Episode 480: Tail Risk Strategies, Better Approaches Using Diversification And Who To Learn That From, Fund Taxonomy, And Portfolio Reviews As Of January 16, 2026

In this episode we answer emails from Sebastian, Mark, and James.  We discuss the purpose of treasury bond allocations, annuity cash flows, and where rentals fit, goofy accounting for taxes, a bridge to social security and answer questions about Testfolio and data sources.  And celebrate Catherine O'hara.And THEN we our go through our weekly and monthly portfolio reviews of the eight sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.Additional Links:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna CenterPortfolio Charts Article re Accumulation in an RP-style Portfolio:  Minimize Your Miss – Portfolio ChartsImmediate Annuities:  Immediate Annuities - Income Annuity Quote Calculator - ImmediateAnnuities.comPortfolio Charts Data Sources Page:  Data Sources – Portfolio ChartsBreathless Unedited AI-Bot SummaryMarkets threw a curveball this week: gold ripped, then slipped; small cap value popped; long bonds mostly yawned. We use the noise as a lesson in clarity—every asset in a risk parity mix has a job. Treasuries aren’t for yield; they’re for recession insurance and rebalancing power when stocks sag. Gold, managed futures, and value are there to diversify return drivers so you’re not betting your future on a single story.We dig into a listener’s Golden Ratio allocation with annuitized payouts and single-family rentals. The key is classification. Treat rentals as income if you’re keeping them, or as a future lump sum if you plan to sell—but don’t try to count both the cash flow and the equity for rebalancing. We also tackle the “can I replace treasuries with X?” question, and explain why the only valid substitute must reliably rise when recessions hit. If it won’t go up when growth falls, it isn’t doing the bond job.From there, we clean up two planning snags that trip up even seasoned DIY investors. First, the tax myth: don’t “tax-adjust” asset values across accounts. Taxes are expenses, not asset haircuts. Optimize location, model annual tax liabilities, and keep the allocation true on the asset side. Second, Social Security modeling: the most practical move is to add it as an inflation-indexed future cash flow in a robust planner. If you need a present value for net worth, price a comparable inflation-adjusted deferred annuity instead of guessing with discount rates. For bridging years before benefits start, a TIPS ladder can unlock higher, earlier spending without warping your core portfolio.We wrap with a clear performance snapshot and withdrawals across eight sample portfolios, from the classic Golden Butterfly and Golden Ratio to levered experiments and a return-stacked build. The thread through it all is discipline: know each asset’s purpose, keep cash intentional, rebalance when markets hand you spread, and let validated data—not hunches—drive decisions.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Gregory, Rick and Graham.  We discuss some more amateur ideas on gold and cash buffers, and modeling managed futures, and we explain why costs and liquidity often matter more than the story you’re told. We share tools, back-tests, and resources that help DIY investors build smarter, calmer portfolios.Graham's  "Fall Back" instructions for inputs for Testfolio:  "For example, since you typically use DBMF but would want to back test further, one can write DBMFSIM?FB=KMLMSIM which will use DBMF as far back as it can, then fall back to using KMLM. Did you know these can be chained? One can fallback onto commodities beyond the KMLM simulation, like this: DBMFSIM?FB=KMLMSIM?FB=GSGSIM."Links:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna CenterThree Ingredients:  Three Secret Ingredients of the Most Efficient Portfolios – Portfolio ChartsVideo on Hedge Fund Market Wizards:  Jack Schwager presents: 15 Hedge Fund Market Wizards trading secrets & insights in their own wordsInfinite Loops Podcast with Cliff Asness:  Surviving the Meme Stock Bubble | Cliff AsnessDamodaran 2026 Critiques of CAPE Ratios:  Aswath Damodaran 2026 Critiques of CAPE Ratios.pdf - Google DriveManaged Futures/Trend Following Paper for Download:  A Century of Evidence on Trend-Following InvestingGraham's Full House Portfolio:  testfol.io/?s=5cyAAHgo1OHBreathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:What if the biggest edge in your portfolio isn’t a hot strategy but the boring details—costs, liquidity, and the ability to rebalance in seconds? We dig into listener questions on gold, long-term treasuries, cash buffers, and managed futures, and we separate evidence from stories that sound good but quietly erode returns. We look at why an 80 percent stocks and 20 percent gold mix can be fine during accumulation, yet struggle in retiree withdrawals when stocks and gold sometimes fall together. Then we explain how duration from long treasuries can change the drawdown math, especially in recessions.We also push back on the temptation to chase yield on vaulted physical gold. Once you add spreads, storage, transaction fees, and redemption friction, that “yield” comes at a cost, and you sacrifice the instant liquidity your rebalancing plan needs. Gold ETFs give you precise position sizing and near-zero friction so you can trim, add, and move on. On cash, we keep it blunt: a small buffer for bills makes sense, but large multi-year cash cushions drag safe withdrawal rates over time. Replenish cash by trimming whichever asset has run hot—simple rules, fewer regrets.For listeners trying to model managed futures, we cover why commodity funds are poor proxies and how to use Testfolio’s fallback feature to extend DBMF or KMLM backtests across regimes. The larger message is pragmatic: stop searching for the perfect allocation and build a naively diversified mix that can handle growth, inflation, and shocks without prediction. Want to see how this plays out? Hit play, take notes, and test a small, real-money experiment in a side account to learn your own behavior.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Isaiah and Mike.  We unpack how metrics hijack meaning and show how a diversified, risk-parity approach lets you thrive without chasing perfect scores, review our business model and help Mike tweak his portfolio selections.And THEN we our go through our weekly portfolio reviews of the eight sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.Links:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna Center"The Score" Video Summary:  The Score Summary Video.mp4 - Google Drive"The Score" Slideshow:  The Score Summary Slideshow.pdf - Google DriveHow To Do An Asset Swap Video from Risk Parity Chronicles:  How to Do an Asset SwapBreathless AI-Bot Summary:  Numbers promise clarity. But when scores start steering our choices, we trade meaning for metrics—and investing gets harder, not easier. We take you inside a listener-recommended book on gamification and value capture, then connect its insights to practical retirement planning, rebalancing discipline, and the craft of building portfolios that can handle ambiguity.First, we break down a simple framework to resist metric addiction: practice metric mindfulness, guard “opaque” spaces where you don’t track every moment, and treat numbers as disposable tools. That shift matters for health, career, and especially money. Chasing precision in complex markets leads to false confidence and needless anxiety; aiming for ballparks and using satisficing rules keeps you steady.From there, we dive into performance and positioning. While large growth stalls, small cap value, gold, commodities, and managed futures are pulling their weight. We share how diversified, risk-parity style allocations harness those uncorrelated trends without prediction—and why selling strength into rebalancing is the quiet edge that compounds over time. You’ll also hear clear, practical guidance on tax location and cash: put growth in Roth accounts, anchor bonds in tax-deferred space, keep cash lean if you have flexible liquidity, and rebalance across accounts at the household level.Underneath the tickers is a broader life stance. Money, power, and fame are easy to count and easy to chase. Relationships, time autonomy, and meaningful work resist scoring yet deliver the lasting returns. Let numbers serve your purpose, not replace it. If you’re ready to think beyond dashboards and build a portfolio—and a life—built for uncertainty, you’ll feel right at home.Enjoy the conversation? Follow the show, leave a review, and share it with a friend who needs a saner way to invest.Support the show

In this episode we read a lengthy email missive from our good friend Dr. Bill on reaching financial independence a few years early, designing a risk parity portfolio with an advisor, and facing the emotional fog that follows. We share how to replace optimization with intention and use time, not money, as the measure of value, and touch on these points:• hitting FI earlier than planned after high savings, growth and a modest windfall• shifting from global cap weight to risk parity for steadier withdrawals• choosing fee‑for‑service advice and aligning incentives• handling FI emotions, identity shifts and one‑more‑year urges• using four idols as red flags for decisions• buying happiness through relationships, experiences, time‑buying and generosity• satisficing small choices to protect energy and attention• building post‑career structure with short chapters and yearly subtractions• treating time as the scarce currency, not moneyLinks:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna CenterDr. Bill's Interview on Bigger Pockets Money:  The Decumulation Strategy After Hitting Financial Independence | Bill YountKardinal Financial:  Kardinal Financial — Flat Fee & Fee-Only Financial Advisor Bryan Minogue | Madison, WIAfford Anything Episode #618:  They Ran Out of Money. I Didn’t. Here’s Why.Breathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:The number hits, the accounts say you’re free, and yet the feeling isn’t triumph—it’s fog. We dive into that messy, honest space after financial independence with a candid letter from Dr. Bill, a late starter who reached FI years ahead of schedule. His story opens the door to two challenges at once: how to build a portfolio that steadies withdrawals in uncertain markets, and how to build a life that isn’t ruled by “one more year.”We start with the money. Risk parity isn’t a magic trick, but it’s a powerful framework for retirees and late starters: diversify by risk, not headlines, so stocks, bonds, and real assets share the load. That balance can dampen drawdowns and reduce sequence risk when you’re finally taking income. We highlight why fee‑for‑service advice beats legacy models, what to expect from a thoughtful plan, and how to avoid turning markets into a source of constant anxiety. Sleep matters as much as return.Then we face the human side: identity, purpose, and the gravitational pull of more. Using a simple lens—avoid the four idols of money, power, fame, and unhealthy pleasure—we redirect focus to the only currency that compounds after FI: time. We break down practical ways wealth buys happiness through relationships, experiences that spark flow, time‑buying that deletes chores and commutes, and generosity that deepens community. You’ll hear tactical rules to cut over‑optimization, pilot a lighter work schedule, structure short chapters instead of a rigid life plan, and run annual “stop doing” audits to keep your days aligned with what matters.If you’re nearing FI, newly independent, or stuck in the fog, this conversation offers a clear path forward: design a portfolio for resilience, and design a life for meaning. Subscribe, share with a friend who’s wrestling with “enough,” and leave a review to help more DIY investors find a saner way to retire on purpose.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Gregory and Isaiah.  We discuss whether tail-hedged ETFs belong in a retirement portfolio, then map out a cleaner path with Treasuries as recession insurance, a value tilt for equity resilience. We also discuss the problems with relying on voices from popular personal finance unless they are well supported by professional and academic teachings, and the importance of the four quadrant model in understanding correlations and diversification.  We also a practical taxonomy for classifying holdings.And THEN we our go through our weekly portfolio reviews of the eight sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.Additional Links:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna CenterLinks Page at Risk Parity Radio:  Links | Risk Parity RadioAnalysis of Tail Risk ETFs:  testfol.io/analysis?s=jCSSoT7bFReBob Elliot Macro Masterclass:  Bob Elliott, Unlimited Funds – A Macro MasterclassBob Elliot on Excess Returns:  Understanding Economic Cycles | Bob Elliott"Best of" Bob Elliot on Excess Returns:  Markets Always Return to Economic Reality | Bob Elliott Explains How It HappensBob Elliot on The Compound:  The Blue Chips of Junk | TCAF 175Portfolio Tracker:  GitHub - danbuchal/portfolio-tracker: Portfolio Tracker: Track your investments and asset allocationBreathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:Looking for protection without sacrificing long-term returns? We dig into a donor’s question about using tail-hedged ETFs like SPD and SPYC for early retirement and explain why constant hedging tends to bleed performance. The core idea is simple: prioritize assets with positive expected returns that also diversify when it matters. That’s where long-term Treasuries serve as recession insurance and why picking the right time horizon for correlation analysis changes everything.From there, we zoom out to the four-quadrant framework—growth and inflation as the axes that drive correlations. Stocks thrive in positive growth with moderate inflation, Treasuries support you in weak growth and disinflation, and assets like gold and managed futures help when inflation shifts. If passive flows are reshaping markets, the practical antidote isn’t a new product; it’s a value tilt on the equity side. History shows value, especially small-cap value, is a reliable counterweight when growth-heavy indexes crack.We also share a clear, DIY method to audit and classify your holdings ahead of retirement. Start with growth vs value as your primary lens, use size as a secondary tilt, and treat international exposure as tertiary since currency swings drive much of the variance. Tools like Morningstar and Portfolio Tracker make it easy to roll up accounts, view factor exposure, and keep your targets on track. Finally, we walk through our sample portfolios and a crisp market snapshot—gold’s strength, steady REITs and commodities, and how leveraged mixes are faring—to show how these principles play out in real allocations.If this helps you build a stronger plan, follow the show, share it with a friend who’s rethinking their hedge, and leave a quick review to help more DIY investors find us.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Bee, Brian, and Derek.  We discuss shifting from pure equities toward a Golden Ratio allocation at 60% of the way to financial independence, using 401(k) BrokerageLink to add small cap value, and replacing monthly performance screenshots with better backtesting tools. Along the way, we talk donor-advised funds, advisor incentives, and why most financial advisory practices run on fear because its the most profitable business model.Links:Portfolio Charts Article:  Minimize Your Miss – Portfolio ChartsSonia Parker on Crystal Balls:  Crystal ball gazing, how to use a Crystal Ball ~ How to Scry with a Crystal Ball ~ by Sonia ParkerJim Sandidge Chaos Paper:  RMJ081-ChaosAndRetirementSecurity.pdfBreathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:Tired of being told to fear the market, fear retirement, and fear doing it yourself? We dig into three real listener scenarios to show how clarity, incentives, and modern tools beat sales scripts every time. First, we sit with a 41-year-old investor who’s 60% to a FIRE number and wrestling with whether to add risk-parity elements now or stick with 100% equities a bit longer. We break down how a gradual shift toward a Golden Ratio–style mix can reduce volatility without forcing a hard “all-at-once” pivot, and why matching your allocation to your timeline, taxes, and temperament matters more than waxing theoretical about the perfect moment.Next, we explore the power of Fidelity’s BrokerageLink and the case for a structural small cap value tilt. If costs are minimal, opening the 401(k) architecture unlocks better ETFs and truer diversification. A large growth and small value balance can set you up for meaningful rebalancing, while keeping income-heavy assets in tax-advantaged accounts avoids unnecessary drag. We also spotlight donor-advised funds as a practical way to give appreciated shares, lower taxes, and simplify charitable plans—especially helpful during high-income years or advisor breakups.Finally, we question the industry’s incentive structure and the fear-based marketing behind complex portfolios, annuity pitches, and “risk profiles” designed to sell products. Instead of monthly performance screenshots that can mislead when withdrawal rates vary, we point you to TestFolio and Portfolio Visualizer to run clean, apples-to-apples comparisons. Five years of live results won’t settle lifetime decisions; full cycles and solid process will. If you want a portfolio that’s low-cost, transparent, and built to last—without crystal balls or steak-dinner seminars—this conversation lays out the path. If this helped you think clearer about your allocation, subscribe, leave a review, and share it with a friend who’s ready to keep more of their own returns.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Jeff, Chad and Matt.  We discuss choices in 100% equity accumulation portfolios, distribution methodology for the sample portfolios, more on radio-personalities-cum-financial-advisors who try to punch down, the landscape of financial advisors and distinguishing the good, the bad, and the ugly, and our overall approach here, which is simply to match financial behaviors with financial goals.  Because Personal Finance is FINANCE.And THEN we our go through our weekly portfolio reviews of the eight sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.Links:Best Equity Index ETFs:  Best ETFs 2025 | Merriman Financial Education FoundationSarah Catherine Gutierrez Presentations:  Interacting with the Financial Services Industry with SC GutierrezAfford Anything Podcast re RPR:  They Ran Out of Money. I Didn’t. Here’s Why.Breathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:What if your portfolio actually reflected your real goal—spend confidently while you’re alive—or, if you prefer, maximize what you leave behind? We dig into that choice and show how to align behavior with outcomes, from accumulation tilts to retirement withdrawals, without getting trapped by complexity or fear.We start by tackling a common accumulator snag: limited 401(k) menus. When a plan doesn’t offer the exact funds for a 50% large-cap growth and 50% small-cap value tilt, we show how to keep the core in a low-cost total market index and use outside accounts for precise small-cap value exposure. The final 10%? It’s often a coin flip—simplicity and consistency usually win. We also compare small-cap value options and why funds with profitability screens (like AVUV) can sharpen the tilt.For retirees and near-retirees, we lay out a clean distribution method. Use cash generated by the portfolio first; if you must sell, trim the position most above target since the last rebalance. Prefer even fewer trades? Hold a modest cash sleeve and draw from it, replenishing during scheduled rebalances. The aim is to reduce friction while keeping allocations on track. Throughout, we push for strategies that raise safe withdrawal rates, not stories that only soothe nerves.We also hold a bright light on advisor incentives. AUM fees aren’t “evil,” but they’re misaligned with consumer interests and compound against your long-term outcomes. Fee-only, flat-fee, or hourly planning models provide clarity and control without the drag. Our stance is simple: demand the math, insist on base rates, and ask every product or tweak one question—does this increase sustainable spending power?The market check brings it all together: small-cap value is out front, gold remains a steady diversifier, and diversified sleeves like managed futures, REITs, and Treasuries contribute ballast. We walk through the eight sample portfolios, highlight performance since 2020 and 2024 inceptions, and note why mechanical year-end rebalancing can backfire when flows get weird. If you’re a do-it-yourself investor who values low costs, clarity, and evidence over noise, you’ll find practical steps you can use today.If this resonates, follow the show, leave a review, and share it with someone who needs more signal and less sales pitch.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Midwest Nice, Ron and Stefan.  We discuss helping a cautious parent with a high-fee advisor, what services are actually worth paying for in their case, how to invest home-sale proceeds for a 5–10 year horizon, where to learn beyond basic indexing without losing the plot, the McKenna Man portfolio, and best approaches to try to beat the market (beyond don't try).  Links:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna CenterExcess Returns Channel: Excess Returns - YouTubeTacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse Video:  Tacoma Bridge Collapse: The Wobbliest Bridge in the World? (1940) | British PathéStefan's Sparkline Capital Article:  Buffett's Intangible MoatsBen Felix Video On Leverage:  Investing With Leverage (Borrowing to Invest, Leveraged ETFs) (youtube.com)Book List:Ashvin Chhabra:  "The Aspirational Investor"J. David Stein:  "Money For The Rest of Us"Michael Mauboussin:  "More Than You Know" and "Think Twice"Antti Ilmanen:  "Expected Returns" and "Investing Amid Low Expected Returns"Andrew Lo:  "In Pursuit of the Perfect Portfolio"Ed Thorpe:  "A Man For All Markets"Larry Swedroe:  "Your Complete Guide to Factor Investing"Breathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:Ever tried to help a parent who’s financially fine but glued to a “nice” advisor and a vague plan? We dig into the real-world tactics that preserve relationships while improving outcomes—think gentle on-ramps like scam protection, account alerts, and sharing your own planning choices. The goal isn’t to win a debate; it’s to earn access, reduce avoidable taxes, and align risk with comfort, especially when pensions and Social Security already cover spending.From there, we get specific about value. If an advisor stays, the highest-return work for many retirees is tax strategy, asset location, and simplification—not performance theater. We talk practical setups like Wellington or Wellesley for low-cost balance, when a deferred QLAC can be a comfort hedge, and why generating more income than you need can backfire at tax time. For listeners sitting on house-sale proceeds with a 5–10 year window, we unpack why hoarding cash invites erosion and why a golden ratio–style mix can cap drawdowns to a few years while keeping growth and inflation resilience alive.Curious investors also get a roadmap for learning beyond slogans. We highlight factor tilts with quality screens, institutional-grade thinkers like Ilmanen, Lo, and Mauboussin, and the simple truth that outperformance usually comes from concentration or leverage—so position sizing and behavior matter more than hot takes. We challenge the myth that a cap-weight index buys the “whole economy,” and we favor building like engineers: learn from failures, control volatility, and design for the stress you’ll actually feel.If this helped you rethink fees, timelines, or tilts, follow the show, share it with a friend, and leave a quick review so more DIY investors can find these tools.Support the show

In this episode we conduct our annual portfolio reviews of our eight sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio, and compare them with commercial alternatives.  We discuss why factors beat geography, and explain how gold, bonds, and managed futures improved results and withdrawal durability.We also confront the real roadblock to a good retirement: underspending driven by identity and fear, which we heard about in 2025 from Bill Bengen, Michael Kitces and Carl Richards, Morgan Housel and David Bach, among others.Breathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:The biggest retirement risk most prepared savers face isn’t market volatility—it’s not spending enough. We dig into why identity and fear keep people stuck in “I am a saver” mode, and how to break that habit with a portfolio built for higher, safer withdrawals. Then we open the books on eight sample portfolios and share what actually worked in 2025: factor-driven international exposure, a powerful year for gold, the yield curve’s shift favoring intermediate bonds, and a split decision for managed futures where DBMF led.You’ll hear how the Golden Butterfly and Golden Ratio outperformed classic 60/40 approaches by leaning on uncorrelated return drivers, and why DIY risk parity designs can match or beat commercial funds at lower cost. We walk through the conservative All Seasons mix, the diversified Risk Parity Ultimate, and two leverage case studies: one that shows how leverage without real diversification can disappoint, and another that demonstrates smart “return stacking” with OPTRA—combining modest leverage, gold, value tilts, and managed futures for equity-like returns with a steadier ride.Along the way, we connect portfolio choices to what matters most: turning savings into a life well-lived over the next decade. A candid listener story reminds us that time is finite, and that a better withdrawal rate is not a luxury—it’s a plan for joy, relationships, and experiences now. If you’ve wondered whether your mix underuses factors, overlooks gold, or over-relies on 60/40 assumptions, this is your field guide to a sturdier, more generous retirement strategy.If this resonates, tap follow, share it with a friend who needs a nudge to spend confidently, and leave a quick review with your biggest portfolio question. Your next ten years will thank you.Support the show

In this episode we answer emails from Tyler, Michael and Jon.  We discuss managing an inherited Roth across a 10-year window and related questions, compare VXUS to targeted international tilts, tax and asset location considerations for traditional and Roth IRAs, and talk about some of the basic ideas for achieving higher safe withdrawal rates.And THEN we our go through our weekly portfolio reviews of the eight sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.Additional Links:Father McKenna Center Donation Page:  Donate - Father McKenna CenterGolden Ratio Portfolio Article:  Beautiful Constants and the Golden Ratio Portfolio – Portfolio ChartsAfford Anything Podcast #618:  They Ran Out of Money. I Didn’t. Here’s Why.Slide Deck:  Afford Anything Episode 618 RPR Basics Slide Deck.pdf - Google DriveVideo Summary:  Afford Anything Episode 618 Video Summary.mp4 - Google DriveAfford Anything Risk Parity Portfolio Blueprint:  Afford Anything frank-vasquez-risk-parity-portfolio-BluePrint.pdf - Google DriveBigger Pockets Money Podcast:  The Secret to a 5% Safe Withdrawal Rate | Frank VasquezSlide Deck:  BP Money Interview Slide Deck.pdf - Google DriveVideo Summary:  BP Money 5 Pct Withdrawals (F. Vasquez).mp4 - Google DriveBreathless Unedited AI-Bot Summary:A surprise inheritance, a strict 10-year clock, and a plan that has to work through whatever the market throws at it—this conversation tackles the decisions that actually move the needle. We break down a practical approach to managing an inherited Roth IRA, why delaying withdrawals can preserve tax-free growth, and how to separate speculation from your core allocation so one risky bet doesn’t hijack your entire plan. Along the way, we show how risk parity portfolios lower sequence-of-returns risk and why the best “edge” is often calm structure, not prediction.We dig into tax location with real-world transitions in mind. During your working years, most of the portfolio belongs in equities; the puzzle appears when you move toward retirement and spread assets across bonds and diversifiers. That’s where location shines: place ordinary-income-heavy assets in traditional accounts, keep the highest-growth assets in Roth, and avoid turning your taxable account into a tax drag. We also talk about securities-backed lines of credit and why reducing portfolio volatility can materially lower margin stress when you’re funding future purchases like rentals.If international stocks feel like a copy of your U.S. exposure, they probably are. We explain how currency drives much of the U.S. vs ex-U.S. gap and why targeted tilts—international large cap growth and small cap value—can be a more effective pairing than broad VXUS. Then we tackle illiquid plays and limited partnerships: categorize by the underlying asset, respect rebalancing limits, and treat truly illiquid positions as separate businesses with independent cash flows.Support the show