而现在看来，未来将失去的将是服务业的工作。你能举例吗？比如无人驾驶出租车。未来城市里会有没有司机的出租车四处行驶，而这件事现在已经在发生。For instance, in Australia, we've got huge mines and they have the robots doing all the drilling. They've got driverless trucks and driverless trains. So there's hardly anyone in the mine at all.例如在澳大利亚，他们的大型矿区已经用机器人进行所有钻探工作。他们有无人驾驶卡车和无人驾驶火车。因此矿区几乎看不到人。So in the near future, more regular driving jobs could be lost. Yes, but also more interestingly is that even today, 30% of time spent in the workplace in the United States is spent collecting and processing data. And so therefore, a lot of jobs in the insurance industry, the finance industry, they could be in jeopardy.所以在不久的将来，更多传统驾驶类工作可能会消失。是的，但更有趣的是，即使在今天，美国职场中有 30% 的时间都花在数据收集和处理上。因此，保险业、金融业的许多岗位都可能面临风险。OK, I can understand that because they receive lots of data. I mean, not unlike playing chess or something. And then they have to decide what's the best thing to do.好的，我能理解，因为他们处理大量数据。这有点像下棋，需要分析，再决定最佳行动。But robots can do that. Exactly. The computers can do the number crunching and come out with the answers.但机器人可以做到这一点。没错，电脑可以进行大量计算，并给出答案。Right. Yes, so that means that we have computers now in insurance industries calculating credit scores and even managing stock portfolios. So when we have the situation of blue-collar jobs disappearing, we've now got, you know, the future is almost that white-collar jobs are disappearing.是的，这意味着如今保险行业已经有电脑在计算信用评分，甚至管理股票投资组合。所以，过去是蓝领工作在消失，而未来几乎是白领工作也开始消失。It's often a lot of the highly-paid jobs are just as much at risk as the low-paid jobs. Can you give an example, though, Richard, of jobs that won't be affected by automation? Yes.很多高薪工作面临的风险并不比低薪工作小。那么你能举例说明哪些工作不会被自动化取代吗，Richard？可以。The things that machines can't do very well require a high degree of flexibility and physical adaptability and human interaction. And creativity. Exactly.那些机器不擅长的工作需要高度灵活性、身体适应性，以及人与人之间的互动。还有创造力。没错。So the jobs that shouldn't be at risk are in health care, dentists, doctors, surgeons.因此不会太受影响的工作包括医疗领域：牙医、医生、外科医生。Teachers. And also in the education industry, teachers, social workers, psychologists, those sorts of things.教师。还有教育行业中的教师、社会工作者、心理学家等等。Right. OK. Oh, good news for us then. Yes.好的。那么这对我们来说是个好消息。是的。Yes. So the nature of work is changing, isn't it? A lot of jobs are disappearing. So it's very important for people, therefore, possibly to be retrained.没错。工作的性质正在改变，不是吗？许多岗位正在消失。因此，人们可能需要重新培训，这非常重要。So what about you, the listener? Are you worried about losing your job because of automation? Are you thinking aboutretraining? Or perhaps even you're doing a job caused by automation. We'd love to hear from you.那么你呢，听众朋友？你会担心因为自动化而失去工作吗？你是否考虑过重新培训？或者你现在的工作就是因自动化而产生的？我们很想听听你的想法。