Episode Notes n this episode of Computer History with Chris Garcia, we look at the IBM System/360, announced on April 7, 1964, and why it became one of the most important computer families in history. The System/360 was not just a new machine. It was IBM’s attempt to unify business, scientific, government, and institutional computing under one compatible architecture. The episode covers Thomas J. Watson Jr.’s massive corporate gamble, Bob Evans’s role in pushing the project through IBM, Gene Amdahl and Gerrit Blaauw’s architectural work, Fred Brooks and the software nightmare of OS/360, Erich Bloch and Solid Logic Technology, and the way System/360 helped define the modern idea of a computer platform. We also discuss the importance of compatibility, the transition from IBM’s older incompatible product lines, the 1964 launch, early models, the Model 67 and time-sharing, the move toward System/370, and the long-term legacy of System/360 in IBM mainframes and software engineering. Sources and links: IBM Archives: System/360 https://www.ibm.com/history/system-360 Computer History Museum: IBM System/360 announcement https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/april/7/ Computer History Museum: IBM System/360 mainframe history https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/164 IEEE Spectrum: Building the System/360 Mainframe Nearly Destroyed IBM https://spectrum.ieee.org/building-the-system360-mainframe-nearly-destroyed-ibm IBM: The 360 Revolution PDF https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/zvm/history/360rev.pdf Britannica: IBM https://www.britannica.com/money/IBM Wikipedia: IBM System/360 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360 Wikipedia: Gene Amdahl https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl Wikipedia: Fred Brooks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brooks Wikipedia: The Mythical Man-Month https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month

Episode Notes https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf https://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf https://computerhistory.org/playlists/artificial-intelligence-at-chm/ https://computerhistory.org/timeline/ai-robotics/ https://computerhistory.org/blog/a-museums-experience-with-ai/ https://computerhistory.org/stories/chatbots-decoded/ https://computerhistory.org/revolution/artificial-intelligence-robotics/13 https://home.dartmouth.edu/about/artificial-intelligence-ai-coined-dartmouth https://web.pdx.edu/~arhodes/AI_history.pdf https://ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904 https://www.ll.mit.edu/sites/default/files/publication/doc/2021-03/Artificial%20Intelligence%20Short%20History%2C%20Present%20Developments%2C%20and%20Future%20Outlook%20-%20Final%20Report%20-%202021-03-16_0.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220605256_The_Dartmouth_College_Artificial_Intelligence_Conference_The_Next_Fifty_Years https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/IN5620/h24/Groups/Group%206%20%28Team%20HotBots%29/deliveries/individual-assigment-iteration-1-vendele.pdf https://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/dartray.pdf https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~arielpro/15381f16/c_slides/781f16-1.pdf https://analyticssteps.com/blogs/history-artificial-intelligence-ai https://www.almanacnews.com/technology/2024/11/26/computer-history-museum-unveils-new-ai-exhibit-featuring-chatbots/ https://techchannel.com/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-history/ https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/10/102658149-05-01-acc.pdf https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2020/05/102781122-05-01-acc.pdf

Episode Notes TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental Computer Zero): Wikipedia: TX-0 A comprehensive overview of the TX-0, highlighting its development, architecture, and significance in computing history. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TX-0 Tom's Hardware+3gunkies.org+3Encyclopedia Britannica+3 MIT's RLE Technical Report 627: TX-0 Computer History An in-depth historical account of the TX-0's design and construction at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory in 1956. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/4132/RLE-TR-627-42827671.pdf TX-2 Project+16DSpace+16Encyclopedia Britannica+16 Computer History Museum: MIT TX-0 Computer Details about the TX-0's role as a test bed for large-scale transistorized computing and its influence on subsequent computer designs. https://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/2e1b209cb40237b91228cdf26a60e3f8/ Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie+2CHM+2CHM+2 The Computer Pioneers: The TX-0 An archival article discussing the TX-0's construction, operational history, and its significance in the evolution of computing. https://ethw.org/Archives:The_Computer_Pioneers:_The_TX-0 TX-2: Britannica: TX-2 An overview of the TX-2 computer, emphasizing its programmable capabilities and contributions to early computing developments. https://www.britannica.com/technology/TX-2 CHM+11Encyclopedia Britannica+11gunkies.org+11 The Lincoln TX-2 Computer Development A detailed paper on the development of the TX-2 at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, discussing its design and technological advancements. https://cs.furman.edu/~tallen/csc475/materials/clarkTX-2.pdf TX-2 Project+14Encyclopedia Britannica+14History of Information+14 MIT Lincoln Laboratory: The TX-2 Computer and Sketchpad Explores the TX-2's role in the creation of Sketchpad, a pioneering computer-aided design program, and its impact on interactive computing. https://www.ll.mit.edu/media/6536 CHM TX-2 Project A resource dedicated to re-creating and documenting the TX-2 computer, including technical manuals and historical insights. https://tx-2.github.io/ TX-2 Project LINC (Laboratory Instrument Computer): Office of NIH History: Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC) A narrative on the development of the LINC, detailing its conception at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and its influence on biomedical research computing. https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Laboratory+Instrument+Computer hnf.de+18The Henry Ford+18NIH History Office+18 DigiBarn Computer Museum: LINC History, Restoration and 45 Year Retrospective An extensive retrospective on the LINC, covering its history, restoration efforts, and its place as a precursor to personal computing. https://www.digibarn.com/stories/linc/ digibarn.com Computer History Museum: LINC Computer Highlights the LINC's design tailored for scientific laboratories, featuring built-in analog-to-digital converters and an oscilloscope for data display. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/minicomputers/11/334/1920 ETHW+9CHM+9The Henry Ford+9 National Museum of American History: Minicomputer, Classic LINC Computer (DEC) Provides insights into the LINC's introduction as a small computer with a 12-bit word length, intended for individual researchers. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_334861 gunkies.org+2

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Episode Notes https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/real-time-computing/6/120 In Your Defense: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg

Episode Notes https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/1960s/ - Computer History Museum on the 1960s https://www.ibm.com/history/stretch - IBM page on STRETCH

Episode Notes 1961 BRL Report on Computing