S3 Ep7: How to Get Out of a War in Indochina: Nixon, Mao and the Paris Peace Accords

In early 1973, Norodom Sihanouk travelled down the Ho Chi Minh trail and back onto Cambodian soil for the first time since the coup. China Pictorial published a special issue of photographs to prove it. In the background of several of them stand men the prince had been told not to name.Time Period Covered: January to August 1973How much did Sihanouk know about the Khmer Rouge he was selling to the world? Why did the Paris Peace Accords bring peace to Vietnam but not Cambodia? What happened when the prince returned to Cambodian soil for the first time since the coup?In this episode, Lachlan begins a three-part exploration of one of the most important and brutal years of the Cambodian Civil War -- through the eyes of its top billing star, Prince Norodom Sihanouk. Deposed, exiled, and installed in Beijing, the prince has become the face of a resistance movement that privately despises him -- and 1973 sees him wheeled out like never before.Three primary sources track the prince across these six months. His propaganda memoir, My War with the CIA, written with the infamous Wilfred Burchett, sells a rosy vision of the National Front's future Cambodia to a western audience -- one with no mention of the communists actually running the show. A special issue of China Pictorial documents his secret journey down the Ho Chi Minh trail and back into the liberated zones -- where the real power stands quietly in the background of the photographs. And a remarkable interview with the legendary Oriana Fallaci, in which the script falls away, and the prince says things you would not expect a man in his position to ever admit.Meanwhile, the ceasefire that was supposed to follow the Paris Peace Accords is dead on arrival in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge refuse to stop a war they are winning, and the American bombing builds toward its final crescendo.Sources:Norodom Sihanouk & Wilfred Burchett -My War with the CIAChina Pictorial 1973 -Samdech Sihanouk's Inspection Tour of the Cambodian Liberated ZoneOriana Fallaci -Interview with Sihanouk, New York Times 1973Norodom Sihanouk -Prisoner of the Khmer RougePhilip Short -Pol Pot: Anatomy of a NightmareMilton Osbourne - SihanoukDavid Chandler -Tragedy of Cambodian HistoryBen Kiernan -How Pol Pot Came to PowerNew York Times Book Review -James C. Thomson Jr., "Prince of Peace" 1973

At the beginning of 1972, Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese forces fought each other in the temple complex at Angkor. In Phnom Penh, a city swollen with refugees and rocked by bombings, the radios played Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea. It was the peak of Cambodia's golden age of music, and it had three years left.Time Period Covered: 1972How did a golden age of music emerge during the Cambodian Civil War? How did Lon Nol survive the fallout of Chenla II? What did the clashes between communists and government produce around Angkor?In this episode, Lachlan returns to the view from Phnom Penh as the Cambodian Civil War truly begins to live up to its name. The Khmer Rouge had amassed tens of thousands of troops and were challenging not only Lon Nol's struggling regime, but also their Vietnamese comrades in arms. Most notably, at Angkor -- where fighting will erupt around the temple complex at the beginning of the year.Meanwhile while the government lost more control of the countryside, Lon Nol continued to consolidate his own power. Sidelining much more capable politicians, while the United States stood idly by as his dastardly little brother, Lon Non, used violent and grubby means of propping up the new president - and his own position.The refugee crisis in Phnom Penh continues, and Lachlan looks into the different stories of individuals effected by the war who fled to the capital.And, the backdrop to all of this chaos? Cambodia's golden age of rock & roll.Dont forget to check out the complete history of Angkor on YouTube.Check out www.shadowsofutopia.com/support to help out the show -- or leave a review on the platform you are using! Thank youSources:Wilfred Deac -The Road to the Killing FieldsSutsakhan -The Khmer Republic at WarDavid Chandler -Tragedy of Cambodian HistoryShawcross -SideshowNew York Times -Various Reporting 1972Craig Etcheson -The Rise and Demise of Democratic KampucheaOral History Project -Brigham Young CollegeHaing Ngor -A Cambodian OdysseyJim Laurie -Last HelicopterDee Peyok -Away from Beloved LoverNew Cambodia Magazine 1972 -various issues

Finished up a complete re-do of the Angkor episodes into a new three part series. Here to clear up whats going on with that - easiest thing is to watch the full thing on YouTube, or go back to season one and listen to parts 1-3. Also support the show ! https://www.shadowsofutopia.com/support.htmlAlso check out the latest season of Who Killed Haing Ngor? out now

In February 1972 Richard Nixon flew to Beijing to shake Mao's hand. In May he went to Moscow. In between, North Vietnam launched the largest conventional offensive of the war and American bombers returned in force. All of it, in one way or another, was about how to leave Vietnam without appearing to lose it.Time Period Covered: 1971 to 1973How do you get out of a war without losing it? What did Nixon's opening to China have to do with Vietnam? And how much of 'peace' in 1972 was about diplomacy, and how much was about the election?In this episode, Lachlan examines the pivotal year of 1972. North Vietnam launches the Spring Offensive, the largest conventional campaign of the war, while American air power returns on a massive scale. At the same time, Nixon travels to Beijing and Moscow, reshaping the Cold War balance and strengthening his position at home.Behind the scenes, Henry Kissinger conducts secret negotiations in Paris. The Oval Office tapes reveal a colder logic: South Vietnam may not survive indefinitely, but if it lasts long enough, the United States can leave on its own terms. Cambodia, meanwhile, remains entangled in bombing, secrecy, and executive overreach, part of the same governing culture that produces Watergate.By January 1973, the Paris Peace Accords are signed. American prisoners are coming home. Nixon has won a landslide re-election on promises of peace.But the settlement leaves North Vietnamese troops in the South, freezes the battlefield in place, and offers no real solution for Cambodia.The war, in other words, is ending. Just not for everyone.Sources:Short Mao: The Man Who Built ChinaHastings Vietnam: An Epic TragedyMiller The Vietnam War: A Documentary ReaderVarious Recordings: Nixon Whitehouse 1971-2Shawcross Sideshow

In this extended interview, I’m joined by historian Matt Galway, author of Global Maoism, to unpack the intellectual, ideological, and historical foundations of Maoism and Cambodian communism.We begin with Galway’s academic background and how the Khmer Rouge became a central focus of his research, before moving into core Marxist concepts such as dialectics, contradiction, and why communists historically understood Marxism as a science rather than a belief system.From there, we turn to the Cambodian students in Paris, particularly Hou Yuon, examining the seriousness of their Marxist education, their intellectual commitments, and the long-term consequences of their ideological formation. We explore the “Three Ghosts,” the growing divide between intellectuals and the Khmer Rouge leadership, and how revolutionary paranoia hardened into purges.The conversation then widens to Maoism itself: the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Maoism’s distinctive features compared to orthodox Marxism-Leninism, and how Maoism evolved into a flexible, exportable revolutionary model. We conclude by discussing communism as a quasi-religious system, touching on Pol Pot, Buddhism, and how revolutionary ideology functioned in Democratic Kampuchea.

In 1972 a Phnom Penh schools inspector named Ith Sarin spent nine months inside Khmer Rouge territory and came back to write about it. Around the same time a French scholar named Francois Bizot spent three months chained in a jungle camp called M-13, interrogated daily by Duch. Between them they left the two most detailed accounts of the Khmer Rouge before it took power, and they do not describe the same regime.Time Period Covered: 1971 to 1972Why would someone join the Khmer Rouge? How would people view the parts of the country now being run by the communists? What was M-13, and why is it so important?In this episode, Lachlan returns to one of the most invaluable insights into the prototype regime of Democratic Kampuchea and the countryside control of the Khmer Rouge: Ith Sarin's Regrets for the Khmer Soul, a detailed account of life under the communists for nine months, which is not as damning as some might expect.This is in sharp contrast to another memoir from this same period, Francois Bizot's The Gate, in which he recounts his imprisonment at M-13, the jungle prototype of Tuol Sleng.Woven through these two sides of the story is the evolution of the Khmer Rouge into a group taking over the functions of a state, and applying the blueprint of revolution they had settled on to the Cambodian population they controlled, which numbered in the millions.Check out my visit to M13 at YouTube or https://www.patreon.com/Sources:David Chandler The Tragedy of Cambodian History Philip Short Pol PotIth Sarin Regrets for the Khmer Soul (available at https://www.mekongriverpress.com/)Francois Bizot The GateECCC Testimony Kang Gek Iev (Duch)Henri Locard Jungle Heart of the Khmer RougeNorodom Sihanouk My War with the CIABen Kiernan How Pol Pot Came to PowerSophal Ear The Khmer Rouge Cannon (Phd Thesis)Ian Harris Buddhism Under Pol PotAlex Hinton Why Did They Kill? 

This episode is a follow-up to the two-hour discussion I had with historian Henri Locard. The video of that full conversation is available for free on Patreon right here (or just go to https://www.patreon.com/shadowsofutopia) - no sign up required.Henri Locard is a prominent scholar of the Khmer Rouge, he testified as an expert witness at the ECCC, and has written extensively on the subject. Most notably Pol Pot's Little Red Book, a collection of the slogans used by the Khmer Rouge, and most recently, Jungle Heart of the Khmer Rouge, a biography of Phi Phuon, Pol Pot's Jarai bodyguard. He also has an upcoming book about the extent of the Khmer Rouge prison system that he is looking to find a publisher for.Unlike last time, in our 'discussion', the focus is tighter. I ask Henri four main questions, particularly the ones that we hadn't got to last time, and while he still drifts a little in his answers (as he does), this is a more concentrated exchange that digs deep into how he sees Cambodia’s past and present.We talk about the meaning of the “Super Great Leap Forward,” the myths of the so-called “hydraulic city” and how they shaped Khmer Rouge policy, the true extent of the regime’s prison system (which Henri argues was more than three times what the ECCC has documented), and finally, what he believes is the single best book written about the Khmer Rouge.Henri has a habit of challenging accepted ideas about Cambodian history, but not in the revisionist way of minimizing the regime’s crimes. He re-examines long-held assumptions, particularly about just how widespread the brutality of the Khmer Rouge was. What makes his perspective powerful is his deep, lived connection to the country, and his long study of how the Khmer Rouge prison network worked. And as you’ll hear, the conversation begins in one place, loops back around, and then veers in an unexpected direction by the end.

You've seen The Killing Fields, you probably know that Haing Ngor, who played Dith Pran in the film won an oscar. You might also know that he was murdered in Los Angeles. But the version of that story you've known for years... isn't true.Patricia Nunan, or MP, is a veteran journalist who has worked for a variety of well regarded institutions. She is now tackling the murder of Haing Ngo - completely challenging the narrative that I had assumed was completely sorted since the late 90's.I urge you to subsribe to Who Killed Haing Ngor - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1tKU5RgGYYrw71iGj7Q9s4Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/who-killed-haing-ngor/id1674928262Website: https://www.whokilledhaingngor.com/Instagram: who_killed_haing_ngor

Watch my full walk around and visit to this terrible site (for free!) at https://www.patreon.com/posts/visiting-s21-of-140518814 AGAIN. If you find yourself halfway through that 20 minute preamble, just click the bloody link and watch me investigate a site that no one ever sees. FOR FREE. NO SIGN UPS. JUST CLICK THE BLOODY LINK. Please excuse my indulgent preamble, and its emotion. But you can skip all that by just watching the video at the link above (again FOR FREE). I’ve just released a new video filmed at Krang Ta Chan, the main Khmer Rouge prison of the Southwest Zone. It’s a quiet place today. Rice fields, birds, a small museum. But during the 1970s it was one of the most active execution sites in Cambodia. Thousands of people were killed here under the authority of Ta Mok, the man who ruled this region with an iron grip. This video walks through the site as it looks now, using maps, archival material, and testimonies from the Khmer Rouge Tribunal to piece together how it worked, who was sent here, what life and death were like inside the compound, and what still remains today. It’s one of the most sobering things I’ve ever filmed. But I think it’s important to show these places as they are, to remember what happened, and to understand how people and landscapes still carry that memory.

This is an episode that could be listened to if you’d like, or if you’d prefer to watch it (without ads!) then head to https://patreon.com/shadowsofutopia and watch it for free, no sign ups, no obligations. It's a nice pleasant video, and just one click away.In this bonus episode, I sit down to go through and explain an interview I recently conducted with an ex-Khmer Rouge doctor, who we will refer to as ‘uncle’. He lived through the events that we have been covering so extensively in the last few episodes of the podcast, the start of the war, Sihanouk’s call for his people to join the resistance against Lon Nol, the Vietnamese communists fighting in Cambodia, and training to become a Khmer Rouge doctor in their primary hospital during the civil war - and then going on to be become a surgeon in Phnom Penh during the regime’s time in power.While he obviously has certain biases, and beliefs, about what the Khmer Rouge were, what went wrong, and why… This is still a fascinating piece of history to contend with. Hearing from the Khmer Rouge themselves about what they felt they were trying to accomplish, as well as his own thoughts about communism, and that he felt that nothing was going wrong in the country - until 1977. He did not blame Pol Pot, but, like many Khmer Rouge, he instead blamed ‘factions’, bad actors, saboteurs, and those who were colluding with the Vietnamese.We get a very one sided view of the story here, and I put it into context for you, and challenge the views that this Khmer Rouge doctor had come to believe about their war, their time in power, and who was really responsible for what happened.I must extend a deep gratitude to Chhay Lim, who organised this trip, and organised contacts for me to be able to speak with.