Prevention and Management of Osteoradionecrosis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Radiation Therapy: ISOO-MASCC-ASCO Guideline

Dr. Lyudmila Bazheova share the latest updates to the ASCO living guideline on therapy for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with driver alterations. She discusses changes for patients with EGFR driver alterations in both the first- and second-line setting, and reviews the evidence supporting these updated recommendations, from trials such as MARIPOSA, MARIPOSA-2, CheckMate 722, and KEYNOTE-789. Stay tuned for future updates to this continuously updated guideline. Read the full update, “Therapy for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, Version 2024.2.” at www.asco.org/living-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at http://www.asco.org/living-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO-24-02133   Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO's podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one at asco.org/podcasts.   My name is Brittany Harvey and today I'm interviewing Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova from University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, lead author on “Therapy for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, Version 2024.2.” Thank you for being here, Dr. Bazhenova. Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: It is my pleasure. Brittany Harvey: Then, before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Bazhenova, who has joined us on this episode today, are available online with the publication of the guideline update in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes. So then, to kick us off on the content here, Dr. Bazhenova, this living clinical practice guideline for systemic therapy for patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with driver alterations is being updated routinely as a living guideline. So what prompted the update to the recommendations in this latest version? Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: Living ASCO Guidelines are developed to keep up with rapidly changing evidence which affect treatment of our patients with lung cancer. In this recently published guideline, we reviewed new evidence for patients with metastatic lung cancer harboring driver alterations. We reviewed evidence from four published studies, MARIPOSA, MARIPOSA-2, CheckMate 722 and KEYNOTE-789 that resulted in updated guidelines. Brittany Harvey: Great. And then based off those four trials that you just mentioned, what are the updated recommendations for patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer and an EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R substitution? Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: In the previous guideline, we detailed FLAURA 2 study which was presented and published in the past. In this guideline, we specifically highlighted a phase 3 MARIPOSA trial which took patients with untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer which harbored classical EGFR mutations such as EGFR deletion 19 and L858R. In this study, patients were randomly assigned to receive amivantamab plus lazertinib or osimertinib or lazertinib alone. And the study showed that the primary endpoint which was progression-free survival was longer with amivantamab plus lazertinib compared to osimertinib, and numerically the progression free survival was 23.7 months with ami-lazertinib versus 16.6 months with osimertinib which was statistically significant. The challenge that we have to face when discussing that option with our patients is increased toxicity with amivantamab and lazertinib combination. For example grade 3 treatment adverse events were 75% with amivantamab and lazertinib and 43% with osimertinib. So this will require shared decision making between our patients and ourselves. We also noticed in the guidelines that there was a subgroup analysis of that study showing that the patients with a higher disease burden, central nervous metastasis or brain metastasis as well as disease which considered to be a higher risk such as commutation, for example, p53 and liver metastasis, they might benefit from intensified therapy. However, another thing that we are highlighting in the guideline is that at this point we do not know how the intensification of therapy will change overall survival of our patients. So one needs to take into account increased toxicity with that combination. Brittany Harvey: So then Dr. Bazhenova, in addition to those updates for first line therapy, what are the updated recommendations for second line therapy? Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: For patients who have progressive disease on osimertinib or other EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, we also updated our guidelines highlighting MARIPOSA 2 study. In the MARIPOSA 2 study, patients were assigned to chemotherapy versus amivantamab plus lazertinib plus chemotherapy versus amivantamab plus chemotherapy. And both of the amivantamab arms showed superiority in progression-free survival compared to chemotherapy alone arm and therefore this becomes an additional treatment option for our patients who develop resistance to osimertinib. In addition, we also updated the results which highlight the lack of efficacy of immunotherapy in the patients who progressed on osimertinib. There were two studies that we highlighted. One of them was a CheckMate 722 which randomly assigned patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose cancer has progressed on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor to receive either chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus nivolumab which is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. And the second study was KEYNOTE-789 which had a very similar study design. Again, patients who progressed on EGFR TKI also were assigned to receive chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab or chemotherapy alone and in both of those studies there was no improvement in progression-free survival when adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy. So for all your patients who are progressing on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and you’re thinking if additional immunotherapy is necessary, we now have two randomized phase 3 studies telling us that immunotherapy should not be used in addition to chemotherapy for patients who develop progression on osimertinib. Brittany Harvey: Understood. I appreciate you talking about the evidence that supports these latest recommendations from the expert panel. So then you've already touched on this a little bit in mentioning shared decision making and discussing toxicity with these new therapies, but what should clinicians know as they implement these new recommendations and how do these new recommendations fit into the previous recommendations made by the panel? Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: Our previous recommendations did not include a MARIPOSA trial, so did not include amivantamab and lazertinib. So in our current guidelines for patients with newly diagnosed treatment-naive EGFR classical mutations, we have three options. Number one is osimertinib, number two is osimertinib plus chemotherapy based on the FLAURA study that we highlighted in the prior version of the guidelines. And the third is amivantamab plus lazertinib. At this point, we do not have any randomized head-to-head studies of those combinations with an exception of FLAURA 2 which is osimertinib plus chemo versus osimertinib. And so the decisions will have to be made on a cross-trial comparison, taking into account patient wishes if they would like to receive chemotherapy or amivantamab plus lazertinib, understanding that this combination will result in increased toxicity. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. I appreciate you detailing those considerations. So then finally, what do these new options mean for patients with non-small cell lung cancer and an EGFR alteration? Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: As a patient, it is important to also be aware of what options we have and have a direct dialogue with the physician, with the treating physician, trying to understand what option will fit with each individual patient's goals, life goals, as well as toxicity concerns. Brittany Harvey: Definitely. It's always great to have more options for patients and it's also important to discuss all of those options with their clinician as well. So I want to thank you so much for your work on this update and thank you for your time today, Dr. Bazhenova. Dr. Lyudmila Bazhenova: My pleasure. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/living-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app which is available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.   The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.      

Dr. Sepideh Gholami and Dr. Aaron Scott join us to discuss the latest evidence-based guideline from ASCO on the management of locally advanced rectal cancer. They review the recommendation highlights on topics including assessment, total neoadjuvant therapy, timing of chemotherapy, nonoperative management, and immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss the importance of this guideline for both clinicians and patients, and the outstanding research questions in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer. Read the full guideline, “Management of Locally Advanced Rectail Cancer: ASCO Guideline” at www.asco.org/gastrointestinal-cancer-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT  This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/gastrointestinal-cancer-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.01160    Brittany Harvey: Hello, and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO's podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one at ASCO.org/podcasts. My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Aaron Scott from the University of Arizona Cancer Center and Dr. Sepideh Gholami from Northwell Health, co-chairs on, “Management of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: ASCO Guideline.” Thank you for being here, Dr. Scott and Dr. Gholami. Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Thank you for having us. Brittany Harvey: Then, before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Scott and Dr. Gholami, who have joined us here today, are available online with a publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes. So then, to kick us off on the content of this episode, Dr. Gholami, first, what is the purpose and scope of this guideline on locally advanced rectal cancer? Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Well, I think, historically, this is the group of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer for which we've used multiple therapies to address their management. And with the advent of the total neoadjuvant approach, we really have seen tremendous changes. So the purpose really of these guidelines was to consolidate the various approaches that we've had in several clinical trials and to provide the oncology community a general management recommendation guideline to really optimize the outcomes for these patients. And I would further notice that with the specifics to like which patients are included for these, so we define patients with locally advanced rectal cancer as any of those patients with T3 or T4 tumors and/or lymph node positive disease. Brittany Harvey: Great. I appreciate you providing that background and context of this guideline. So then, next, I'd like to review the key recommendations of this guideline. So, Dr. Scott, starting with the first section of the guideline, what are the recommendations for assessment of locally advanced rectal cancer? Dr. Aaron Scott: Yeah, thank you. So really, we were charged with trying to answer, I think, several very important questions as it comes to the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. And the first step in doing so is to define the patient group. So, as far as the first section goes in the assessment, we were really charged with defining what locally advanced rectal cancer means. We think that this is best done with a high resolution pelvic MRI, dedicated rectal sequence prior to any treatment for risk assessment and proper staging, and the use of standardized synaptic MRI is recommended that includes relation of the primary tumor to the anal verge, sphincter complex, pelvic lymph nodes, the mesorectal fascia, otherwise known as the MRF, and includes assessment of the EMVI tumor deposits and lymph nodes. Brittany Harvey: I appreciate you reviewing those highlights for assessment of locally advanced rectal cancer. So following that, Dr. Gholami, what does the panel recommend regarding total neoadjuvant therapy and standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with proficient mismatch repair or microsatellite stable tumors? Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Yeah, thanks so much for that question, Brittany. I would say that the guidelines really provide a lot more details, but in general, the consensus was that TNT should be offered as really initial treatment for patients with low rectal locally advanced rectal cancers or those who have higher risk for local and distant metastases. Those risk factors included anyone with either T4 disease, extramural vascular invasion and/or tumor deposits identified on the MRI for any threatening of the mesorectal fascia or the intersphincteric plane. Brittany Harvey: Excellent. So then, Dr. Gholami just discussed who should be offered TNT. But Dr. Scott, what are the recommendations regarding timing of TNT? Dr. Aaron Scott: So the way I take this question, think about this question, is a lot of the work that we put toward defining whether chemoradiation plus consolidation versus induction chemotherapy is the right choice, and there are a lot of implications to consider in this situation. The panel recognizes that the decision to proceed with chemoradiation followed by chemo versus chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation often depends on logistics regarding the time to treatment start, concern for distant metastases, and desire for local control that may impact surgical decision making. When we look at the subgroup analysis for overall survival of patients treated with TNT, it doesn't seem to matter which approach you take. Either induction or consolidation doesn't seem to have an impact on overall survival. However, there are other outcomes that may be of importance. Based on the CAO/ARO/AIO-12 randomized phase II trial, both pathologic complete response rates and sphincter sparing surgery were numerically higher with consolidation chemo. That said, there was no difference in disease free survival. So if you have a patient that really wants to consider some sort of sphincter sparing surgery, or a patient has a highly symptomatic disease burden, etc., these are patients that we would recommend starting with chemoradiation followed by consolidation chemotherapy. Brittany Harvey: Understood. And so you have both mentioned radiation included in treatment regimens. So Dr. Gholami, what is recommended in the neoadjuvant setting? Short course radiation or long course chemoradiation? Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Yeah, we actually had a really long discussion about this, but I think in general the consensus was that if radiation is included in any patient's treatment plan, neoadjuvant long course chemoradiation is preferred over short course RT for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. And really the recommendation was based on the long term results that we've seen from the RAPIDO phase 3 clinical trial, which showed a significant higher rate of five year local regional failure with a total neoadjuvant approach with short course of 10% compared to the standard chemo RT with only 6% of the local recurrence rate. So that's why they opted for the long course, if the patients can actually tolerate it. Brittany Harvey: Excellent. I appreciate reviewing the recommendation and the supporting evidence that the panel reviewed to come to those recommendations. Then following that, Dr. Scott, for those patients who have a complete clinical response after initial therapy, what is recommended regarding nonoperative management? Dr. Aaron Scott: First, I would like to just say that this is really an area that still remains somewhat controversial and needs more investigation to best select patients for this approach. This topic was not systematically reviewed for the ASCO guideline. However, the expert panel was surveyed and most agreed with the time interval used in the OPRA phase 2 trial, which assessed patients for clinical complete response within eight weeks plus or minus four weeks after completion of TNT. Expert panel members and reviewers noted that if the radiation therapy component of TNT is delivered first, then an eight week interval following subsequent chemotherapy may result in a prolonged period of no treatment and therefore a first assessment of this response in this scenario would occur on the earlier side of the recommended interval. If a near clinical complete response is noted, then reevaluation within eight weeks is recommended to assess for developing a clinical complete response. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. That information is helpful to understand what is recommended regarding nonoperative management and clinical complete responses. Then the final clinical question, Dr. Gholami, for patients with tumors that are microsatellite instability high or mismatch repair deficient, which treatment strategy is recommended? Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Yeah, I think we really came up to summarize that in general, when there is no contraindication to immunotherapy, then patients with MSI high tumors should be really offered immunotherapy. The evidence for this recommendation was relatively low, though, just due to the small sample size of the data that's currently available. But we did want to highlight that the data is very promising, but a definitive recommendation by the committee should be validated in future larger clinical trials. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Well, thank you both for reviewing the highlights of these recommendations for each clinical question. Moving on, Dr. Scott, in your view, what is the importance of this guideline and how will it impact both clinicians and patients with locally advanced rectal cancer? Dr. Aaron Scott: This would be the first guideline through ASCO to spell out management options for locally advanced rectal cancer. This has largely been needed due to the increased number of phase II and III trials investigating the specific patient population that have investigated a variety of different TNT approaches and treatment combinations utilizing systemic therapy, radiation, and surgical treatment. So, in this guideline, we really set out to define what locally advanced rectal cancer is, have organized and analyzed impactful large randomized studies to address multimodality therapy, and have consolidated this information into what we consider a concise and generalizable approach to help clinicians and patients individualize their management based on specific clinical pathologic features of their cancer. Brittany Harvey: Yes, this has been a mountain of work to review all the evidence, consolidate it into a concise review of that evidence, and develop recommendations for best clinical practice for management of locally advanced rectal cancer. So then, finally, to wrap us up, Dr. Gholami, what are the outstanding questions regarding management of locally advanced rectal cancer? Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Yeah, I think I just want to reiterate, Brittany, what you mentioned, this was a tremendous amount of body work, and we really would like to thank the committee and everyone from ASCO to help us with creating these general guidelines. I think one of the outstanding questions really still remains is the use of circulating tumor DNA as a management tool for patients with rectal, locally advanced rectal cancer. And also, I think outside of what we can think of the straightforward populations to deduce from PROSPECT, be really interested to see what other patient populations, for example, could also potentially maybe avoid radiation therapy. And lastly, I think we really wanted to highlight that this guideline really focuses on the locally advanced, and it would be great to see future guidelines for early stage rectal cancer which will be forthcoming. Brittany Harvey: Definitely. We'll look forward to answering those outstanding questions and for upcoming guidelines on earlier stage rectal cancer. So, I want to thank you both so much for, as you said, the tremendous amount of work that went into these guidelines and thank you for taking the time to speak with me today, Dr. Scott and Dr. Gholami. Dr. Aaron Scott: Thank you. Dr. Sepideh Gholami: Thank you so much for having us. Appreciate it. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines Podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/gastrointestinal-cancer-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app, available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please read and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.   The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.  

Dr. Megan Daly presents the latest rapid recommendation update to the ASCO management of stage III NSCLC guideline, based on data from the phase III randomized LAURA trial, presented at the 2024 ASCO Annual Meeting, and subsequently published. She discusses the results of the trial, shares the updated recommendation from the expert panel, and the impact for both clinicians and patients. We also discuss future research in the area and exciting new developments to watch out for in the field. Read the full rapid update, “Management of Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: ASCO Rapid Guideline Update” at www.asco.org/thoracic-cancer-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT   This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/thoracic-cancer-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO-24-01324. Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO’s podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one at asco.org/podcasts. My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Megan Daly from the University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, lead author on, “Management of Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: ASCO Rapid Guideline Update.” Thank you for being here today, Dr. Daly. Dr. Megan Daly: Thanks for having me, Brittany. Brittany Harvey: Great. Then before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Daly, who has joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes. So then, to start us off on the content of this update, first, this guideline was updated based off new evidence presented at the 2024 ASCO Annual Meeting. Dr. Daly, could you describe the trial that prompted this rapid update to the management of stage III non-small cell lung cancer guideline? Dr. Megan Daly: The trial that prompted this update is the LAURA trial. The LAURA trial was a phase III randomized trial conducted in patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations, either exon 19 deletions or L858R insertions. Patients in this trial were randomized 2:1 between the third generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor osimertinib or placebo, and osimertinib or placebo were continued until progression or other reasons for discontinuation. Osimertinib was found to provide a considerable benefit in progression free survival, with a hazard ratio of 0.16. The median progression free survival for patients randomized to osimertinib was 39.1 months, and for patients on the placebo arm, it was 5.6 months. We did not yet have overall survival data from the LAURA trial. The data is not mature, but the considerable progression free survival benefit noted with osimertinib has drawn a lot of interest to this trial. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Thank you for describing the results of those trials and the endpoints. So then, based on this new evidence, what is the updated recommendation from the guideline expert panel? Dr. Megan Daly: The updated recommendation from the panel is that patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer with an EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation may be offered consolidation osimertinib after definitive chemoradiotherapy, which can be either platinum-based chemotherapy and thoracic radiation given either concurrently or sequentially. Our evidence quality is moderate and the strength of the recommendation is strong. Brittany Harvey: Great. And thank you for reviewing both the strength of the recommendation there as well as the evidence quality rating. So it's great to have this new option for patients. So what should clinicians know as they implement this new recommendation? Dr. Megan Daly: I think it's important for clinicians to know when they're counseling patients about considering osimertinib to understand that first, the LAURA trial enrolled patients who had common EGFR mutations. So exon 19 deletions or L858R mutations. Patients with other uncommon EGFR mutations were not included in the trial. It's important to know that overall survival data is not yet mature. We do not know yet whether the use of consolidation osimertinib leads to a survival benefit at this time. We only know that it leads to a progression-free survival benefit as compared to placebo. I think it's also important to know that there was increased toxicity noted on the experimental arm. Grade 3 or higher adverse events was significantly higher with the use of osimertinib. So these are all important considerations when counseling patients and considering the use of osimertinib. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Those are definitely key points, as you mentioned, to consider. And you've already touched on this a little bit. But how does this change impact patients living with stage III non-small cell lung cancer? Dr. Megan Daly: We do see in the LAURA trial a rather remarkable benefit for progression-free survival. The progression-free survival, as I already mentioned, increased from 5.6 months median on the control arm to 39.1 months on the experimental arm with consolidation osimertinib. So this is an exciting new option for patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer who have one of these mutations to extend their progression-free survival by almost three years. And we hope that this progression-free survival benefit will end up translating into a considerable overall survival benefit as well. So, certainly, the overall survival data is eagerly awaited. Brittany Harvey: Definitely, this is a promising option for patients, and we look forward to future readouts of long-term data on this trial. So that's one of the outstanding questions here. But what other outstanding questions are there regarding the management of stage III non-small cell lung cancer? Dr. Megan Daly: I think what many of us question when we look at this data is whether we could extrapolate to the use of other targeted agents with other less common oncogenic driver mutations. Unfortunately, the answer is we simply don't know yet. We hope to see some ongoing data in the resectable setting. Doing randomized trials with rare oncogenic drivers in unresectable stage III lung cancer is very difficult, unfortunately, and there's always a degree of extrapolation for clinicians when trying to figure out how to best manage our patients. But for me, that's one of the biggest outstanding questions I think specifically ties into interpreting the LAURA trial and other related trials in patients with oncogenic driver mutations. I think there's still many outstanding questions about how we continue to improve outcomes for our patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer, questions about how we optimize our radiation regimens to have the best possible local control while reducing toxicity. We still need to continue to have randomized trials looking at questions on optimizing radiation, optimizing concurrent chemotherapy, whether there are any settings where we might be able to reduce or omit chemotherapy in place of some of these newer agents. These are all outstanding questions that hopefully will be answered over the next several years. We also continue to have open questions about when patients are more appropriate for surgery and more appropriate for non-surgical options, those borderline patients with N2 nodes who may technically be surgical candidates or could potentially be downstaged with neoadjuvant therapy. So, I think there's a lot of exciting work going on in stage III right now. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. We'll look forward to that more data that you mentioned for more optimal individualized options for these patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. And I want to thank you so much for your time to rapidly update this guideline based off new evidence presented and then published. And thank you for your time today, Dr. Daly. Dr. Megan Daly: Thank you, Brittany. It's great to be on here. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline update, go to www.asco.org/thoracic-cancer-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.   The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.      

Ms. Charité Ricker, MS, CGC and Dr. Nadine Tung, MD, FASCO share updates from the new ASCO guideline on selection of germline genetic testing panels in patients with cancer. They discuss highlights on family history collection, when and how multigene panel germline genetic testing should be used, which genes are generally recommended for testing, and how germline genetic testing interfaces with somatic genetic testing. Ms. Ricker and Dr. Tung also note the importance of the guideline and the impact of these new recommendations on clinicians and patients with cancer. Read the full guideline, “Selection of Germline Genetic Testing Panels in Patients with Cancer: ASCO Guideline” at www.asco.org/molecular-testing-and-biomarkers-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT GDL 24E13 This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/molecular-testing-and-biomarkers-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.00662  Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines Podcast, one of ASCO’s podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one at asco.org/podcasts My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Nadine Tung, a medical oncologist from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, and Ms. Charité Ricker, a cancer genetic counselor with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Southern California and Los Angeles General Medical Center, co-chairs on, “Selection of Germline Genetic Testing Panels in Patients with Cancer: ASCO Guideline.” Thank you for being here, Ms. Ricker and Dr. Tung. Dr. Nadine Tung: Pleasure.  Ms. Charité Ricker: Thank you. Brittany Harvey: Then, before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Tung and Ms. Ricker, who have joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes.   So then, to start us off first, Dr. Tung, could you provide us a broad overview of both the purpose and scope of this guideline? Dr. Nadine Tung: Sure. A main impetus for creating the guideline is that oncologists are increasingly being tasked with ordering genetic testing for hereditary cancer risk for their cancer patients. More and more now, they may find themselves sending the test and then seeking guidance from genetic experts to interpret the result. And these panels range from focused tests with just a few genes to comprehensive ones that include over 100 genes. So it can be very overwhelming for an oncologist to be able to understand ordering these tests and explaining them to their patients. So, we believe that it was important to offer some guidance and direction on the use of these multigene panels. Brittany Harvey: Thank you for setting the stage for this guideline and the recommendations that come from it.   So then, Ms. Ricker, this guideline addresses four overarching clinical questions. I'd like to review the recommendations based on each of those questions for our listeners. So starting with that first question, what is the importance of family history collection in the setting of germline multigene panel testing and which elements of family history are the most important? Ms. Charité Ricker: Thanks. As a genetic counselor, this is probably one of my favorite questions. I love the opportunity we have to sit with families and really dig into family history. But family history collection can be overwhelming and a big lift sometimes in busy clinics where genetics is not the focus. So, what we tried to do was to break down the key elements of what components of family history are most relevant to informing which test to do, and also the interpretation of those test results. And I like to think about the key pieces of family history as being the who, what, and when of somebody's family cancer history. Who was diagnosed with cancer within their close relatives? And usually we're most focused on first and second degree relatives. So parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, and uncles. But sometimes relevant history might go into third degree relatives like cousins or more distant. So the who being who has cancer on both sides of the family? And then the what: what kind of cancer was it? Or where did that cancer begin? And the when: how old was that individual at the time they were diagnosed? Often we ask patients maybe not to fixate on the exact age, but to give us a sense. So was this somebody who was diagnosed young, in their 20s or 30s or older, in their 60s or 70s? Because that at least gives us a ballpark around what might be relevant for understanding the genes that should be included on somebody's test.  When we are thinking about the purpose of this history, as Dr. Tung said, often the range of multigene panels might be from a few very focused genes to a very broad panel. Family history can help us understand if we need to step beyond the very focused genes that might be relevant for the patient's history of cancer and include other genes that might be indicated based on that family history. So I think about the role that family history has at the time of identifying which test to do and then its role when interpreting what those results mean for the patient and their family. Again, Dr. Tung touched on the fact that we are often testing very large panels. However, we still don't know everything. And so a negative genetic test result does not mean that somebody does not have additional cancer risk. And family history becomes our kind of guiding star for understanding if there is still a need to change the cancer screening and prevention management for that individual and their family members. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Those are key points to understanding the important role of family history for each individual patient.  So then moving to the next clinical question, Dr. Tung, what does the panel recommend regarding when and how multigene panel germline testing should be used, when germline genetic testing is indicated? Dr. Nadine Tung: Well, anytime multiple genes need to be tested, as Ms. Ricker said, because of the patient's own personal cancer history, or their family history of cancer and close relatives, it's appropriate to consider a multi-gene panel. And in truth, we rarely ever just order one gene these days. Perhaps we do if there's a known gene like a BRCA gene in the family, and a relative just wants to know if they have that. But it's not all that common. And to be clear, as Ms. Ricker is going to cover a bit later, we are recommending that the appropriate minimal panel at least include the genes relevant to the patient's own cancer and the cancers in their relatives.  But it's worth thinking about what are some of the pros and cons of ordering genes beyond that, beyond the patient's own cancer or their relatives? Well, for pros, since a patient's awareness of their family history may be incomplete, testing for a larger number of cancer risk genes does ensure that significant pathogenic variants won't be overlooked. And sometimes, even if the family history is well known, pathogenic variants in important cancer risk genes can be found even when the family history would not have prompted testing for them. But it is important for clinicians to appreciate that bigger isn't necessarily better. Some larger panels may include genes for which management of pathogenic variants is not entirely clear and that can create anxiety or unnecessary screening. And if the clinician receiving the information is not well informed about the significance of the finding, that can lead to unnecessary treatment and sometimes even unnecessary surgeries.   And I'd add one final point that clinicians must have a system for communicating reclassification of these variants, the ones with uncertain significance that we call VUS. Because as the number of genes tested increases, so does the likelihood of encountering these VUS. So I would say those are some of the main points about when to use the panel and when to think about larger or smaller panels. Brittany Harvey: Yes, I appreciate you reviewing both the pros and cons of expanding the genes included in multi-gene panel testing and the importance of variants of uncertain significance.   So then Dr. Tung just touched on this, but speaking of minimal panels and which genes should be included, Ms. Ricker, what are the recommendations on which genes are generally recommended for germline genetic testing? Ms. Charité Ricker: I think this is one of the harder questions that our group took on as we were working on this guideline. I don't think there is a one size fits all and one easy answer to this question. However, we chose to approach it by selecting the more common solid tumors that oncologists see in their clinics and the ones where the role of genetic testing is most well defined, as well as some very rare tumors where they're kind of easy. So we know that all individuals with certain types of cancers, even though they are rare, should merit genetic testing regardless of age of diagnosis, family history.  And so as we approached it, and I really appreciate ASCO’s support in helping us develop some tools and tables that hopefully will be important aids for clinicians who are trying to make these decisions, we took the approach of, as Dr. Tung mentioned, selecting kind of a minimal set of recommended genes where most individuals who are informed in this area would agree that if nothing else was done, these genes should be done, but then also acknowledged that there is an expanding understanding about the impact of certain genes on cancer risk, and so then also provided a kind of a next level if somebody wanted to be more expansive, what we would recommend less strongly, but would be reasonable to consider. Then I think the other last piece that the committee felt was important to acknowledge is that given how common, in comparison to some of these genetic conditions that we work with, pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 can be, and also the important clinical impact of those genes along with the genes associated with Lynch syndrome, we felt that those were important to think about in the setting of all cancer patients. So if you're approaching a panel and thinking about what genes to include, looking at that kind of minimally recommended based on the patient's personal and family history, maybe the next level, which might include some additional genes that we have included in kind of the less strongly recommended category for those tumor types. And then consideration of the BRCA1 and 2 genes and genes associated with lynch syndrome, if they weren't already encapsulated by your other personal and family history considerations. Brittany Harvey: Definitely. This was a big lift for the panel to tackle, and the tools and tables that you mentioned are all available online with the publication in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. So listeners who are looking for more specifics on that can definitely refer to those tools and tables there.  Dr. Tung, the last clinical question: which patient should be offered germline genetic testing, who will have or who have previously had somatic genetic testing? Dr. Nadine Tung: Identifying which genes identified through the tumor testing should trigger germline testing is really important for assessing our patients’ future risk of cancer and their relatives. So during the development of our guidelines, the ASCO expert panel became aware that the ESMO Precision Medicine Working group had updated their recommendations for this topic, namely germline testing in response to tumor test findings. And these recommendations were based on the Memorial Sloan Kettering IMPACT registry, which consists of nearly 50,000 tumors and paired germline testing. Given the sheer volume of that data and the methods that ESMO used, our group decided to use that as a framework to develop our recommendations. The ASCO guideline provides a list of genes that, if found in the tumor, a pathogenic variant in those genes may prompt germline testing.  And we offered or proposed two different approaches. The first approach, which is broad and perhaps simplest, involves doing germline testing if a pathogenic variant is found in any of the genes listed. But then we offer a conservative approach to test the germline for all highly actionable genes, like BRCA1 and 2, or lynch genes that are found in a tumor, but for less actionable genes, testing the germline only if the pathogenic variant is found in a tumor relevant to that gene. So, for example, ATM, if found in breast cancer or pancreatic cancer, would trigger germline testing with this approach, but not if found in lung cancer, whereas with the permissive first approach, you would simply test the germline if any pathogenic variant is found in any of the genes on the list. This latter, more conservative approach, while less sensitive for identifying every germline pathogenic variant, increases the likelihood that a pathogenic variant found in the tumor will actually be germline. That approach considers the limited resources available, such as genetic counselors, and respects trying not to overwhelm a system already stressed. Brittany Harvey: Thank you for reviewing both of those approaches and to you both for discussing all of the recommendations included in this guideline.   Finally, to wrap us up, in your view, Ms. Ricker, what is the importance of this guideline and how will it impact both clinicians and patients with cancer? Ms. Charité Ricker: I hope that this guideline can open the door for more expansive and appropriate utilization of germline genetic testing. For me, I think about, from both the clinical and patient side, for example, all ovarian cancer patients have had a recommendation for germline genetic testing for many years. Nonetheless, data from multiple research studies has shown us that ovarian cancer patients still are not being tested universally, and this has important implications for their treatment plans and for their family members. And so even in the setting where genetic testing, if I can use the phrase, has been simple in that it didn't require family history, it didn't require even a specific age criteria, it was just broad, testing is not utilized as much as it should be, and then you step into the world of more complex decision making around genetic testing for other tumor types. And so we hope that this provides a framework to simplify that decision making process for providers to increase appropriate utilization.   And then from the patient perspective, I also think about the lack of access of genetic testing in underrepresented communities and minoritized patient populations where there's many barriers that patients face in accessing genetic services. And so if we can help reduce the barriers for this piece of the genetic testing process, my hope is that that opens up better avenues for access to testing, not just for patients with certain tumor types, but for all patients from all communities and backgrounds. Brittany Harvey: Yes, those are key points. We hope that this guideline helps all patients access the appropriate testing to better inform their cancer prevention and treatment.  So I want to thank you both so much for your work on this comprehensive guideline on germline genetic testing and all of the work that you put into it. And thank you for your time today. Ms. Ricker and Dr. Tung,  Dr. Nadine Tung: Thank you. Ms. Charité Ricker: It was a pleasure to be here. Thank you. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines Podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/molecular-testing-and-biomarkers-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app, available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.    The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.   Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.

Dr. Jyoti Patel discusses the latest update to the stage IV NSCLC with driver alterations living guideline, specifically for patients with EGFR or ROS1 alterations. She shares the latest recommendations based on recently published evidence, such as the FLAURA2, MARIPOSA-2, and TRIDENT-1 trials. Dr. Patel talks about how to choose between these new options and the impact for patients living with stage IV NSCLC, as well as novel drugs the panel is monitoring for future guideline updates. Read the full living guideline update “Therapy for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, Version 2024.1” at www.asco.org/living-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/living-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.00762  Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO’s podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one at asco.org/podcasts. My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Jyoti Patel from Northwestern University, co-chair on, “Therapy for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, Version 2024.1.”  Thank you for being here today, Dr. Patel. Dr. Jyoti Patel: Thanks so much.   Brittany Harvey: Then, before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Patel, who has joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes.  So then to dive into the content of why we're here today, Dr. Patel, this living clinical practice guideline for systemic therapy for patients with stage four non-small cell lung cancer with driver alterations is being updated on a regular basis. So what prompted the update to the recommendations in this latest update?  Dr. Jyoti Patel: This recent update, I think, absolutely reflects how quickly the science is changing. The landscape of treatment options for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer is evolving so rapidly, and guidelines from even six months ago don't address some of the newest approvals and newest data and the newest clinical scenarios that we're presented with when we see patients. I think it's harder because before there was usually a single answer, and now there are a number of scenarios, and we hope that the guideline addresses this. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. The panel's had a lot of data to review as you keep this guideline up to date.  So then this latest update addresses updates to both EGFR and ROS1 alterations. So starting with EGFR, what are the updated recommendations for patients with stage four non-small cell lung cancer and an EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R substitution?  Dr. Jyoti Patel: So for patients with classical driver mutations in EGFR, our recommendation remains that patients should be offered osimertinib. We now also have data to support intensification of therapy with osimertinib and chemotherapy. The FLAURA2 trial was a global randomized study in which patients with classical mutations were assigned to receive either osimertinib or osimertinib with doublet chemotherapy. The trial showed that progression free survival was longer with osimertinib plus chemotherapy with a hazard ratio that was pretty profound, 0.62. In patients who had CNS metastasis as well as patients with L858R mutations, this benefit remained and was perhaps even greater. Now the study remains immature in terms of OS. What we can say is that chemotherapy adds toxicity, so the inconvenience of 13 weekly infusions, expected toxicities from chemotherapy of myelosuppression and fatigue. I think this- we’ll continue to watch as the study matures to really see the OS benefit, but certainly intensification in the frontline setting is an option for patients.  The other major update was for second and subsequent line therapy for these patients with EGFR mutations. Another important trial, a study called MARIPOSA-2, was published in the interim, and this was for patients who had received osimertinib in the frontline setting. Patients were randomized to one of three arms. The two arms that are most relevant for us to discuss are chemotherapy with amivantamab or chemotherapy alone. Chemotherapy with amivantamab was associated with an improvement in progression free survival with a hazard ratio of 0.48 as well as improvements in response rate with almost a doubling of response rate to the mid 60%. There was certainly an increase in AEs associated with amivantamab, primarily rash and lower extremity edema and importantly infusion reaction. Based on this data, though in the superior PFS and response rate, we've said that patients after osimertinib should be offered chemotherapy plus amivantamab. Patients may opt for chemotherapy alone because of the toxicity profile, but this recent update is reflective of that data. Brittany Harvey: Excellent. Thank you for reviewing those updated recommendations and the supporting evidence behind those recommendations. I think that's important to the nuance and the toxicity associated with these new recommendations as well.   So then, following those recommendations, what are the updated recommendations for patients with stage four non-small cell lung cancer and a ROS1 rearrangement? Dr. Jyoti Patel: ROS1 fusions have been noted in a small but important subset of patients. We now reflect multiple new options for patients. Traditionally, crizotinib was the primary drug that was recommended, but we now have two very active drugs, repotrectinib, and entrectinib, that have both been FDA approved. Repotrectinib was approved based on a study called the TRIDENT-1 trial. In this study, patients who were treatment naive, who had not received a prior TKI, had a response rate of 79% and a long duration of response over 34 months. For patients who had received prior TKIs, so primarily crizotinib, the response rate was lower at 38%. But again, very clinically meaningful. Repotrectinib has known CNS activity, so it would be the favored drug over crizotinib, which doesn't have CNS penetration. The decision between entrectinib and repotrectinib is one, I think, based on toxicity. Repotrectinib can cause things like dizziness and hypotension. Entrectinib can cause weight gain, and also has CNS effects. Brittany Harvey: Appreciate you reviewing those recommendations as well.  So then you've already talked a little bit about this in terms of deciding between some of the options. But in your view, what should clinicians know as they implement these new recommendations, and how do these new recommendations fit into the previous recommendations? Dr. Jyoti Patel: So there's an onslaught of new data, and certainly many of us want to remain at the front of our fields and prescribe the newest drug, our most effective drug, to all of our patients. But for the person living with cancer and in the practice of medicine, I think it's much more nuanced than that. For example, for a patient with an EGFR mutation exon deletion 19, the expectation is that osimertinib will have a deep and durable response. Certainly a patient will eventually have progression. I think the decision about intensification of therapy and chemotherapy on the onset really has to do with how much the patient is willing to deal with the inconvenience of ongoing chemotherapy, the uncertainty about what comes next after progression on chemotherapy. It may be, though, that a patient may very much fear progressive disease, and so that inconvenience is lessened because anxiety around feeling like they're doing everything for their cancer is diminished by intensification of therapy. Others who may have a large volume of disease or profoundly symptomatic, or who have L858R or brain metastasis it may make sense to give chemotherapy again, we're improving the time until progression significantly by combination therapy. Brittany Harvey: Definitely those nuances are important as we think about which options that patients should receive, along with shared decision making as well.  So then what do these new options mean for patients with EGFR or ROS1 alterations? Dr. Jyoti Patel: It's fantastic for patients that there are multiple options. It's also really hard for patients that there are multiple options, because then again, we have to really clarify aims of therapy, identify what's really important in patient experience and the lived importance of treatment delivery and the burden of treatment delivery. Now more than ever, oncologists have to know what's new and exciting. But patients have to be willing to ask and participate in the shared decision making - understanding their cancer and understanding that their options are absolutely important. As patients start making their decisions, we have the data just in terms of trial outcomes. I think we're now trying to understand the burden of treatment for patients. And so that piece of communicating financial toxicity, long term cumulative lower grade toxicity is going to be more important than ever. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. It's great to have these new options, and those elements of communication are key to ensuring that patients meet their goals of care.  So then finally, as this is a living guideline, what ongoing research is the panel monitoring for future updates to these recommendations for patients with stage four non-small cell lung cancer with driver alterations? Dr. Jyoti Patel: It's certainly been an exciting time, and that's primarily because we've been able to build on years of foundational science and we have new drugs. Patients have been willing to volunteer to go on clinical trials and to think about what treatment options may be best. Now, the work really comes on seeing the longer term outcomes from these trials. So looking at these trials for overall survival, we want to also better identify which patients will benefit the most from these treatments and so that might be additional biomarker analysis. So it may be that we can identify patients that may need intensification of therapy based on tumor factors as well as patient factors as well in those patients in whom we can de-escalate treatment. I think there are a number of new compounds that are in the pipeline. So fourth generation EGFR TKIs are certainly interesting. They may be able to overcome resistance for a subset of patients who progress on osimertinib. We also think about novel drugs such as antibody drug conjugates and how they'll fit into our paradigm with osimertinib or after carboplatin-based doublets. Brittany Harvey: Definitely. We'll look forward to both longer term readouts from the current trials and new trials in this field to look at additional options for patients.  So I want to thank you so much for your time today, Dr. Patel, and thank you for all of your work to keep this living guideline up to date. Dr. Jyoti Patel: Great. Thanks so much, Brittany. It really is an exciting time for people who treat lung cancer and for patients who have lung cancer. We certainly have a long way to go, but certainly the rapid uptake of these guidelines reflect the progress that's being made.  Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. And just a final thank you to all of our listeners for tuning into the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/living-guidelines.  You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app, which is available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode. The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.  Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.      

Dr. Bradley Hunter, MD, MPH and Ms. Amy Evers, BSN, RN, OCN, MBA join us on the latest episode of the ASCO Guidelines Podcast to share key points and insights on the updated ASCO-ONS antineoplastic therapy administration safety standards for adult and pediatric oncology standards. They highlight key updates across the four standards domains: (1) creating a safe environment, (2) patient consent and patient education, (3) ordering, preparing, dispensing, and administering oral and parenteral antineoplastic therapies in a health care facility, organization, or in the home, and (4) monitoring during and after antineoplastic therapy is administered, including adherence, toxicity, and complications. They also comment on the importance of these standards to provide a framework for optimal safe and effective care for all patients. Read the standards, “Antineoplastic Therapy Administration Safety Standards for Adult and Pediatric Oncology: ASCO-ONS Standards” at www.asco.org/standards. TRANSCRIPT These standards, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/standards. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the JCO Oncology Practice, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/OP.24.00216 Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO's podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one, at asco.org/podcasts. My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Bradley Hunter from Intermountain Health and Amy Evers from the University of Pennsylvania, authors on “Antineoplastic Therapy Administration Safety Standards for Adult and Pediatric Oncology: American Society of Clinical Oncology – Oncology Nursing Society Standards.” Thank you both for being here. Dr. Bradley Hunter: Yeah, thanks. Good to be with you. Amy Evers: Thank you. Brittany Harvey: Now, before we discuss these standards, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidance products and ensuring that the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy is followed for all standards. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the expert panel are available online with the publication of the standards in the JCO Oncology Practice, which is linked in the show notes.  So then to start us off, Dr. Hunter, what prompted an update to the ASCO-ONS standards? And what is the scope of this update? Dr. Bradley Hunter: The last guidelines were published in 2016. And just thinking about in the world of oncology, so much has changed since that time. There are a lot of therapies that have become commonplace now that were really not used too much before, including oral genomically determined targeted therapies, immunomodulatory agents, CAR T cell therapy, bispecific antibodies, etc. So there's really been a need to just talk about how do we navigate those therapies and how do we create systems of care in which they are delivered safely. Additionally, the sites of care have changed. I think all of us, eight years ago, wouldn’t have imagined a global pandemic, and how that would have changed the way that we needed to deliver oncology care. So there's been a huge influx of telehealth, including tele-oncology centers, where the oncologist and the patient may never even meet face to face, but just by video. And so it relies on a team approach for that sort of an outreach setting. Intermountain Health spans seven states, there are so many sites like this that we have and I know that we are not unique. This is an issue and a global thing now. Additionally, patients are even getting chemo in their own homes, so that has changed and we need to figure out how to address that so that everyone could be able to have that site of care so they can get there and they can get their therapy in a safe manner.  So, these varied care settings present a challenge to us as oncology providers to ensure that a standard of quality of care is maintained, and that the therapies can be given to patients no matter where they live and that we maximize benefit while minimizing risk to the patient. So I mean, just thinking where we are now, I can't imagine where we're going to be eight years from now or the next time these guidelines are updated. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Thank you for setting the stage and the impetus for this update. It sounds like a lot has changed in the last few years to impact these standards.  So then I'd like to review the key points of the standards and the key updates for our listeners. There are four domains of standards. Starting with domain one, Amy, what are the key points of the standards for creating a safe environment for all routes of antineoplastic therapy? Amy Evers: So domain one is all about who can write chemotherapy orders, who can prepare chemotherapy and then who can administer that chemotherapy and then what their competencies are both initial and then ongoing. So looking at the existing standards, we did end up making a few updates mainly on how providers discuss and document pregnancy status and fertility preservation with patients. And I think this is really timely given that we're seeing a big uptick in younger patients that are being diagnosed with cancers that were typically considered “old person diseases”. And I think we can and we should do better in ensuring that patients who want to preserve their ability to have a family one day can do so before they start treatment.  The update also included the addition of an assessment for social determinants of health, calling out financial and logistical constraints that patients may face as part of their cancer journey, which I think is extremely important making sure that we have equitable access to care regardless of a patient's background, their financial status, everybody's receiving the highest quality of care they can in their community.  And the last change that we made was to highlight an accurate measurement of height and weight using metric units, which is important when we're calculating the doses of drugs for some of these very high risk medications.  Brittany Harvey: Excellent. Thank you for reviewing those important points for our listeners.  So following those standards, for domain two, Dr. Hunter, what are the key standards for patient consent and patient education? Dr. Bradley Hunter: In domain two, we’re really seeking to figure out what policies around treatment planning, patient consent and patient's education are shown to result in fewer medical errors and reduce preventable harm? But one of the big things we've found is having a really detailed understanding of exactly what a patient is taking in terms of medications, including over the counters and supplements and herbal remedies, really helps reduce medical errors. You know, some of the research and literature we came across suggest that upwards of 80% of the time when you see a patient's medication there are discrepancies between what's on that list and what patients are actually taking. So being able to sit down as part of a consent discussion and ongoing care and talk about everything that a patient's taking is really important.  My background, I am a bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant and cellular therapist. Just this last weekend I was on the inpatient service and a patient had brought in food from home which we completely are supportive of. The patient brought in a bunch of superfood shakes that she had bought at Costco and then some CBD tea and she asked us if it was okay if she could take those. And as we reviewed them and what was in all of those shakes and then what was in the CBD tea, there were major interactions between those supplements or those herbal remedies, and then what was in the medications we were giving in the hospital, so it was important. And she told us - it wasn't like I sat down and and was the shining example here, but it was helpful that we were able to take her global picture of what she was taking from a medication standpoint and be able to make sure that we were treating her in a safe manner and making sure that we weren't inadvertently causing harm.  So, those are some of the things that we talked about. So, at every patient visit, and especially the first time you meet a patient you’re going to start therapy to be able to go over all of the different substances that patients are taking to make sure that they're safe.  Brittany Harvey: Thank you so much for reviewing those key standards and key updates and that example of how important it is to review all of medications and herbal supplements that patients are taking to ensure safe care for our patients.  So then following that, Amy, for domain three, what are the key points regarding ordering, preparing, dispensing and administering oral and parenteral antineoplastic therapy in a healthcare facility organization or in the home? Amy Evers: So, domain three, actually, it was the domain that had probably the biggest discussion and fruitful debate between the panel members, but I think that we had some really great discussions and I think we had brought some really good changes and updates to the standards here. So domain three is where all of the verification standards live. So this is for practices who would either have been through the QOPI certification process or have been QOPI certified. This is where the surveyor actually will observe in real time how the clinical orders are reviewed by staff, how the drugs are prepared by pharmacy, and then how the drugs are checked one final time at the chair side or bedside immediately prior to administration.  So as I mentioned earlier, antineoplastic therapies are being given more frequently in the home or in settings where there may not be two clinical staff members present. In this post-COVID world, we're finding patients can be treated safely in the home, but the standards didn't really reflect kind of these changes in where patients are receiving treatment. And often, more and more practices are relying on technology to supplement the verification process both either in the pharmacy setting where there may be a centralized pharmacist verifying the drug mixing process for multiple sites, or in the actual home setting where a nurse can connect virtually with another clinician to verify a drug immediately or administration. So the standards were updated to include these workflows. And I think it's becoming more and more commonplace, but how do we do this in a safe and effective way where we're ensuring that all of these same safe handling processes are completed, regardless of where the patient may be seeking treatment?  So previous versions of the standards had three verifications. The first was before the actual preparation of the drug that someone other than the provider who wrote the order is verifying the order for all of the correct elements. The second verification is what usually happens in the pharmacy, upon preparation, what's being checked by the pharmacist or pharmacy technician who's preparing the drug. And then a third verification is done at, generally, the chair side where they're doing one final check of the orders to the drug to the patient.  So with this update, we actually broke out that third verification into a fourth verification. So the third verification is that check with the drug in the order by the administering and then a second verifier. And then the fourth verification is actually the one where the patient’s involved in the verification. So there are two clinicians making that final double check with the patient immediately upon preparation, which I think is important and is reflective of this change that we're seeing more drugs being administered in the home setting. The chair side or bedside final verification was also expanded to include a visual inspection of the administration tubing, this is sometimes referred to as tracing the lines, which ensures that the drug is being accurately infused, that there aren't any loose connections, that the clamps are open etc. And I think this is something that most nurses do in their normal clinical practice, but I think adding this as an actual check in the verification process, is really important. And I know personally, I was really happy to see this added in as a formal check. Dr. Bradley Hunter: Yes, thanks, Amy. One other new standard within domain three is regarding immunomodulatory or immune effector cell therapies that have the risk of cytokine release syndrome and how we build a framework to try to mitigate those toxicities. We really wanted to try to make a set of standards that would apply whether or not you’re at a coronary care center, like Penn or whether you were at a center, like within Intermountain Health, it's a small rural outreach center that you're trying to be able to get patients to care. So really, the main thing within dealing with therapies that have the risk of cytokine release syndrome is really just building a framework that there's a management policy that's present from the institution, and that it's up to date, it's following what we know will work for these therapies in order to mitigate their toxicity, and then also making sure that adequate antidote therapy, whether for example, for cytokine release syndrome, it could be tocilizumab or anakinra or other therapies, and that order sets are present to be able to follow along with the policy guidelines to guide clinicians wherever they are practicing to help mitigate cytokine release syndrome, neurologic toxicity, ICANS, or other sorts of therapies that are associated with these novel agents.  Brittany Harvey: So for or the last domain, domain four, what are the key points for monitoring during and after antineoplastic therapy is administered, including adherence, toxicity, and complications? Amy Evers: So domain four is pretty straightforward. It discusses the importance of assessing adherence and toxicities related to antineoplastic treatments. There wasn’t a whole lot of updates here. We did include having emerging treatment plans or equipment in the home and the healthcare setting. But what I really think is important and we need to underscore both with patients and clinicians, particularly as we've seen this rise in oral chemotherapy agents, is that a lot of times patients forget that this is the same chemotherapy that they're getting in the infusion suite. They're just taking it in a pill form. And I think patients forget that their adherence is just as important in taking that pill regularly and as prescribed. Financial toxicity is a real problem for most of our patients. Some of these drugs cost hundreds if not thousands of dollars for one treatment plan. As clinicians we've all heard stories of these patients who try to extend their prescription so they'll take a pill every other day instead of daily as prescribed, which really doesn't let the drug do what it's supposed to do. So I think when we talk about adherence, it's not just asking a patient whether they've taken their drug, it's about whether or not oral therapy is even appropriate for that particular patient. Do they have memory problems? Do they have metastatic disease to the brain where they may not be able to follow a complicated oral regimen? Do they have arthritis where opening a pill container is difficult? So having these conversations before a drug is even prescribed and making sure that it's the right route of administration for a patient is just as important as ensuring that they're maintaining their adherence to that drug.  And oftentimes, the toxicities of these oral drugs are worse than what's actually being administered in some of the infusion clinics, and so making sure that we're checking in on these patients regularly to ensure that they're not having any toxicities that aren't being managed appropriately. Or if there may be toxicities that would require a dose reduction, or perhaps switching to a different drug entirely. So, even though it's a pretty simple and straightforward domain, I think it's really important that we're educating our clinicians and our patients about the importance of adherence.  Dr. Bradley Hunter: I completely agree with what Amy said. She said it so well. I just want to echo back a couple of things that she said. Historically, we use the word non-compliant, which I think kind of sounds terrible to describe the patient's adherence to medication. I think part of this domain is recognizing that there is an entire environment that has to do with the patient that influences the way they're able to take their medication whether that's financial toxicity; we were talking to two people in our clinic who are professional financial toxicologists, and their entire job description is to help people get drugs for less so that they can actually take the side effects. If a patient feels terrible at that time, they’re not going to take it. So, understanding these barriers and really understanding the patient's entire picture, when you're figuring out how is the treatment plan going to match up with their reality, I think is super important.  When it comes to site of care, we just want to make sure also that whether you're getting chemo at home or you’re getting chemo in the clinic down the street, or in a coronary care center, that there is a policy in place to respond to an emergency, but also the equipment available in all of those sites of care that you can respond. And that's another aspect that we wanted to make sure we hit in the domain as there's been so many changes in how patients get care in the last eight years. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Recognizing the barriers and factors that impact the ability of an individual to receive the right therapy is crucial. And I want to thank you both for reviewing all of the standards and updates through all four domains.  So then following that, in your view, how will these updated standards impact clinicians? Dr. Bradley Hunter: It's our hope that these standards will guide the development of treatment infrastructure and help clinicians avoid error prone environments. We hope they're going to guide training efforts and that they will help clinicians ensure that they have relevant and accurate information about their patients and are able to respond appropriately when emergencies or even urgencies arise. Because of COVID, there's been such high staff turnover. And in the midst of all of this change, it's difficult to maintain a culture of safety when you've lost a lot of institutional knowledge of how to deal with that. And so, really trying to help bring people together again to have an infrastructure in place that makes training as seamless as possible and deal with the historical high staff turnover we’ve had.  So we're again, hopeful that we're helping to create a framework that cancer centers, treatment centers can use, whether they are a coronary care center in a large academic space, or whether they're in a rural tele-oncology space to be able to use the standards to create a space and a place and experience for cancer patients in which they’re kept safe and we’re maximizing the benefit of their chemotherapy, their antineoplastic agents, and also minimizing the risk just to optimize benefits for the patient.  Brittany Harvey: Definitely. Those are key points to provide a framework for clinicians.  So then along those same lines, finally, what does this update mean for patients receiving antineoplastic therapy?  Amy Evers: So while these standards are not necessarily patient facing, what I hope that this update will do, or actually not do, is that a patient shouldn't recognize any change in how they are cared for, regardless of what setting that they're receiving treatment. So whether it's at home, whether it's an ambulatory infusion center or in the hospital, they're still going to receive that same level of high quality care while they're receiving treatment. And I think that that's the most important thing that they should take away from this. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely.  So I want to thank you both so much for all of your work on these standards to ensure patients receive optimal safe and effective care. And I want to thank you both so much for your time today.  Amy Evers: Thank you so much.   Dr. Bradley Hunter: Yeah, thank you. It’s really great to talk about this stuff.  Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the complete standards go to www.asco.org/standards. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.  The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.   Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.      

Dr. Rachel Freedman and Dr. Sharon Giordano share the latest rapid guideline update from ASCO on the adjuvant use of the CDK4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib and ribociclib in patients with stage II and III breast cancer. They share details on the impetus for the update, supporting evidence, and considerations of benefits and harms for individuals. Additionally, Drs. Freedman and Giordano discuss what these options mean for clinicians and patients, and outstanding questions regarding optimal adjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with early breast cancer. Read the full rapid update, “Optimal Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Early Breast Cancer – CDK4/6 Inhibitors: ASCO Rapid Guideline Update” at www.asco.org/breast-cancer-guidelines." TRANSCRIPT This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/breast-cancer-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.00886  Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO's podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one at asco.org/podcasts. My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Rachel Freedman from Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Dr. Sharon Giordano from MD Anderson Cancer Center, co-chairs on “Optimal Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Early Breast Cancer – CDK 4/6 Inhibitors: ASCO Rapid Guideline Update.” Thank you for being here, Dr. Freedman and Dr. Giordano. Dr. Rachel Freedman: Hi. It's great to be here, thank you. Dr. Sharon Giordano: Yeah, thank you for having us. Brittany Harvey: Great. Then, before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Freedman and Dr. Giordano, who have joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes. So then, to dive into the content here. First, Dr. Freedman, what prompted this update to the “Optimal Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Early Breast Cancer Guideline”, which was previously updated in 2021? Dr. Rachel Freedman: Yeah, at that time, we published guidelines which were part of an amendment to the previously published 2020 early breast cancer guidelines to include consideration of adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibitor use, because the first data for adjuvant abemaciclib became available from the monarchE trial, and because the FDA had acted to grant approval for the use of abemaciclib in those with node positive disease and a Ki-67 score of at least 20%. Our recommendation at that time was to apply abemaciclib in the greater context of the intention-to-treat population included on the monarchE study. But since that time, the FDA in 2023 expanded its approval for adjuvant abemaciclib for a broader population, removing that Ki-67 requirement that was a part of their initial approval. With this change, the recently published longer term data from the monarchE study and the recently published data from the NATALEE trial and adjuvant ribociclib study, we felt that it was time to update our guidelines to be more relevant to the most current data available. Brittany Harvey: I appreciate you providing that background information on the impetus for this latest update. So then, Dr. Giordano, based on this new data, what are the updated recommendations in the latest version of this guideline? Dr. Sharon Giordano: So we really have two updated recommendations and then two qualifying statements that go with the new recommendations. So the first recommendation focuses on the use of adjuvant abemaciclib, which, as Rachel noted, was included in our previous guideline. So this recommendation is that abemaciclib for two years plus endocrine therapy for five or more years may be offered to patients who meet the criteria of the intent-to-treat analysis in the monarchE study. These are patients with resected, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive breast cancer at high risk of recurrence. The way the study defined the high risk of recurrence was having either four or more lymph nodes involved, axillary lymph nodes involved, or having one to three lymph nodes, plus other high risk features, which included having a grade three tumor the size of 5 cm or greater, or having a Ki-67 of more than 20%. And so, although the FDA has dropped the requirement for the Ki-67 testing, and the language is quite broad now, the panel recommends the use of abemaciclib, really in that subgroup of patients that would have been eligible for the original monarchE study. That's the first recommendation, kind of a long one, but that was the update. The second recommendation focuses on the use of adjuvant ribociclib, and this is based on the data from the phase three NATALEE trial that was recently published. This recommendation is that ribociclib for three years plus endocrine therapy, may be offered to patients with stage two or three breast cancer who would have met criteria for study entry and have a high risk of recurrence. I would note with this one, I think it's important to remember that the ribociclib that's used in the adjuvant setting is a different dosing. So it's 400 milligrams daily, three weeks on, one week off, as compared to the 600 milligrams we're using in the metastatic setting. That was the second new recommendation. As I previously mentioned, however, there were two qualifying statements. The first qualifying statement was really the panel wanted to make, because they felt that CDK4/6 therapy in the adjuvant setting may not provide meaningful clinical benefit to every single patient who would have been eligible for these two trials. The concern was especially around lower risk patients. So the early stage two breast cancer patients who were included in the NATALEE trial, and in that situation, the panel felt for some patients, the risks may outweigh the benefits. The challenge here really was that there was not a great way to pick a very specific subgroup of patient that would benefit or wouldn't benefit. So based on that, the panel really recommended taking a broad approach and considering the benefits of therapy, the risks, the costs, and of course, patient preference when making the decision about whether or not to offer these drugs in the adjuvant setting. Then the second qualifying statement was really around how to pick between the two drugs. What the panel stated was that for patients that met the criteria for both studies, they could have been in either monarchE or NATALEE, for those patients, that abemaciclib has longer follow up, has a deepening benefit over time, it's more convenient because it's two years versus three years, and it has FDA approval. So for patients, again, that would have met criteria for either study, the panel favored using abemaciclib, except if patients had some contraindication or intolerance. That is the update, both the recommendations and the qualifying statements in this updated guideline. Brittany Harvey: Understood. Thank you for reviewing both of those recommendations and the nuances between choosing between some of those options as detailed in the qualifying statements. So then, Dr. Freedman, I think Dr. Giordano has talked about this already a little bit, but what should clinicians know as they implement these new recommendations into practice? Dr. Rachel Freedman: Yeah, in the guidelines, as Sharon said, we've really tried to offer recommendations that balance the available efficacy data along with the toxicity data and even some mention of cost consideration, although we purposely can't address that in the guideline. And we just feel that all of these need to be considered in combination for the individual patient. And just like you heard, our panel felt that for those meeting criteria for both the monarchE and NATALEE trials, given all the reasons that Sharon explained, that abemaciclib may be the preferred agent for now, but we all look forward to the evolving data in this space. It's great to have another evidence-based option with ribociclib at this time, but we really acknowledge that longer term follow up will evolve these recommendations further. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. As you mentioned, it's great to have another option in this space. So then, in your view, Dr. Giordano, how will these recommendations impact patients with early breast cancer? Dr. Sharon Giordano: I think that, overall, this is really good news for patients who are at high risk because there's now two new available therapies that they can use to help prevent recurrence. I will note, as we mentioned before, though, they do come with a price, both the cost of the drug and the additional side effects of having two or three years of an additional drug that they're taking. But having said that, I think it's always good to have new options for therapy, and we can discuss these options with the individual patients, weigh the risks and the benefits, and ultimately, we hope with longer follow up, it would be great to see if these drugs would actually improve overall survival, which is ultimately our biggest goal. Brittany Harvey: Definitely, those are key for shared decision making between patients and their clinicians. Then finally, looking forward, Dr. Freedman, what are the outstanding questions regarding the optimal adjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapy for early breast cancer? Dr. Rachel Freedman: Well, there are a lot of outstanding questions with regard to chemotherapy. We have a lot of questions. We still have insufficient data to specify which subgroups, who may have a higher degree of nodal involvement, or what we call anatomical risk, but perhaps a favorable biology or genomics. And we don't know which subgroups still need chemotherapy. And I think this is a group many of us are struggling with in the clinic, is what to do when you have high anatomical risk, but a well behaving cancer, so to speak. And I think that's a burning question for many of us. I still think we have room to improve our adjuvant regimens and figuring out who needs more and who needs less therapy when we are going to move forward with chemotherapy. And we also, with regard to CDK4/6 inhibition, have a lot of ongoing questions. There are a lot of patients who may not benefit from CDK4/6 inhibition as much as others, and the broader population on the NATALEE trial allows us to explore this a little bit, but we're cautious about interpretation of subgroups. But the lowest risk patients on the NATALEE trial may be a group of patients that it's really important to think about when it comes to balancing that toxicity and efficacy risk, as opposed to that higher risk patient where you're sure you want to move ahead. And I think we really await the survival data from both NATALEE and monarchE, neither of which have shown a statistically significant survival advantage to date. We really need ongoing follow up of these studies, and we look forward to learning more in the years to come. Dr. Sharon Giordano: Yeah, I completely agree. It's very well said. I mean, I think one of the biggest challenges, as Rachel said, it's really hard to figure out which subset of patients are truly going to benefit and have the benefit of the drug outweigh the side effects. I hope as we get longer follow up on the studies and additional data come out, we're able to get more information so that we can really give the best therapies to the patients that need it, but also spare patients who don't need it from the additional side effects. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. We'll await the longer term follow up of these trials and then future updates to these guidelines. So I want to thank you so much for your work to rapidly update this breast cancer guideline. And thank you so much for your time today, Dr. Giordano and Dr. Freedman. Dr. Rachel Freedman: Thanks so much. Dr. Sharon Giordano: Yeah, thank you very much, our pleasure. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full rapid recommendation update, go to www.asco.org/breast-cancer-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app, available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.  The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.  Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.

Dr. Karen Mustian joins us to share the latest update to the management of fatigue in adult survivors of cancer guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the Society for Integrative Oncology. Dr. Mustian highlights the recommendations across the continuum of care, including recommendations for patients with cancer-related fatigue during active treatment, after treatment, and for patients with advanced cancer or at the end of life. She also discusses interventions that are not recommended for treating cancer-related fatigue. The episode wraps up discussing the importance of this guideline for clinicians and patients, and a call for more research both on interventions and on dissemination and implementation to improve symptom management for cancer-related fatigue. Read the full guideline update, “Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: ASCO-SIO Guideline Update” at www.asco.org/survivorship-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/survivorship-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.00541   Brittany Harvey: Hello, and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO's podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one, at asco.org/podcasts.   My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Karen Mustian from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute in New York, co-chair on “Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology –Society for Integrative Oncology Guideline.” Thank you for being here, Dr. Mustian. Dr. Karen Mustian: Thank you for having me, Brittany. Brittany Harvey: Then, before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Mustian, who has joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes.  So then, to dive into the content of this episode, Dr. Mustian, what is the purpose and scope of this updated guideline on fatigue in adult survivors of cancer? Dr. Karen Mustian: Cancer-related fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating consequences that patients experience when they go through treatment, and it can actually interfere with their ability to complete treatment and their recovery along the way. And it's not the same as a typical fatigue that you might experience from physical activity, let's say, where you can come back in and rest for a little while or take a nap or sleep, and you wake up refreshed and not feeling fatigued anymore. This type of fatigue actually needs special attention and needs to be treated with therapies.   So, this particular guideline is developed in a manner to help clinicians when patients present with fatigue, especially moderate to severe fatigue, that can be very debilitating, help patients decide what kinds of treatments they can use to reduce this fatigue. It's really important that this fatigue be reduced for a number of reasons. But some of the reasons we think of as being really critical are so that they can actually get their full treatment as prescribed, and then when finished with treatment, so they can actually resume their normal daily activities. They can keep working, they can keep engaging with their families, they can resume all those wonderful normal life activities that we hope for and that their prognosis will be a good one. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. It's critical to address cancer-related fatigue for all adults with cancer.  Then, this guideline covers three distinct patient populations and provides recommendations for each. Starting with the first section, what are the key recommendations for patients with cancer-related fatigue during active treatment? Dr. Karen Mustian: Well, one of the things I want to mention about this guideline before I answer that question is this guideline encompasses the entire cancer trajectory. In previous guidelines for treating fatigue, we really focused on how to work with patients once they had completed their primary treatments for their cancer. This time, we're able, because the research and the literature have advanced more, to really now address what we should be doing to help patients with their fatigue while they're receiving active treatment. This can be primary treatment and/or maintenance therapies, but then also once they're done with treatment and they are in the recovery stage. And then also the third area is how should we help patients with advanced cancers with their fatigue that they are experiencing?  And I believe that you just asked me how we should be working with patients really during active treatment. This guideline, when we reviewed the literature, there's really good evidence to suggest that for people undergoing cancer treatment, clinicians should recommend exercise, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based programs, and Tai Chi or Qigong as first-line therapy to reduce the severity of fatigue that patients can experience during treatment. We also found that the literature suggests that psychoeducation and American ginseng may also be recommended in adults undergoing cancer treatment. Brittany Harvey: Understood. Thank you for providing those key recommendations for patients with cancer-related fatigue during active treatment.  Then, following those recommendations, at the next point in the cancer trajectory, what does the expert panel recommend for patients with cancer-related fatigue after treatment? Dr. Karen Mustian: Well, for survivors after treatment, the literature is also strong in that clinicians should be recommending also exercise, again, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions and programs. There's also a good amount of data to suggest that we should be recommending yoga, acupressure, and moxibustion for cancer-related fatigue after completion of treatment. Brittany Harvey: I appreciate you reviewing those recommendations as well.  Then that final third population that you previously mentioned, what are the key points for the management of cancer-related fatigue for patients with advanced cancer or at the end of life? Dr. Karen Mustian: For patients at the end of life, we should be offering those individuals cognitive-behavioral therapy and corticosteroids. Brittany Harvey: Thank you for reviewing all of those recommendations for patients with cancer-related fatigue during active treatment, after their treatment, and for patients with advanced cancer.  Are there additional recommendations that were made by the expert panel that we should know about treating cancer-related fatigue? Recommendations for things that we should not be doing to treat cancer-related fatigue? Dr. Karen Mustian: One of the things that's also characteristically different about this particular guideline update for ASCO is that this time we actually have research to suggest that there are some interventions that historically may have been used, but the research is actually suggesting that they should not be recommended at this time. The guidelines now state that clinicians should not recommend L-carnitine or antidepressants, wakefulness agents, or routinely recommend psychostimulants to manage symptoms of cancer-related fatigue. One of the things that this really highlights is the recommendation to pull back on the use of pharmaceutical products as a first-line therapy for treating fatigue and to really look at behavioral interventions which are showing the strongest evidence in the research in terms of effectiveness, both during treatment, after treatment, and for our patients with advanced cancer, and to really promote these behavioral interventions for patients rather than just reaching right for that pharmaceutical product.  There are still instances where pharmaceuticals may be really important for patients, such as if someone tries behavioral therapies and they fail, for example, or if someone has fatigue that is just absolutely so severe that they cannot even give a good effort or attempt to trying something like exercise or cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness-based programs. You know, even considering that most of the cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based programs don't require physical activity, they're very low intensity types of behavior change. And that's really a big area where these guidelines also differ in the update from previous guidelines.  Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. I appreciate you reviewing those so that we know what strategies and treatments also should not be used and how we need to tailor our interventions to specific patients and their needs.  So then, in your view, Dr. Mustian, what is the importance of this guideline and how will it impact both clinicians and patients with cancer-related fatigue? Dr. Karen Mustian: I've seen a lot of ASCO guidelines and helped with a lot of ASCO guidelines, and one of the things that I think is really great about this particular guideline for cancer-related fatigue is, I'll reiterate, this is one of the most prevalent, debilitating toxicities experienced by virtually all cancer patients at some point during their time being treated or in recovery. And I'm really pleased to see that the research has come far enough that we now actually have interventions that we can recommend strongly, and then we also have other interventions that we recommend that the evidence is still growing for.  What's also nice about this, and what's really going to be impactful for patients, as I just said, is that the recommendations are not focused on pharmaceuticals. Patients already take a lot of pharmaceutical products, we have to worry about polypharmacy and all the side effects associated with that, especially in our elderly populations. This guideline gives clinicians and patients not just one or two, but several behavioral interventions that they can use that, if used in the correct way, as stated in the guidelines, stand an excellent chance of reducing the amount of fatigue that they experience. So, it really is going to change the landscape of care for patients. It's also going to change the landscape of what clinicians have to offer in their toolkit for treating patients. And I know that oftentimes we think it's easy for a physician to recommend a pharmaceutical product. But I also know that a lot of oncologists love being able to recommend lifestyle interventions to really help their patients with side effects and toxicities. And that's exactly what this guideline is offering. And I think it's just going to provide a wonderful place for a clinician and patients to come together to have conversations about what the guidelines say is effective, and to allow them to have a conversation surrounding choice. Which one seems to be the best fit? Which one would a patient actually like to try? Which of these lifestyle interventions does the patient think they have the best chance of succeeding with both in terms of accessing it in their community, adhering to it, being able to do it so that they can actually derive the benefits that we expect to see. That's really one of the key components of the efficacy of these interventions as well, is what really is going to determine, ultimately, how well these interventions work is working together to pick the one that the patient feels that they can actually do and accomplish in order to receive the benefits. It really is going to change the landscape of how we work with symptom management surrounding fatigue. Brittany Harvey: Yes. As you mentioned, it's great to have these multiple evidence-based recommendations to have a real impact for patients. You also just noted that evidence is still growing in some areas. So what future research is needed regarding the management of cancer-related fatigue in adult survivors of cancer?  Dr. Karen Mustian: I think oftentimes when we see a guideline come out, many times people say, “Well, we have the answers now, so we don't need to fund any more research in that area.” Or maybe it becomes less of a priority. For all that we do have these treatments to recommend now, we're still really very in the early stages of being able to identify, characterize and accurately provide therapies and treatments for cancer-related fatigue. When I look back at the history of nausea and vomiting and where we've come in the decades of research that has ensued since the first initial findings on that. I think fatigue is still very much in its early years.   Some of the things that we still don't necessarily know when it comes to these kinds of interventions, and I can tell you we struggled with in the guideline committee, is what is the actual dose of some of these behavioral interventions? I think when we prescribe a medicine, we think, “Oh, you need this particular dosage of this particular agent. You take it this many times a day, this many times a week for x number of weeks, and there you go.” With behavioral interventions, it's a little more complex. And so really getting down to the nitty-gritty of defining exactly what type of exercise, the intensity of that exercise, exactly how many minutes a day, exactly how many minutes a week do you have to do? We weren't really able to get our recommendations refined to that degree, and I think future research that really wants to be in service of clinicians and patients should work towards defining specific prescriptions of these interventions.   Exercise, I just gave that example, but it's the similar kind of approach for cognitive-behavioral therapy. What are the specific components that need to be included? What does the ratio of focus on those different components need to look like? Also, the same with Tai Chi, Qigong moxibustion, acupressure that we mentioned - really refining those specific prescriptions, I think, is something that we need research on, and that will take us to the next step, where we have patients doing enough that they get the effect that they want, but not wasting their time, effort, energy, and finances doing too much that they don't need to do in order to achieve the benefit that we hope for.   For some of the recommendations that are not strong, we still need large, definitive, randomized clinical trials on those interventions. So, for example, we talk about that we may recommend psychoeducation and American Ginseng for patients undergoing cancer treatment. We need more research in that area in order to be able to really say whether or not we should be offering that for patients undergoing treatment. And specifically, those large, definitive, phase III randomized clinical trials, talking about trials that also could be done across multiple centers where we can have more generalizable populations, different kinds of communities where those interventions are being delivered, rural dwelling communities, for example. And then, of course, there's always the need for newer and better interventions. Some of these interventions have very decent effect sizes in terms of their outcome, but it would be wonderful to actually find an intervention that completely mitigated cancer-related fatigue, and it was completely gone, never to return. I think we're still in some ways waiting for that intervention to be developed. And I also would say, even though we're not recommending pharmaceuticals quite a lot in this guideline, they're not our first-line therapy, there's still always the opportunity to identify molecular targets that really could help with remediating cancer-related fatigue. So there's still a plethora of research to be done out there and things that we don't know.   And then lastly, and very much importantly, we need to do research and dissemination and implementation. Behavioral interventions are really challenging to deliver. So unlike a doctor recommending a pharmaceutical product where they can write a prescription, and then the patient gets the prescription from the pharmacy and they have what they need, supposedly understanding how to prescribe these interventions for patients, or even understanding how to refer them to places in communities where they can actually get a credible practitioner that is using an evidence-based approach that is known for being one of the types of yoga or exercise, or mindfulness-based stress reduction or CBT, that will actually have a positive influence on fatigue is also challenging. And so we need that dissemination and implementation research  - that I do believe is going to be also really key in the next decade at changing the landscape of what this toxicity looks like in the patient experience of cancer. Brittany Harvey: Definitely, these all will be key to understanding the best options for all patients, and we'll look forward to continued research in these areas to fuel future guideline updates and improve management of cancer-related fatigue in all adults with cancer.  So, I want to thank you so much for your work developing this guideline, and thank you for your time today, Dr. Mustian. Dr. Karen Mustian: Oh, it's such a pleasure. I did not develop this guideline alone. I definitely want to say thank you to all my colleagues who worked very diligently and very hard on digesting the research and making these recommendations. They are representative from institutions all across the United States. A very wonderful expert panel. Thank all of them very much and give them the credit that they are due for all their hard work. And thank ASCO for supporting these efforts for clinicians and patients. And Brittany, thank you very much for having me. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. A big thank you to the whole panel.   And thank you also to all of our listeners for tuning into the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/survivorship-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app, available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode. The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.  Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.    

Dr. Debra Lundquist, PhD, RN and Dr. Arun Ghoshal, MD, MBBS discuss the new update to the palliative care for patients with cancer guideline developed by an interdisciplinary Expert Panel. They share the key updated recommendations on the most effective palliative care interventions, how these recommendations relate to other supportive care services, interventions for family caregivers, care partners, and communities, referrals to specialist palliative care services, and specific strategies for the integration of palliative care for patients with hematologic malignancies and those on early phase clinical trials. Dr. Lunquist and Dr. Ghoshal also discuss the contextual factors that affect equity at the intersection of palliative and oncology care, the impact of this guideline refresh for clinicians and patients, and future innovations in the field of palliative care. Read the full guideline update, “Palliative Care for Patients with Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update” at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.00542 Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO’s podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one, at asco.org/podcasts.    My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I'm interviewing Dr. Arun Ghoshal from Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Dr. Debra Lundquist from Massachusetts General Hospital, authors on, “Palliative Care for Patients with Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update.” Thank you for being here, Dr. Ghoshal and Dr. Lundquist. Dr. Ghoshal: Thanks, Brittany. Thank you for having us here. Dr. Lundquist: Yes, it's a pleasure. Brittany Harvey: Great. Then before we discuss this guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Lundquist and Dr. Ghoshal, who have joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes.  So then, to start us off, Dr. Lundquist, what prompted this guideline update, and what is the scope of the current update for palliative care for patients with cancer? Dr. Lundquist: Sure. So the goal of this refresh is really to provide oncology professionals with current recommendations regarding palliative care and assess which of the 2016 recommendations remain valid. The scope did increase to also include hematologic malignancies and participants of early phase clinical trials. In addition, this was an opportunity to reflect more recent evidence around the understanding of linguistic, geographic, ethical, and contextual factors that affect equity at the intersection of palliative and oncology care. This update also increased discussion about the inclusion of palliative care, as I mentioned earlier, for the enrollment of patients in clinical trials. And also, in terms of the equity piece, there is also a companion manuscript with the guidelines that focused on the health equity in the oncology palliative care setting. Brittany Harvey: Excellent. Thank you for setting the stage for this update, Dr. Lundquist.   So then next, I'd like to review the key updated recommendations for our listeners. So starting with clinical question one, Dr. Ghoshal, what are the key recommendations regarding the most effective interventions to provide palliative care to patients with cancer? Dr. Ghoshal: As we know, healthcare providers should proactively engage in the early integration of specialized, interdisciplinary palliative care teams for patients diagnosed with advanced solid tumors, and as mentioned, not only solid but also hematological malignancies. The most important thing is that palliative care should be offered not only for inpatients but also for outpatients, and oftentimes, when we talk about early palliative care, it is in concurrence with active cancer treatment. So if you want to talk about the core components of such an effective palliative care practice that would encompass establishing a nurturing rapport and relationships with patients and their family caregivers to foster trust and open communication. And obviously, it will encompass symptoms, distress, and functional limitations comprehensively, including but not only limited to pain, dyspnea, fatigue, sleep disturbances, mood disorders, nausea, and constipation.   Another important part is providing education and facilitating discussions to enhance patients' understanding of their illness and prognosis. That means we need to play an active part in clarifying the treatment goals through a shared decision-making process that aligns the patient's values and preferences with their physicians. And apart from that, in this revised guideline, the key evidence about question number one, which is from 2016, and updated to the present is mainly based on three trials with a low risk of bias. These three studies actually demonstrated that early referral to specialized palliative care of patients with advanced cancer led to improvement in the quality of life and also mood, which was a secondary outcome in that study and the higher likelihood of discussing or documenting end-of-life care preferences. I know that the link to the full documents are in the show notes, and I would encourage the listeners to refer to the supplement to the paper that is coming out in the Journal of Clinical Oncology for understanding and getting a detailed insight into the studies which are included in these recommendations. Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Early integration of all those aspects of palliative care that you just detailed are imperative. And as you just mentioned, the listeners can find a link to the full guideline in the show notes of this episode to refer back to the more detailed aspects of the guideline.  So following those recommendations, Dr. Lundquist, what does the expert panel recommend regarding how palliative care services should relate in practice to other supportive care services? Dr. Lundquist: The panel examined the role of the use of additional supportive care services that focus on services including nurse navigation, lay navigation, community and home health care, as well as geriatric oncology, psycho-oncology, pain services, and telehealth services. And findings supported that models of delivering palliative care with the use of other services as well can really improve the patient experience. And one of the ways of doing that, more utilization of standardized assessments of symptoms, certainly, but also encompassing the multidimensions of distress, spirituality, and psychosocial factors. And then emphasizing discussions around prognostic and treatment options to really get a better sense about the patients' understanding of their prognostic awareness, which may also lead to more improved communications around advanced care planning.  And the studies around this guideline supported that most pragmatic approaches to ensuring that patients benefit from palliative care is really through the involvement of this interdisciplinary team and looking from a broad lens, looking at all their potential palliative care needs that may need to be met. But certainly, referral to a specialized interdisciplinary palliative care team is also very important. But it really is where that step before is really looking at the whole experience of the patient and where they are in their cancer trajectory.   Brittany Harvey: Excellent. Yes, incorporating all of those additional supportive care services really benefit patients.   So then beyond these recommendations for patients with cancer, Dr. Ghoshal, what are the recommendations for interventions that are helpful for family caregivers, care partners, and communities? Dr. Ghoshal: This is a very pertinent question for palliative care practitioners. So, interesting to note that the panel found that there is limited data that exist on how best to support the caregivers of patients with advanced cancer, and especially so in under-resourced settings. And also, most of the evidence that came from the literature is from data which was collected in studies before the COVID-19 pandemic. So the previous guideline stressed the option of phone interventions for those in rural or under-resourced areas. But as we know, with the growth of telehealth and telemedicine related to the pandemic, especially after the pandemic, more people are used to such interventions, more people probably could access and feel comfortable with virtual care. So telehealth, app-based support, and virtual care options, which are probably available and largely familiar to many people, could potentially allow increased access to support services. Talking about these support services, the focus that has been mostly seen in literature are about education and training programs to empower the caregivers of these patients with advanced cancer, psychosocial support services for emotional well-being of the carer as we know that it can be pretty tough for someone to deal with cancer and also for their caregivers. Also sometimes practical assistance with daily tasks, if possible, to ease the burden of caregiving. Sometimes importance is there on respite care to provide temporary relief for these caregivers. Community supports can play a big role for sharing the resources. Social connections can also play an important part when it’s available. And also very important and we all know that advance care planning discussions to ensure patients' wishes are known to their caregivers. And of course, we must keep this in our mind that cultural sensitivity in caregiving practices is very important to accommodate people from diverse backgrounds. So mostly these are interventions, as mentioned in the guideline, which are aimed at supporting caregivers in their role to alleviate their stress, and to improve the overall caregiving experience for both caregivers and patients with cancer. Brittany Harvey: Thank you for reviewing the recommendations for support services for both caregivers and care partners in addition to patients with cancer.  So then Dr. Lundquist, you previously mentioned referral to specialist palliative care services. Who does the expert panel recommend should be offered or referred to palliative care services, and when should those referrals occur?  Dr. Debra Lundquist: And as the panel looked at referral to palliative care services, we looked at essentially patients with advanced solid tumors or hematologic malignancies, particularly, those patients with cancer who have unaddressed physical needs, psychosocial needs, and spiritual distress, and as we just heard, the importance of including the caregivers in care and offering palliative care. And the caregivers may include family members, chosen family, friends of individuals who have advanced cancer. And then also looking at including patients that we’ll talk a little bit later about the patients that are on phase one clinical trials as well and why they might be another population to be considering.  But certainly, as we’ve mentioned a little bit already, early in the course of the advanced cancer diagnosis is a very important time to initiate the palliative care. The panel recommends not waiting for the discontinuation of antineoplastic therapy or treatments around the cancer diagnosis, but rather focusing on the specific palliative needs of the individual and really thinking more about it occurring when the patient is getting their active treatment as well in a way to better support them while they potentially may be experiencing side effects from their treatments, from their disease, and thinking about this earlier in the disease continuum.  Ideally, clinicians and organizations really need to prioritize the assessment of these dimensions of the patient experience for earlier recognition of their needs at the time of diagnosis of their advanced cancer, but to also really be thinking about while the patients are still receiving active treatment, to really be identifying and determining what other palliative care needs may need to be addressed.  Brittany Harvey: Definitely, those are key considerations for clinicians, and I thank you for defining what early referral means in these circumstances.  So, you both mentioned that this guideline expanded to patients with hematologic malignancies. Dr. Ghoshal, what strategies are recommended for the integration of palliative care into the care of patients with hematologic malignancies?  Dr. Arun Ghoshal: The updated review this time identified three publications. Actually, two of those publications are randomized controlled trials including patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those with acute myelogenous leukemia and those receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It is important because the trajectory of illness for hematologic cancers and solid tumors can be a bit different. Patients with hematologic malignancies, despite newer therapies offering long-term survival, often face significant side effects. Compared to the solid tumor patients, those with hematologic cancers experience higher hospitalization rates, frequent intensive care unit admissions, and unfortunately, the rates of in-hospital deaths are also more in these patients. And as a result of that, the typical length of stay in hospice is shorter for these patients. Regardless of prognosis, the recommendations state that proactive palliative care should begin at diagnosis and continue throughout the illness trajectory and survivorship of these patients with hematologic cancers.   Historically, integrating specialist palliative care has been infrequent in this group of patients due to misconceptions, and obviously, limitations. However, the latest evidence that we’re talking about supports the benefits of palliative care for patients with hematological cancers, especially, improving their quality of life and psychological outcomes. However, given the paucity of studies in this domain, further research is needed to expand the recommendations beyond the studied population. Brittany Harvey: Thank you for highlighting the specific needs and recommendations for this patient population.   So then, Dr. Lundquist, for the final clinical question, you’ve already touched on this a little bit. But what is the role of palliative care for patients with cancer participating in early phase cancer clinical trials?  Dr. Debra Lundquist: As I mentioned earlier, the panel this year included this patient population in the refresh of the guidelines. And the early phase clinical trial population is a population of patients who present functionally well, however, most present with advanced disease and have frequently received multiple lines of therapy prior to coming to the clinical trial. They may experience a distinct set of symptoms and concerns with unique supportive and palliative care needs. When we looked at the literature, there is a growing body of research around this, although it is still quite small at this time. Certainly an area for future research.   Patients who are participating on early phase clinical trials come to the trial and they may be struggling to cope with the uncertainty regarding their future, as well as symptoms they may be experiencing and really not knowing what that clinical trial experience is going to look like. So the panel, as we were looking through the literature, it’s becoming more clear that this is a patient population who may have existing physical and psychosocial concerns who would possibly benefit from earlier identification of their palliative care needs as well as intervention with palliative care support coming on to the clinical trial. With the research being limited, the focus on better understanding their palliative care needs is an area for the future that we really may want to be considering more in terms of improving the patient experience. This is a patient population who, I think, in terms of ongoing research, we’re starting to see the benefits and looking at their unique dimensions of their care as they come onto the trial. But then providing  the opportunity to enhance their experience and also better identify their distinct supportive care needs may, in fact, enhance their quality of life while they're on the early phase clinical trial. Brittany Harvey: I appreciate you both reviewing all of this updated and expanded recommendations from the expert panel.  In your view, Dr. Ghoshal, what is the importance of this update and how will it impact both clinicians and patients?  Dr. Arun Ghoshal:  So 2015 to 2023, the time and the duration that the update took into consideration, you won’t believe, we got 52 randomized control trials on the subject, and one systematic review, which is the evidentiary basis for the guideline recommendations. So the ASCO guideline update on palliative care for patients with cancer underscores the importance of a comprehensive, patient-centered approach to care that prioritizes symptom management, communication, and support for not only patients but also their families. It distinguishes itself through its rigorous methodology, the expert consensus from a wide array of people who take part in these updates, and also, there is a special section for all the recommendations as far as clinical relevance is considered. The updates are very timely and also comprehensive for sure. So all of these features make it a valuable resource for clinicians who want to seek guidance on providing optimal palliative care to patients with cancer.   I believe that the uptake, as far as possible, by institutions and physicians, factoring physicians all around the world, these guidelines would benefit the patients by providing evidence-based recommendations that improve symptom management, enhance care communication, and shared decision making, ultimately ensuring timely access to palliative and supportive care services. The uptake will support the caregivers and hopefully will help a long way in optimizing the end-of-life care for these patients suffering from cancer.  Brittany Harvey: Definitely, we hope that these updated guidelines are a useful resource for clinicians, as you pointed out, to provide better end-of-life care for all patients with cancer.   So, you both touched a little bit on the limited evidence and some future research opportunities. So finally, to wrap us up, Dr. Lundquist, what are the outstanding questions and future research needed on palliative care in patients with cancer? Dr. Debra Lundquist: As we’ve been hearing about in our conversation today, the findings and the benefits of palliative care, they’re well known. We know the difference palliative care makes in the life of patients that are experiencing or living with advanced cancer as well as their caregivers and their families. But certainly, more studies are needed to explore more innovative and other models of care. Because we also need to acknowledge that as much as we want every single person to have the opportunity to get palliative care, the workforce is not going to support that. So this is an important time to think about innovative, potentially scalable, and compelling strategies to address the unmet needs of patients in order to deliver palliative care. Innovative approaches are needed, particularly, to overcome the shortage of the workforce in order to better support the unique needs of our patient population. So as we’re thinking forward, novel application of interventions to address unmet needs tailored to the unique needs of patients across the disease trajectory, and that may include collaborative care models, telehealth, additional training and resources, for example, nurses; advanced practice providers. But as we’re doing that, we really need to be thinking about how we’re going to design, develop, and test these interventions in order for them to be scaled appropriately. And then how do we implement and disseminate across different settings, rural, urban, different locations, in order to best meet the needs of this patient population.       Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. Those are important questions for us all to consider moving forward, and we'll look forward to future research in these areas to continue to provide optimal palliative care to all patients.  So I want to thank you both so much for all of your work on this guideline update, and thank you for taking the time to share the important nuances of this guideline with our listeners today, Dr. Lundquist and Dr. Ghoshal.  Dr. Arun Ghoshal: It's been a pleasure being here.  Dr. Debra Lundquist: Thank you very much, Brittany. It was a wonderful opportunity. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all of our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO guidelines app, available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you've heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.  The purpose of this podcast is to educate and inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.  Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.      

Dr. Douglas Peterson presents the latest evidence-based guideline from ISOO, MASCC, and ASCO on the prevention and management of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiation therapy. He covers topics such as recommended initial workup, best practices for prevention of ORN of the head and neck before and after radiation therapy, nonsurgical and surgical management of ORN, and management of adverse events associated with ORN. Dr. Peterson also comments on the importance of this guideline and what researchers should address moving forward. Read the full guideline, “Prevention and Management of Osteoradionecrosis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Radiation Therapy: ISOO-MASCC-ASCO Guideline” at www.asco.org/head-neck-cancer-guidelines. TRANSCRIPT This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at http://www.asco.org/head-neck-cancer-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.23.02750.   Brittany Harvey: Hello and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO's podcasts, bringing you timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all our shows, including this one, at asco.org/podcasts.   My name is Brittany Harvey and today, I'm interviewing Dr. Douglas Peterson from UConn Health, lead author on “Prevention and Management of Osteoradionecrosis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Radiation Therapy: International Society of Oral Oncology, Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer, American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline.” Thank you for being here, Dr. Peterson. Dr. Douglas Peterson: Thank you, Brittany. My pleasure to be here. Brittany Harvey: Before we discuss the guideline, I'd like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensures that the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Peterson, who has joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, which is linked in the show notes.  So then, to dive into the topic we're here to discuss, Dr. Peterson, could you first provide an overview of the scope and purpose of this joint ISOO-MASCC-ASCO guideline? Dr. Douglas Peterson: I'll be pleased to do so, Brittany. Again, thank you for the opportunity to represent the panel in this guideline. The panel has strived to present a guideline that brings consistency in clinical practice regarding prevention and management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORN) based on the highest quality contemporary science. Given the mechanistic and clinical complexity of ORN, we also stress the importance of interprofessional oncology care of these patients. The team includes, but is not limited to, clinicians representing radiation oncology, head and neck surgery, medical oncology, otolaryngology, dental medicine, oral medicine, oral oncology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and patient advocacy organizations. So it really is a collective enterprise that we bring to bear in the guideline.  In some cases, the panel has been fortunate to be able to utilize a high quality evidence base in the literature upon which we could build strong recommendations. In selected other cases, however, we utilized informal consensus given the low evidence quality in the field. The recommendations presented have been carefully framed in this context, with the goal of providing state-of-the-science guidelines in clinical decision making and management of ORN. I'd also like to point out that the guideline brings linkage to other guidelines published by ASCO and other major oncology organizations, regarding management of symptoms and other supportive care needs associated with ORN. These companion guidelines include addressing pain, dysphagia, oral care, trismus, and psychosocial impact and survivorship, to name a few. I'd also like to say that combining the expertise of ISOO, MASCC, and ASCO has provided an important opportunity to produce this guideline. This has been a comprehensive effort by many experts. In addition to the outstanding input from the panel, I am also personally so very grateful for the expert input from ASCO's Evidence-Based Medicine Committee, as well as endorsements from other key organizations, including the American Head and Neck Society, the American Society for Radiation Oncology, and the American Academy of Oral Medicine as endorsees of the guideline. Finally in addition, Dr. Nofisat Ismaila’s leadership as ASCO staff has been absolutely invaluable as well.  Brittany Harvey: Excellent. I appreciate you providing that background on the development of this evidence-based guideline, which was developed by a multi-organizational and multidisciplinary panel.   So to dive into the key recommendations of this guideline, this guideline addresses six clinical questions. So, starting with question one, what key points would you like to highlight regarding how ORN is characterized, graded, and reported, and what is the recommended initial workup for patients?  Dr. Douglas Peterson: Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw of the mandible and maxilla should be characterized in the view of the panel as a radiographic, lytic, or mixed sclerotic lesion of bone, and/or visibly exposed bone, and/or, importantly, bone probed through a periodontal pocket or fistula. In the latter case, the clinical appearance of exposed bone may be extremely subtle. ORN is occurring within an anatomical site previously exposed to a therapeutic dose of head and neck radiation therapy. So we have a combined radiographic/clinical approach characterizing the lesion in the context of the patient having received previously a therapeutic dose of head/neck radiation therapy. We do recommend that clinicians evaluate ORN based on the most contemporary staging system, the ClinRad system, which is cited in the publication itself. We also advocate for the use of the ClinRad staging system not only in clinical assessment of patients, but also in clinical trials moving forward. We’ll touch a little bit later on future research opportunities as well.  Finally, the initial evaluation of ORN should include a clinical intraoral examination, and again, the appearance of exposed bone may be extremely subtle, and/or a formal radiographic examination. The guideline delineates the various types of radiographic examinations that we recommend.  Brittany Harvey: Understood. Thank you for reviewing those recommendations regarding reporting and characterization of ORN, as well as the workup.   The next section of the guideline, it focuses on best practices to prevent ORN of the head and neck prior to radiation therapy. What are the key recommendations of that section?  Dr. Douglas Peterson: As with other adverse events in oncology patients, prevention is key. Prevention of ORN does require interprofessional management. The guideline lists several key recommendations along these lines. Now, an important caveat in what the guideline presents is that the target coverage of the tumor should not be compromised in order to avoid radiation dose to bone. So that’s a very important caveat. Now having said that, focused effort should be made to reduce the mean dose to the jaw and the volume of bone receiving above 50 Gy whenever possible. So it’s really a balance between maximizing target coverage of the tumor while limiting exposure to normal bone. In addition, a dental assessment by a dentist and dental specialist, if possible, is strongly advised prior to therapeutic-intent radiation therapy. The purpose of this assessment by the dental team is to identify and remove teeth which will place the patient at risk of developing ORN during the patient’s lifetime, and to comprehensively educate the patient about the lifelong risk of ORN. Dental extraction in advance of radiation is often a consideration to these patients, and if clinically indicated, should occur at least two weeks prior to the commencement of radiation therapy. Now having said that, in the setting of a rapidly progressive tumor, extraction should be deferred and not cause delay in the initiation of radiation therapy. Brittany Harvey: So you just touched on key points of prevention prior to radiation therapy. Following those recommendations, what does the expert panel recommend regarding best practices to prevent ORN after radiation therapy? Dr. Douglas Peterson: This can be a challenging clinical issue. So the panel recommends that before finalizing dental treatment plans that may include extractions in patients with a history of head and neck radiation therapy, a review of the radiation therapy plan should be performed with particular attention focused on dose to the mandible and maxilla. For teeth in areas of high-risk for ORN, alternatives to dental extraction may be possible, for example, root canal or endodontic procedures, crowns, or dental restorations, or dental filling should be offered unless the patient has recurrent infections, intractable pain, or other symptoms that cannot be alleviated without extraction. So it really becomes a combined clinical decision making effort between the dental team and oncology team.  One controversial area has been hyperbaric oxygen being administered prior to dental extractions in patients who have received head and neck radiation therapy previously. The panel does not recommend routine use of prophylactic HBO prior to dental extractions in these patients who have received prior head and neck radiation therapy. However, the evidence base here is limited with low quality and we offer a weak strength of recommendation. It is a controversial area, so we did also include a qualifying statement that prophylactic HBO may be offered to patients undergoing invasive dental procedures at oral sites where a substantial volume of the mandible and/or maxilla receive at least 50 Gy. This is an area of controversy. We can talk about this in the future research directions, but clearly, new high quality research related to the role of HBO in the management of these patients is needed.  Brittany Harvey: Definitely. Thank you for touching on those points and that area of controversy. We can definitely touch on that a bit later as we talk about future research in this field.  As you mentioned, Dr. Peterson, this guideline addresses both prevention and management. So, in moving into the management of ORN, how should ORN be managed nonsurgically?  Dr. Douglas Peterson: The guideline relative to nonsurgical management of ORN is focused on the use of pentoxifylline. Now this maybe used in, and this is important, in cancer-free patients with mild, moderate, and severe cases of ORN. But pentoxifylline, the guideline also notes, is most likely to have a beneficial effect if the treatment is combined with tocopherol, antibiotics, and prednisolone as well. So there’s clinical judgment involved in the nonsurgical management of ORN, centered with pentoxifylline in combination with tocopherol, antibiotics, and prednisolone. Brittany Harvey: Understood. And then expanding on the management of ORN, what are the key points for surgical management of ORN? Dr. Douglas Peterson: The panel offered several recommendations for which the strength of the recommendations was strong. Just to cite a few, in partial thickness ORN as defined by the ClinRad stage one and two that we talked about earlier, surgical management can start with transoral minor interventions which can lead to resolution over time. It may take time. It may take weeks or even a few months. Now this minimally invasive surgery may include debridement, sequestrectomy, alveolectomy, and/or soft tissue flap closure. Furthermore, small defects, clinically, for example, less than 2.5 cm in length, may heal spontaneously with local topical measures such as we described. It is recommended that larger defects, larger than 2.5 cm, in general be covered with vascularized tissue.  Brittany Harvey: Appreciate you reviewing those recommendations regarding surgical management of ORN. So to wrap up our discussion of the recommendations with the final clinical question, what is recommended for assessment and management of adverse events associated with ORN?  Dr. Douglas Peterson: This is a really important area as well in addition to prevention and management of ORN per se. The panel recommends that patients should be assessed by their healthcare providers for the presence of adverse events at the time of ORN diagnosis and periodically thereafter until the adverse event resolves based on patient status including any interventions or the adverse events that are clinically indicated. The panel and its literature evaluation learned that there is a relative lack of data specifically directed to the management of adverse events associated with ORN. However, this is such an important area that we wanted to address it head on. And so the management we recommend should be informed by pertinent available other guidelines that had been developed for analogous symptoms and/or disease states. The guideline provides links to these companion guidelines developed by ASCO as well as by MASCC and ISOO, the European Society of Medical Oncology, and NCCN. And so in the guideline we provide links on management of adverse events as produced by these other organizations. Table 3 presents a summary of the guidelines that address symptoms and supportive care needs associated with ORN.  Brittany Harvey: Thank you for reviewing all of these recommendations. It's clear that the panel put a lot of work and thought into these recommendations and provided needed guidance in areas with limited evidence. We’ll have links available in the show notes for listeners to be able to go and read these recommendations for themselves and refer to the tables that you mentioned.  So in your view, Dr. Peterson, what is the importance of this guideline and how will it impact clinicians and patients with head and neck cancer? Dr. Douglas Peterson: As we talked about throughout this podcast, the guideline is designed to synthesize the contemporary science regarding ORN and translate that into recommendations for clinical practice in both prevention and management. As noted in the guideline, oncologists plus other interprofessional healthcare providers have been directly involved in the creation of the guideline, that interprofessional theme, which we believe is so essential given the mechanistic and clinical complexity of ORN.  Now, in addition to the expertise of the panel, the pending widespread distribution of the guideline represents an additional important opportunity for extending the impact across clinical oncology. So in addition to the publication in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, dissemination by MASCC and ISOO as well as our endorsees, the American Head and Neck Society, the American Society for Radiation Oncology, and the American Academy of Oral Medicine will also be key in broadening the impact and hopefully the utilization of the guideline. And members of these organizations may very well be involved in the management of these patients as well.  And then finally, the guideline is also designed to stimulate future research based on current gaps of the knowledge and we touched on some of those gaps, for example, with HBO for which new high quality research is needed.   Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. It’s great to have so many partners in this guideline and we hope that this guideline will have a large impact for patients with head and neck cancer to improve their quality of life.   So then your final comment leads nicely into my last question and that we’ve already talked a little bit about some of the future research opportunities that this guideline highlights. So, to wrap us up, Dr. Peterson, what are the outstanding questions regarding osteoradionecrosis of the jaw secondary to head and neck radiation therapy in patients with cancer?  Dr. Douglas Peterson: There are several key areas that the panel identified as we went through a rigorous review of the highest quality literature. Some of the key areas to address moving forward include: prospective studies are needed to evaluate the clinical presentation, trajectory, and response to treatment of ORN-related symptoms and function impairment, in other words, the adverse event side of the story. In addition, social determinants of health, quality of life, and psychosocial impact of ORN warrant further investigation in head and neck cancer survivors as well. In addition, new research including randomized controlled trials and prospective multicenter trials regarding the systemic and surgical treatment of ORN is also warranted, and we touched on, for example, hyperbaric oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen has been a long standing management strategy of ORN. However, the trials to date are of limited quality in relation to supporting its use. So high quality new research related to the role of HBO in these patients is needed.   And the expert panel also encourages creation of predictive tools, a priori tools, directed to development, grading, and staging of ORN. These could include, for example, bone turnover markers and genetic markers to name two. And finally, the research opportunities that are presented in the guidelines such as what I briefly summarized today should ideally be addressed in large prospective multicenter observational studies of risk, outcomes, and financial cost of ORN or the various treatment strategies that are highlighted in the guideline.    Brittany Harvey: Excellent. Well, we’ll look forward to research that addresses those outstanding questions and I want to thank you so much for your all your work on this guideline and for taking the time to share the highlights of this guideline with me today, Dr. Peterson.  Dr. Douglas Peterson: Thank you. My privilege to do so, Brittany. Brittany Harvey: And thank you to all our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/head-neck-cancer-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode. The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. 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