Chorio Paradox: When Clinical & Path DX Don’t Agree

Welcome to "Labor & Delivery Debrief," the podcast where we tackle your toughest questions about childbirth and maternal health. Today, we're diving deep into a fascinating and critical topic sent in by one of our listeners, Sarah. Sarah asks: "Is it possible for a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis to not be confirmed by placental histology? And if so, how is that possible?" This is a fantastic question that touches on the complexities of intrapartum clinical diagnosis of intraamniotic infection (IAI), also commonly known as chorioamnionitis. We'll explore the nuances of clinical versus histological findings, the diagnostic criteria, and why these two assessments don't always perfectly align. Get ready for a detailed discussion that will shed light on this important aspect of obstetric care.1. ACOG CO 712; 2017 (2025)2. Romero R, Pacora P, Kusanovic JP, et al. Clinical Chorioamnionitis at Term X: Microbiology, Clinical Signs, Placental Pathology, and Neonatal Bacteremia - Implications for Clinical Care. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2021;49(3):275-298. doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0297.3. Jung E, Romero R, Suksai M, et al. Clinical Chorioamnionitis at Term: Definition, Pathogenesis, Microbiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. AJOG. 2024;230(3S):S807-S840. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.02.002.4. Oh KJ, Kim SM, Hong JS, et al. Twenty-Four Percent of Patients With Clinical Chorioamnionitis in Preterm Gestations Have No Evidence Of either Culture-Proven Intraamniotic Infection Or intraamniotic Inflammation. AJOG. 2017;216(6):604.e1-604.e11.

Depo-Provera was approved in 1992 by U.S. regulators. About 1 in 4 sexually active women in the United States have used the shot at some point, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Meningiomas are common intracranial tumors with a female predominance. In fact, they are the most common primary brain tumor in women, with an incidence of approximately 12.76 per 100,000 in the general female population. The vast majority of these tumors are benign (World Health Organization [WHO] grade 1) while 15% to 20% of these tumors can behave atypically (WHO grade 2) and rarely, in 1% to 2% of cases, these tumors can be malignant (WHO grade 3). We covered the relationship between Depo-Provera, as a contraceptive agent, and brain meningiomas back in March 2024. With the increase in data, the ACOG released a patient centered counseling tool titled, “Counseling Patients on Birth Control Injection and Meningioma”. The most recent update on this story comes from the FDA, which has granted a medication label change to Depo-Provera (Pfizer) warning of this association. Even though association does not prove causation, the association between depo and meningiomas seems strong (with new data from the US). Does this warning extend to other progestins? Listen in for details. 1. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/dr-chapas-obgyn-clinical-pearls/id1412385746?i=10006508795722. ACOG’s “Counseling Patients on Birth Control Injection and Meningioma” 3. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2025/12/17/fda-pfizer-contraception-cancer-preemption-depoprovera/4. Xiao T, Kumar P, Lobbous M, et al. Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Risk of Meningioma in the US. JAMA Neurology. 2025;82(11):1094-1102. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.3011.5. de Dios E, Näslund O, Choudhry M, et al.Prevalence and Symptoms of Incidental Meningiomas: A Population-Based Study.Acta Neurochirurgica. 2025;167(1):98. doi:10.1007/s00701-025-06506-7.6. Schaff LR, Mellinghoff IK.Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2023;329(7):574-587. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.0023.7. BMJ 2024; 384 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078078 (Published 27 March 2024) Cite this as: BMJ 2024;384:e078078

The second stage of labor, characterized by active pushing and the descent of the fetal head, can be a challenging and prolonged phase for both mother and baby. Various interventions have been explored to optimize this stage, and one such technique involves the application of vaginal lubricants. The rationale behind this approach is to reduce friction between the fetal head and the birth canal, potentially leading to smoother and faster delivery. Does this seemingly simple technique work? Does the ACOG mention this in the CPG 8 from January 2024? What does the latest research tell us about its effectiveness in assisting or speeding up the birthing process? Listen in for details.1. Yang Q, Cao X, Hu S, Sun M, Lai H, Hou L, Wang Q, Wu C, Wu Y, Xiao L, Luo X, Tian J, Ge L, Shi L. Lubricant for reducing perineal trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2022 Nov;48(11):2807-2820. doi: 10.1111/jog.15399. Epub 2022 Aug 16. PMID: 36319196.2. ACOG: First and Second Stage Labor Management Clinical Practice Guideline Number 8: January 20243. Aquino CI, Saccone G, Troisi J, Zullo F, Guida M, Berghella V. Use of lubricant gel to shorten the second stage of labor during vaginal delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Dec;32(24):4166-4173. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1482271. Epub 2018 Jun 27. PMID: 29804505.4. Beckmann MM, Stock OM. Antenatal Perineal Massage for Reducing Perineal Trauma. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(4):CD005123. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005123.pub3.

Within the last few days, there has been breaking news regarding the war on gonorrhea. Nuzolvence (zoliflodacin) was FDA approved on December 13, 2025, and Blujepa (gepotidacin) was FDA approved on December 11, 2025.These new oral treatments are particularly important given the global rise in gonococcal drug resistance and the convenience they offer over injectable options, potentially improving patient adherence and public health outcomes. Listen in for details. ​ FDA News Release. FDA Approves Two Oral Therapies to Treat Gonorrhea. fda.gov​ Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics. U.S. FDA Approves NUZOLVENCE® (zoliflodacin), a First-in-Class, Single-Dose Oral Antibiotic, for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urogenital Gonorrhea in Adults and Adolescents. innovivaspecialtytherapeutics.com​ CNN. New gonorrhea treatments approved by FDA for first time in decades. ​ The New York Times. F.D.A. Approves Two New Drugs to Treat Gonorrhea. ​ STAT. FDA approves zoliflodacin, a gonorrhea pill marketed as Nuzolvence. ​ Fierce Pharma. FDA endorses another gonorrhea treatment, blessing Innoviva’s Nuzolvence. https://strongcoffeecompany.com/discount/CHAPANOSPINOBG

It’s so interesting to see how medical evidence evolves, and changes, over time. The result of course is that clinical practice evolves and changes as well. The story of umbilical cord management at time of delivery highlights this very issue very well. The ACOG first recommended delayed cord clamping (DCC) in 2012, for preterm infants, as data showed marked improvement in neonatal outcomes in that population. In this episode, we will briefly walk through the timeline from 2012 to the latest update on DCC which came from the AAP in October 2025, just one month after the ACOG had their DCC update. This story also exemplifies how professional medical societies don’t always have the SAME recommendations, with small tweaks, in their guidance. So, Dr Chapa and I will summarize these key updates…Listen in for details!1. ACOG 2012: DCC for preterm infants only 2. ACOG 2016: ACOG Recommends Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping for All Healthy Infants, including term: https://mdedge.com/obgynnews/article/121349/obstetrics/acog-supports-delayed-umbilical-cord-clamping-term-infants3. ACOG Dec 2020, CO 814: Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth4. ACOG Obstet Gynecol. January 2022; 139(1): 121–137. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004625. Management of Placental Transfusion to Neonates After Delivery5. ACOG (ePUB July ) Sept 2025: ACOG releases a Clinical Practice Update: An Update to Clinical Guidance for Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth in Preterm Neonates6. AHA/AAP Oct 2025 Update: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

Podcast Family, we have covered PCOS on this show many times in the past; and yet- again, there is new information! A new publication from AJOG (Gray journal) describes a new meta-analysis on preconception/continued metformin use in the first trimester. Is this helpful? How does this contrast with the 2023 international guidance update on PCOS? Listen in for details. 1. ASRM: Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023)2. Cheshire J, Garg A, Smith P, Devall AJ, Coomarasamy A, Dhillon-Smith RK. Preconception and first-trimester metformin on pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Dec;233(6):530-547.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2025.05.038. Epub 2025 Jun 3. PMID: 40473092.3. Løvvik TS, Carlsen SM, Salvesen Ø, et al. Use of Metformin to Treat Pregnant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PregMet2): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2019;7(4):256-266. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30002-6.4. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven J, et al. Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. 2023;120(4):767-793. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.07.025.

Major health organizations, including the CDC and ACOG, recommend universal Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) screening for all pregnant women during each pregnancy and at time of delivery. Ideally, pregnant women should be screened for hepatitis C virus infection at the first prenatal visit of each pregnancy. If the antibody screen result is positive, hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase chain reaction testing is done to confirm the diagnosis. The risk of perinatal transmission of HCV is up to 9%, with at least one-third of transmissions occurring antenatally. While antiviral therapy is recommended for Hepatitis B in pregnancy with a viral load greater than 200,000 international units/mL to decrease the risk of vertical transmission, the same is not the case for Hep C. According to the ACOG CPG #6 from September 2023, there are no standard treatment protocols for Hep C in pregnancy but a new publication from the PINK journal (7 Dec 2025) is calling for a change. That new publication is, “Hepatitis C Treatment During Pregnancy: Time for a Practice Change”. Listen in for details. 1. ACOG CPG #6; Sept 20262. Bhattacharya D, Aronsohn A, Price J, Lo Re V. Hepatitis C Guidance 2023 Update: AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2023;:ciad319. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad319.3. Chappell CA, Kiser JJ, Brooks KM, et al. Sofosbuvir/¬Velpatasvir Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Pregnant People With Hepatitis C Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2025;80(4):744-751. doi:10.1093/cid/ciae595.4. Reau N, Munoz SJ, Schiano T. Liver Disease During Pregnancy. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(10S):44-52. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001960.5. Dutra, Karley et al. Hepatitis C Treatment During Pregnancy: Time for a Practice Change. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, Volume 0, Issue 0, 1018656. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #56: Hepatitis C in Pregnancy-Updated Guidelines: Replaces Consult Number 43, November 2017. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: [email protected], Dotters-Katz SK, Kuller JA, Hughes BL. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;225(3):B8-B18. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.008

Welcome to the no spin podcast. In today's episode, we're tackling a subject that's gaining traction but carries significant risks: the freebirth and wildbirth movement. We'll explore the rising trends of unassisted childbirth, where individuals choose to forgo professional medical care during labor and delivery- or during the prenatal period altogether, and the potential devastating outcomes associated with these practices. Join us as we unpack the motivations behind these choices, the lack of evidence supporting their safety, and the serious harms that can arise for both parent and baby. We'll be examining medical guidelines, and real-world consequences to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of this complex issue. It’s a balance between patient autonomy, advocacy, and potentially allowing an atrocity. Listen in for details. 1. Apr 20, 2020 ACOG Statement on Birth Settings: https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2020/04/acog-statement-on-birth-settings2. Planned Home Birth ACOG CO 6973. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/nov/22/free-birth-society-linked-to-babies-deaths-investigation4. https://birthguidechicago.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/home_births_rcog_rcm0607.pdf

In 2024, the ASCCP updated their guidance to include DualStain technology as part of primary HPV cervical cancer screening. Now, on December 4, 2025, the ACS has updated their guidance regarding patient self-collectionof vaginal specimens for primary HPV screening. This is fascinating and proves medicine moves fast! Should a negative self-collection test result have a repeatscreen in 1, 3 or 5 years, or later? Listen in for details.1.     Self-collected vaginal specimens for humanpapillomavirus testing and guidance on screening exit: An update to theAmerican Cancer Society cervical cancer screening guideline2.     https://open.spotify.com/episode/5x4J3TQJPdkHtV9RLTUi5oSTRONG COFFEE PROMO:https://strongcoffeecompany.com/discount/CHAPANOSPINOBG

In the original Løvset maneuver (described for breech presentations), the fetus is rotated in one direction to facilitate arm delivery. For shoulder dystocia, the reverse Løvset applies rotation in the opposite direction—specifically rotating the posterior shoulder toward a "belly down" position through up to 180 degrees of rotation. These maneuvers were first described by Norwegian obstetrician Jørgen Løvset in the 1940s. Now, in the current November 2025 AJOG, this maneuver is back in the spotlight. In this episode, we will review the reverse Løvset maneuver for shoulder dystocia and review its effectiveness. Which maneuver is more likely to result in fetal brachial plexus injury? Listen in for details. 1. A critical evaluation of the external and internal maneuvers for resolution of shoulder dystocia, March 2024; AJOG. https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(23)00022-4/fulltext2. Grindheim, Sindre et al.Reverse Løvset maneuver for shoulder dystocia, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 233, Issue 5, 505.e1 - 505.e43. Leung TY, Stuart O, Suen SS, Sahota DS, Lau TK, Lao TT. Comparison of perinatal outcomes of shoulder dystocia alleviated by different type and sequence of manoeuvres: a retrospective review. BJOG. 2011 Jul;118(8):985-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02968.x. Epub 2011 Apr 12. PMID: 21481159.4. Grobman WA, Miller D, Burke C, Hornbogen A, Tam K, Costello R. Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(6):513−517.STRONG COFFEE PROMO CODE:https://strongcoffeecompany.com/discount/CHAPANOSPINOBG