Low Back Pain

In this video we cover Rheumatic Fever; What is it? Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology, the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever as well as the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (including the Jones criteria and a rheumatic fever mnemonic!). We then look at the treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineVideo Timestamps:0:00 What is Rheumatic Fever? 0:30 Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology1:53 Rheumatic Fever Symptoms / Signs and Symptoms of Rheumatic Fever3:46 Jones Criteria - Rheumatic Fever Criteria Mnemonic6:25 Rheumatic Fever Diagnosis7:15 Rheumatic Fever Treatment / Rheumatic Fever Prophylaxis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2025) Acute rheumatic fever: clinical guidance. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/acute-rheumatic-fever.htmlCarapetis, J.R., Beaton, A., Cunningham, M.W., Guilherme, L., Karthikeyan, G., Mayosi, B.M., Sable, C., Steer, A., Wilson, N. and Wyber, R. (2016) ‘Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2, 15084.MSD Manual Professional Editors (2024) Rheumatic fever. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-bacterial-infections-in-infants-and-children/rheumatic-feverNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (no date) Rheumatic fever. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.ukStatPearls Authors (2025) Acute rheumatic fever. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594238/Therapeutic Guidelines Limited (2022) ‘Therapeutics for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Australian Prescriber, 45(4), pp. 118–123. Available at: https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/therapeutics-for-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease.htmlDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Low back pain is an extremely common complain, in this video we go through the main causes of low back pain, including low back pain red flag symptoms, as well as what to look for in the physical exam and diagnosis. We also look at treatment options for the commonest low back pain causes. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Low Back Pain Epidemiology0:43 Low Back Pain Causes / Classification  - Mechanical Low Back Pain2:43 Low Back Pain Causes - Referred Low Back Pain3:12 Low Back Pain Causes - Systemic Causes of Low Back Pain3:44 Low Back Pain Red Flag Symptoms5:17 Low Back Pain Diagnosis - History + Physical Exam7:13 Diagnosis of Low Back Pain - Lab Values and Imaging7:56 Treatment of Low Back Pain / Low Back Pain Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2020) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management (NG59). London: NICE. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59 . NICENational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (no date) Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy) | CKS | Red flag symptoms and signs | Diagnosis. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/diagnosis/red-flag-symptoms-signs/ Clinical Knowledge SummariesDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy explained, including a review of what is the rotator cuff and muscles involved, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and diagnosis. We look at the Rotator Cuff physical exam, as well as Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps: 0:00 What is the Rotator Cuff?1:05 What is Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy?1:36 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Pathophysiology3:28 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Symptoms4:00 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis6:11 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) Rotator cuff injury – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/586 BMJ Best PracticeTeachMeAnatomy (2026) The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder. TeachMeAnatomy. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/shoulder/intrinsic/ TeachMeAnatomyExploreAnatomy.com (n.d.) Rotator cuff muscles. ExploreAnatomy.com. Available at: https://exploreanatomy.com/musculoskeletal-system/rotator-cuff-musclesPhysio-Pedia (n.d.) Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy. Physio-Pedia. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Rotator_Cuff_Tendinopathy physio-pedia.comDesmeules, F., Roy, J-S., Lafrance, S. et al. (2025) Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis, Nonsurgical Medical Care, and Rehabilitation: A Clinical Practice Guideline, Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 55(4), pp.235–274. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2025.13182 PubMed+1

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is a term that is used to describe abnormal variations in menstruation, and include menorrhagia and heavy menstrual bleeding. In this video we cover what are the causes for abnormal uterine bleeding using the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Also included is the treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (Definition)0:53 Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (PALM COEIN Mnemonic)3:26 Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding5:34 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) Abnormal uterine bleeding: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 29 Nov 2025; Last updated: 14 Nov 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/658. BMJ Best PracticeMSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Abnormal uterine bleeding. Reviewed/Revised Jan 2023; Modified Mar 2024. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/abnormal-uterine-bleeding. MSD ManualsWouk, N. and Helton, M. (2019) Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women, American Family Physician, 99(7). AAFPFIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee (2018) PALM-COEIN classification for AUB causes, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 143(3), pp. 393–408. MSD ManualsAbnormal uterine bleeding (2024) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_uterine_bleeding. en.wikipedia.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover what is endometriosis, where does it most commonly affect as well as the signs and symptoms of endometriosis.  Includes endometriosis pathology and theories, as well as how endometriosis is diagnosed and treated. PDFs available here:  https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Endometriosis?0:07 Where does Endometriosis most commonly affect?1:04 Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis2:47 Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome3:29 Endometriosis Pathophysiology / Endometriosis Pathology Theories4:35 Endometriosis Diagnosis5:44 Endometriosis TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBulletti, C., Coccia, M.E., Battistoni, S. and Borini, A. (2010) ‘Endometriosis and infertility’, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 27(8), pp. 441–447. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1.Gałczyński, K., Jóźwik, M., Lewkowicz, D., Semczuk-Sikora, A. and Semczuk, A. (2019) ‘Ovarian endometrioma – a possible finding in adolescent girls and young women: a mini-review’, Journal of Ovarian Research, 12(1), p. 104. doi:10.1186/s13048-019-0582-5.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2010) Endometriosis and infertility. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941592/.Wikipedia (2025) Endometriosis. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis#Epidemiology.BMJ Best Practice (2024) Endometriosis: diagnosis – approach. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/355/diagnosis-approach.GPnotebook (2024) Endometriosis. Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-gb/simplepage.cfm?ID=1301938182.Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (2023) Endometriosis: symptoms. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo/symptoms.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we look at primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis (previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis), and the differences between them. This includes pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis as well as their diagnosis (including autoantibodies!) and treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What does cholestatic mean? 0:59 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Definition1:31 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Risk Factors / Epidemiology 2:02 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Pathogenesis3:48 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Signs and Symptoms4:26 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Diagnosis5:11 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Treatment5:59 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Definition6:19 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Risk Factors / Epidemiology6:42 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Pathogenesis7:58 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Signs and Symptoms8:34 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Diagnosis (Criteria)9:25 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCleveland Clinic, 2025. Primary biliary cholangitis (formerly primary biliary cirrhosis) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. [online] Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-primary-sclerosing-cholangitis. Cleveland ClinicNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2015. Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. PMCID: PMC4521232. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521232/. PMCNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: pathogenesis and clinical features. PMCID: PMC7132015. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132015/. (If exact year differs, use the one on the article page)Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at ovarian cancer including ovarian cancer subtypes (Epithelial and its subtypes, Germ Cell, Sex Cord Stromal)  as well as the signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer risk factors. We also take a look at how ovarian cancer is staged (FIGO Staging of Ovarian Cancer) and how that affects the prognosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Ovarian Cancer Epidemiology0:36 Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors1:05 Ovarian Cancer Subtypes Intro2:30 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer3:33 Ovarian Cancer Signs and Symptoms4:28 Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis7:04 Ovarian Cancer TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:BMJ Best Practice (2025) Ovarian cancer: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/260MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/gynecologic-tumors/ovarian-fallopian-tube-and-peritoneal-cancerAmerican Cancer Society (2025) Ovarian Cancer Stages. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ovarian-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.htmlDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), more specifically the two main forms of IBD which are Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, going through each condition as well as looking at the differences between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease. Includes the signs and symptoms of each, including extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, as well as differences in the histology. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?0:15 Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Epidemiology1:08 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease3:19 Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease4:48 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology5:07 Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Risk Factors of Inflammatory Bowel Disease5:47 Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis6:51 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Histology / Ulcerative Colitis v Crohn's Disease Histology7:52 Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCrohn's & Colitis Foundation (2019) Updated IBD Factbook. Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. Available at: https://www.Crohn'scolitisfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/Updated%20IBD%20Factbook.pdfWalfish, A.E. and Ching Companioni, R.A. (2023) ‘Overview of inflammatory bowel disease’, MSD Manual Professional Edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-diseaseWaugh, N., Cummins, E., Royle, P. et al. (2013) Comparison of Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease, in Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261307/Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Microscopic Colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by normal appearance on colonoscopy. It is a cause of chronic, non bloody, watery diarrhea. We cover the subtypes (lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis), the signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Microscopic Colitis? 0:24 Signs and Symptoms of Microscopic Colitis / Microscopic Colitis Symptoms0:53 Microscopic Colitis Risk Factors & Epidemiology2:00 Microscopic Colitis Diagnosis2:40 Microscopic Colitis TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000315MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease/microscopic-colitisDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover Gastric Cancer / Stomach Cancer, looking at risk factors for it as well as what are the signs and symptoms of Gastric Cancer (with Troisier's sign!). Also includes the most common locations of gastric cancer, how gastric cancer is diagnosed (including staging), and how is gastric cancer treated. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineVideo Timestamps:0:00 How common is Gastric Cancer0:10 Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer1:07 Where is Gastric Cancer most common? 1:19 Types of Gastric Cancer1:35 Most Common Site of Gastric Cancer (Which part of the stomach is most commonly affected)1:49 Signs and Symptoms of Gastric Cancer (Gastric Cancer Symptoms) 2:39 What is Troisier's Sign? (Virchows Node)2:51 Gastric Cancer Diagnosis3:10 Gastric Cancer Staging4:03 Gastric Cancer Prognosis4:35 Gastric Cancer TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesWorld Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008. Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(8), pp.1149–1155. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690660/. PMCMachlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R. & Sitarz, R., 2020. Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11):4012. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312039/. PubMedWikipedia, 2025. Stomach carcinoma / Gastric cancer. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_carcinoma.ScienceDirect Topics, 2025. Stomach carcinoma – Medicine and Dentistry. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/stomach-carcinoma. ScienceDirectWorld Health Organization (WHO), 2025. Cancer fact sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.