第2673期:Tooth grown in laboratory by scientists

A kind of tortoise not seen in more than 110 years has been found in the Galapagos Islands.在加拉帕戈斯群岛已经发现了一种超过110年的乌龟。A female from a species known as the Fernandina giant tortoise was discovered last weekend on the island of Fernandina.上周末在费尔南迪纳岛上发现了一个名为Fernandina巨型龟的物种的雌性。The Galapagos is a group of 20 islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 kilometers off the coast of Ecuador.加拉帕戈斯（Galapagos）是东太平洋的20个岛屿，距离厄瓜多尔海岸约1000公里。The islands belong to Ecuador and the tortoise discovery was announced by the country’s ministry of environment. It said that the creature was identified by researchers from the Galapagos National Park and the Galapagos Conservancy, a group based in the United States.这些岛屿属于厄瓜多尔，该国环境部宣布了乌龟发现。 它说，该生物是由加拉帕戈斯国家公园（Galapagos National Park）和总部位于美国的组织加拉帕戈斯保护协会（Galapagos Consercan）的研究人员确定的。Wildlife experts had thought the Fernandina giant tortoise no longer existed.野生动植物专家认为不再存在Fernandina巨人乌龟。The researchers said they believe the adult female tortoise is more than 100 years old. The animal was taken to a breeding center for giant tortoises on the Galapagos island of Santa Cruz.研究人员说，他们认为成年女性乌龟已有100多年的历史。 该动物被带到加拉帕戈斯岛圣克鲁斯岛上的巨型乌龟的繁殖中心。The International Union for Conservation of Nature says the only other living member of the species was found in 1906. Since then, researchers have found some evidence of Fernandina giant tortoise activity. There was an unconfirmed sighting in 2009. But the latest find was the first new confirmed sighting of the species.国际自然保护联盟说，该物种中唯一的其他活着的成员是1906年发现的。从那时起，研究人员发现了一些Fernandina巨人乌龟活动的证据。 2009年有一个未经证实的目击。但最新发现是对该物种的首个新的确认目击。Investigators believe there may be more members of the species on Fernandina Island because of animal droppings and tracks they found.调查人员认为，由于他们发现的动物粪便和曲目，在费尔南迪纳岛上可能会有更多的物种成员。Danny Rueda is the director of Galapagos National Park. He says the discovery provides new hope for possible successful breeding. "This encourages us to strengthen our search plans to find other turtles, which will allow us to start a breeding program in captivity to recover this species," he said in a statement.丹尼·鲁达（Danny Rueda）是加拉帕戈斯国家公园（Galapagos National Park）的主任。 他说，这一发现为可能的成功繁殖提供了新的希望。 他在一份声明中说：“这鼓励我们加强我们的搜索计划，以找到其他海龟，这将使我们能够在被囚禁中开始一个繁殖计划，以恢复该物种。”Fernandina is the third-largest island in the Galapagos. A volcano there is one of the most active in the world. The International Union for Conservation of Nature said it feared the species was likely lost to repeated volcanic lava flows “that nearly cover the island.”费尔南迪娜（Fernandina）是加拉帕戈斯（Galapagos）的第三大岛。 火山是世界上最活跃的火山之一。 国际自然保护联盟表示，人们担心这种物种可能会因为“几乎覆盖该岛”的重复火山熔岩流失。Ecuador’s Environment Minister, Marcelo Mata Guerrero, said the government fully supports additional research and development efforts aimed at saving the species.厄瓜多尔环境部长马塞洛·马塔·格雷罗（Marcelo Mata Guerrero）表示，政府完全支持旨在拯救该物种的其他研发工作。

At an animal hospital in the Northeast United States, a biologist takes blood from a sick loggerhead sea turtle named Honey Bun. 在美国东北部的一家动物医院，一名生物学家从一只病态的Loggerhead海龟中取血，名为Honey Bun。 This is one of the first steps scientists must take before treating and rehabilitating the turtle so that it can be returned into the wild. 这是科学家在治疗和修复乌龟之前必须采取的第一步，以便它可以归还野外。 Cape Cod, in the state of Massachusetts, may have some of the largest numbers of turtle strandings in the world. 在马萨诸塞州，科德角（Cape Cod）可能拥有世界上最多的乌龟束缚。 The number of turtles that became trapped on Cape Cod beaches has risen over the past 10 years. That information comes from the Mass Audubon’s Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. 在过去的10年中，被困在鳕鱼角海滩上的海龟数量增加了。 这些信息来自大众奥杜邦的Wellfleet Bay野生动物保护区。 This year, volunteers found 829 turtles washed up on the sand. About half of them were dead, including some that were frozen solid. That number is nearly twice what workers found in 2016 and nearly 10 times more than 2008. 今年，志愿者发现829只乌龟在沙滩上冲洗掉。 其中大约一半死了，其中包括一些冷冻固体。 这个数字几乎是工人在2016年发现的两倍，是2008年的几乎10倍。 Some experts think the number of washed up turtles is related to climate change. 一些专家认为被冲洗的海龟的数量与气候变化有关。 A paper published in PLOS ONE notes that there were more strandings of Kemp’s ridley sea turtles in years with warmer sea-surface temperatures. It added that of the threats to turtle populations, “climate change may present the broadest threat for sea turtle conservation.” PLOS在PLOS上发表的一篇论文指出，多年来，肯普的Ridley海龟的搁浅，海面温度更高。 它补充说，在对乌龟人群的威胁中，“气候变化可能对海龟保护构成最广泛的威胁”。 Over the past 10 years, many turtles have been moving north from the Gulf of Mexico into the warming waters of the Gulf of Maine. There, they feed on mussels, crabs and other sea creatures. 在过去的10年中，许多海龟从墨西哥湾向北移动到缅因州湾的温暖水域。 在那里，它们以贻贝，螃蟹和其他海洋生物为食。 Cape Cod extends into the Atlantic Ocean, serving as a kind of trap for turtles. When the waters cool there, the animals start to have health problems, like developing pneumonia. They have problems moving and eating. 科德角延伸到大西洋，是乌龟的陷阱。 当那里的水冷却时，动物开始存在健康问题，例如患肺炎。 他们在移动和饮食方面存在问题。 Bob Prescott is the director of Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary and helped to prepare the PLOS ONE paper. He notes that the sea turtles “know how to leave, but the Cape is like a trap – a hook within a hook.” 鲍勃·普雷斯科特（Bob Prescott）是Wellfleet Bay野生动物保护区的董事，并帮助准备了PLOS One论文。 他指出，海龟“知道如何离开，但斗篷就像一个陷阱 - 钩子里的钩子。” If the turtles survive, it can take months before they are fully recovered. Adam Kennedy is a biologist at New England Aquarium’s sea turtle hospital in Quincy, Massachusetts. He says that when the turtles arrive at the hospital “they look like they are dead, especially in December.” 如果海龟生存，可能需要几个月的时间才能完全恢复。 亚当·肯尼迪（Adam Kennedy）是马萨诸塞州昆西的新英格兰水族馆海龟医院的生物学家。 他说，当海龟到达医院时，“它们看起来好像已经死了，尤其是在十二月。” Other experts argue that climate change alone cannot explain the increased number of turtle strandings. 其他专家认为，仅气候变化无法解释乌龟束缚的数量增加。Jeffrey Seminoff heads the Marine Turtle Ecology and Assessment Program at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service. He believes that the high number of strandings “probably results from the simple fact that there’s more turtles.” 杰弗里·塞诺夫（Jeffrey Seminoff）领导着国家海洋和大气管理局国家海洋渔业局的海龟生态和评估计划。 他认为，大量搁浅“可能是由于有更多海龟的简单事实而导致的。”Seminoff said that the recovery of the turtle population and “success of conservation efforts at the nesting beaches” could explain the higher number of turtle strandings. Seminoff说，乌龟种群的恢复和“筑巢海滩的保护工作的成功”可以解释乌龟的数量更高。 Kennedy, the biologist, said that he has mixed feelings when the turtles are released back into the wild. “It’s bittersweet, because you spend so much time with them but ultimately every one of these guys getting back to the ocean helps the population.” 生物学家肯尼迪（Kennedy）说，当海龟被释放回野外时，他的感受也不同。 “这很苦乐参半，因为您花了很多时间与他们在一起，但最终，这些家伙回到海洋中的每个人都会帮助人口。” Recently, Honey Bun – the turtle we met at the beginning of our report – and other turtles were taken to Florida. They were released into the water. 最近，蜂蜜面包 - 我们在报告开头遇到的乌龟 - 其他海龟被带到佛罗里达。 他们被释放到水中。 Kelly Shaffer is with National Aquarium Baltimore, which worked with four other groups to organize the turtles’ release. She noted that she feels a sense of “joy and accomplishment” at “being able to put them back out there.” 凯利·谢弗（Kelly Shaffer）与国家水族馆巴尔的摩（National Aquarium Baltimore）一起，该水族馆与其他四个团体合作组织了乌龟的释放。 她指出，她对“能够将它们放回那里”感到“喜悦和成就”感到“喜悦和成就”。

Now, just as scientists are beginning to fully understand these unusual creatures, the turtles are quickly disappearing. Similar population decreases have also been documented at beaches where leatherbacks nest on the western Pacific. 现在，就像科学家开始完全理解这些异常生物一样，乌龟也很快消失了。 在西太平洋筑巢的海滩上，还记录了类似的人口减少。Scientists say that if nothing changes, the leatherbacks could completely disappear from the U.S. West Coast within 30 years. The population drops are mainly blamed on international fishing activities, the destruction of nesting grounds and climate change. 科学家说，如果什么都没有改变，棱角状可能会在30年内从美国西海岸完全消失。 人口下降主要归咎于国际捕鱼活动，筑巢场的破坏和气候变化。 “The turtles were there and we finally started paying attention,” said Jim Harvey, director of San Jose State University's Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. He was a co-writer of the new study. “We got into looking at the story just as the story was ending,” Harvey told the AP. 圣何塞州立大学苔藓陆战海洋实验室主任吉姆·哈维（Jim Harvey）说：“乌龟在那里，我们终于开始关注。” 他是新研究的合着者。 哈维对美联社说：“随着故事的结尾，我们开始研究这个故事。” The study provides important information, but also shows the threats the leatherbacks face, said Daniel Pauly, a fisheries professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada. Pauly, who was not involved in the study, is an international expert on the effects of fishing on ocean ecosystems. 加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学的渔业教授丹尼尔·保利（Daniel Pauly）说，这项研究提供了重要的信息，但也显示了棱角状面部的威胁。 没有参与该研究的Pauly是捕鱼对海洋生态系统影响的国际专家。 The animals can be killed when they get trapped in fishing equipment. Scientists say the population is also harmed because a lot of turtle eggs are removed from beaches. 当动物被困在钓鱼设备中时，它们可能会被杀死。 科学家说，人口也受到伤害，因为从海滩上移走了许多乌龟蛋。Researchers say that while all the world's leatherbacks are under pressure, the group that migrates for months across the Pacific faces the greatest threats. 研究人员说，虽然世界上所有的棱角扣都承受着压力，但在太平洋迁移数月的小组面临着最大的威胁。 “If you find the decline in one place, that might have a number of causes, but if you find the same estimate of decline in two places that is something much more serious,” Pauly said. He added that the sea turtles “are really in big trouble.” Pauly说：“如果您发现一个地方的下降，可能会有很多原因，但是如果您发现两个地方下降的估计值相同，那么这是更严重的事情。” 他补充说，海龟“确实遇到了很大的麻烦”。 NOAA launched an aggressive plan to save leatherbacks in 2015 and is set to release a new action plan this month. The plan is meant to persuade governments and international organizations to join efforts to save the turtles. NOAA启动了一项激进的计划，以节省2015年的棱皮术，并将在本月发布新的动作计划。 该计划旨在说服政府和国际组织加入拯救海龟的努力。 Benson, the NOAA ecologist, said there is still time to stop the decrease, but that it will require an immediate, international effort. “If nothing is done to reverse this course, this population will become … extinct in the Pacific Ocean." NOAA生态学家本森（Benson）说，还有时间停止下降，但这将需要立即，国际上的努力。 “如果没有采取任何措施来扭转这一课程，那么在太平洋灭绝的人群将成为……”。”

Scientists say there has been a major drop in the population of leatherback sea turtles off the U.S. West Coast. 科学家说，美国西海岸的棱皮海龟人口大幅下降。 Researchers say there was an 80 percent drop in one group of leatherbacks found off the California coast over the past 30 years. One recent study found a 5.6 percent yearly decrease in the population. 研究人员说，在过去30年中，加利福尼亚海岸在加利福尼亚海岸发现的一组棱皮术下降了80％。 最近的一项研究发现，人口年度下降了5.6％。 Leatherbacks are massive sea turtles dating back to the time of the dinosaurs. The animals can grow up to 1.5 meters in length and weigh as much as 680 kilograms. 棱皮是可以追溯到恐龙时代的巨大海龟。 这些动物的长度长达1.5米，重达680公斤。 The leatherback sea turtles found along the U.S. Pacific coast are actually born thousands of kilometers away, on beaches in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. The animals migrate 11,000 kilometers across the Pacific Ocean to feed on jellyfish in waters off the U.S. West Coast. Then, they swim back. 沿着美国太平洋海岸发现的棱皮海龟实际上诞生于印度尼西亚，巴布亚新几内亚，瓦努阿图和所罗门群岛的海滩上数千公里。 这些动物在整个太平洋上迁移了11,000公里，以美国西海岸海水中的水母为食。 然后，他们向后游回。As many as 60 percent of the leatherback turtles born in the western Pacific Ocean are believed to make the trip to California. Scientists are not sure why some do and others do not. Some go farther north, to waters off Oregon or Washington state. 据信，在西太平洋出生的棱皮龟中，多达60％是前往加利福尼亚的旅行。 科学家不确定为什么有些人这样做，而另一些人则不知道。 有些人向北走得更远，到达俄勒冈州或华盛顿州附近的水域。 Scott Benson is an ecologist with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) fisheries service in Monterey, California. He has studied the turtles for many years and recently co-wrote a study on leatherback populations. Benson told The Associated Press that the long trip across the Pacific demonstrates the strength of the sea turtles. 斯科特·本森（Scott Benson）是加利福尼亚州蒙特雷的美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）渔业服务的生态学家。 他研究了乌龟多年，最近共同撰写了一项有关棱皮师人群的研究。 本森告诉美联社，穿越太平洋的漫长旅程展示了海龟的力量。“There are birds that go farther, but they fly. There's a whale shark that might swim a little further, but it doesn't have to come up for air,” he said. The leatherbacks, he noted, are “actually pushing water all the way across the Pacific Ocean.” 他说：“有些鸟会走得更远，但是它们会飞。有一条鲸鲨可能会走得更远，但不必升起空气。” 他指出，棱皮的背包“实际上是在太平洋上一直推着水。”

Scientists found the deep tracks left by these icebergs by looking at energy companies' seismic surveys of the North Sea. It showed icebergs the size of Norwich were once found off the eastern coast of Scotland. This is the first hard evidence that the ice sheet that covered Britain and Ireland 18,000 years ago produced such large icebergs. 科学家们通过分析能源公司对北海的地震勘测资料发现了冰山留下的深深的轨迹。资料表明与诺里奇市大小相当的冰山曾出现在苏格兰的东海岸。这是首个确凿证据证明 1.8 万年前覆盖着不列颠和爱尔兰的冰盖曾行成过如此巨大的冰山。 The findings may help scientists answer fundamental questions about how the Antarctic ice sheet may be affected as the ice shelves around its edge become unstable in a warming world. 这些发现或许能帮助科学家们解答关于南极冰盖的一些关键问题：随着全球变暖，南极冰盖边缘的冰架变得愈发不稳定，南极冰盖将受到怎样的影响。

Researchers from King's College and Imperial College developed a material that mimics the environment needed for tooth development, allowing cells to send signals and begin forming a tooth. 伦敦国王学院和帝国理工大学的研究人员研发出了一种模拟牙齿生长环境的材料，这种材料可以促使细胞发出信号并开始形成牙齿。 The idea is that the lab-grown teeth would naturally regenerate and integrate into the jaw, creating a new set that's stronger and far more durable than traditional fillings or implants. 这项研究的想法是让实验室培育的牙齿能够自然地再生并与颌骨结合在一起，从而长出一套更坚固的新牙，其耐用度也会优于补牙用的传统填充材料或种植牙。 It could take years before these lab-grown teeth are seen in the mouths of dental patients. But scientists say once they discover how to do it, it will revolutionise oral health. 我们可能还需要很多年时间才能看到这种在实验室中培育的牙齿被应用于牙科患者的口腔中。但是科学家们表示，一旦他们研究出应用方法，此项技术就将彻底改变口腔健康。

"Welcome! Shoes off please." In many Asian countries, removing shoes when you enter someone's home is expected – it shows respect and ensures cleanliness. In other places, such as the UK, however, the social norms are more ambiguous. Some Brits might have a strict "shoes off" rule, while others may be squeamish about seeing others' socks or bare feet. What do the scientists say? “欢迎！请脱鞋。” 在许多亚洲国家，预计进入某人的家时，脱鞋 - 它表现出尊重并确保清洁。 但是，在其他地方，例如英国，社会规范更加模棱两可。 有些英国人可能有严格的“鞋子”规则，而另一些人可能会因为看到别人的袜子或赤脚而感到沮丧。 科学家怎么说？If you remove your shoes at the door for cleanliness, you're probably thinking about the visible dirt – urban dust, mud and grass that has hitched a ride from the outside world on the sole of your shoe. But the real problems are microscopic. A review of research called 'Shoe soles as a potential vector for pathogen transmission' found a high prevalence of dangerous bacteria on shoe soles, which could lead to illness. Children under five are particularly at risk because of their closeness to the floor and developing immune systems. 如果您在门口脱下鞋子以保持清洁度，那么您可能会考虑可见的污垢 - 城市灰尘，泥土和草，这些灰尘，泥土和草已从鞋子的鞋底上搭便车。 但是真正的问题是显微镜。 对称为“鞋底作为病原体传播的潜在载体”的研究的综述发现，鞋底危险细菌的流行率很高，这可能导致疾病。 五岁以下的儿童由于与地板的亲密关系和发展免疫系统的危险尤其危险。 Germs aside, shoe soles can also bring in nasty chemicals like pesticides and herbicides, exposure to which can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, according to a study by Muhammad Sarwar, published in Cogent Medicine. Allergens such as pollen can also enter your home via your shoes, which can be a big issue if you suffer with hay fever or have respiratory issues. Isn't your home meant to be a safe haven? 根据3种细菌，鞋底还可以引入令人讨厌的化学物质，例如农药和除草剂，暴露于穆罕默德·萨瓦尔（Muhammad Sarwar）的一项研究中，可能会引起头痛，头晕，恶心和呕吐。 过敏原（例如花粉）也可以通过鞋子进入您的家，如果您患有花粉症或呼吸道问题，这可能是一个大问题。 您的家不是要成为避风港吗？But it's not just about hygiene. Going shoeless can improve things such as balance, body awareness and strength and stability in your muscles, according to a medically reviewed article called 'Does Walking Barefoot Have Health Benefits?'. "In theory, walking barefoot more closely restores our 'natural' walking pattern, also known as our gait," explains foot and ankle specialist Jonathan Kaplan. 但这不仅与卫生有关。 根据医学审查的文章，“肌肉中的平衡，身体意识，力量和稳定性”等文章称为“赤脚行走是否有健康好处？”。 “从理论上讲，赤脚行走更接近恢复我们的'自然'步行模式，也称为步态，”脚脚踝专家乔纳森·卡普兰（Jonathan Kaplan）解释说。 In cultures where a shoe-free home is the norm, the reasons are backed by science. And in places where the rules are less clear, maybe it's time to think about leaving our outdoor shoes at the threshold. There's an old African proverb that states "When you leave your shoes at the doorstep, you leave your troubles behind." 在不含鞋子房屋的文化中，原因是科学支持的。 在规则不太明确的地方，也许是时候考虑将我们的户外鞋子留在门槛上了。 有一个古老的非洲谚语说：“当您将鞋子留在门口时，您会留下麻烦。”

Starting a new job, moving house, quitting your job to start a new business – all of these can be great opportunities, but all of them can lead to uncertainty. We can't know for sure that they will turn out well. Could this fear of the unknown be holding us back? 开始新的工作，搬家，辞职以开始新业务 - 所有这些都可能是绝佳的机会，但是所有这些都可能导致不确定性。 我们无法确定它们会很好。 这种对未知数的恐惧会阻止我们吗？ Improving things in your life often requires some uncertainty, whether that's making time to learn something new, or moving to a new area. And It's not just about radical change. We often make negative assumptions about people we don't know, but if we go through the uncertainty of getting to know someone new, we can establish positive social or working relationships. 改善生活中的事物通常需要一些不确定性，无论是花时间学习新知识还是搬到新领域。 这不仅仅是彻底的变化。 我们经常对我们不认识的人做出负面假设，但是如果我们经历了认识新人的不确定性，我们就可以建立积极的社会或工作关系。 So, how can we learn to make the most of uncertainty? First, it can help to adjust the way we think about not knowing what will happen. Being curious about a new job can help us grow, while being afraid of any negative changes can stop us taking advantage of new opportunities. It can be helpful to see threats as challenges that can be overcome. 那么，我们如何学会充分利用不确定性？ 首先，它可以帮助调整我们不知道会发生什么的方式。 对新工作感到好奇可以帮助我们成长，同时害怕任何负面变化可以阻止我们利用新的机会。 将威胁视为可以克服的挑战可能会有所帮助。 One thing that can help with this is having faith in your own abilities. When assessing an uncertain future situation, consider your own capability in being able to mitigate any issues that come up. If you know that you have the skills, knowledge or flexibility required to address unforeseen problems, then uncertainty can seem like less of a threat. 可以帮助您的一件事是对自己的能力充满信心。 在评估不确定的未来情况时，请考虑自己能够减轻任何问题的能力。 如果您知道自己具有解决不可预见问题所需的技能，知识或灵活性，那么不确定性似乎就不再是威胁。Believing in yourself is one way to build resilience. E-commerce entrepreneur Alexandre Bonvin highlights the importance of building up a cash buffer in business. Another way to build your resilience can be to take on small tasks that have some uncertainty and reflecting on how you deal with each one. 相信自己是建立韧性的一种方法。 电子商务企业家Alexandre Bonvin强调了建立现金缓冲区的重要性。 建立弹性的另一种方法可能是承担有一些不确定性的小任务，并反思如何处理每个任务。A positive mindset and building up our own personal resilience can help us use uncertainty as an opportunity for growth. 积极的心态并建立自己的个人韧性可以帮助我们利用不确定性作为增长的机会。

Birds of prey, also known as raptors, are species of birds that feed almost entirely on meat that they hunt. A new report shows that these birds are dropping in number worldwide. 猛禽，也称为猛禽，是几乎完全以它们狩猎的肉类为食的鸟类。 一份新报告表明，这些鸟在全球范围内下降。 Researchers from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and BirdLife International studied 557 raptor species. They found that 167 of the bird species are considered near threatened, vulnerable or endangered or critically endangered. Their study also reported that 18 species are critically endangered, including the Philippine eagle, the hooded vulture and the Annobon scops owl. 国际自然和鸟类国际保护联盟的研究人员研究了557种猛禽。 他们发现，有167种鸟类被认为是受到威胁，脆弱或濒危或严重濒临灭绝的。 他们的研究还报道说，有18种受到严重威胁，包括菲律宾鹰，带帽的秃鹰和Annobon Scops Owl。 Gerardo Ceballos is a bird scientist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He was one of the writers of the study, which appeared earlier this month in the publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He noted that other species are in danger of becoming locally extinct in some areas of the world. That means they may no longer play important parts as top hunters in those environments. Gerardo Ceballos是墨西哥国家自治大学的鸟类科学家。 他是该研究的作家之一，该研究本月早些时候在美国国家科学院的出版论文集中发表。 他指出，其他物种在世界某些地区处于局部灭绝的危险。 这意味着他们可能不再在这些环境中作为顶级猎人发挥重要作用。 “The golden eagle is the national bird of Mexico, but we have very few golden eagles left in Mexico,” he said. A 2016 study estimated only about 200 remain in the country. 说：“金鹰是墨西哥的国家鸟，但我们在墨西哥留下的金鹰很少。” 2016年的一项研究估计在该国仅剩下200个。 Harpy eagles were once widespread throughout southern Mexico and Central and South America. But tree cutting and burning has greatly decreased their range.哈比鹰队曾经在整个墨西哥南部以及中美洲和南美洲都广泛。 但是，砍伐和燃烧大大减少了它们的范围。The study found that 54 percent of threatened birds of prey that are active mostly during the day — including most hawks, eagles and vultures —were falling in population. The same was true for 47 percent of threatened raptors active mostly at night, such as owls. 该研究发现，人口下降的人口中有54％的人在白天大多活跃的受威胁猛禽（包括大多数鹰，老鹰和秃鹰）都在下降。 对于47％的受威胁猛禽的活动中，大多在晚上（例如猫头鹰）也是如此。Evan Buechley is a researcher at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center and a scientist at nonprofit HawkWatch International. He was not involved in the study. He said the biggest threats to birds of prey are habitat loss, climate change and poisonous substances. 埃文·布希利（Evan Buechley）是史密森尼移民鸟中心的研究员，也是非营利性霍卡奇国际（Nonprofit Hawkwatch International）的科学家。 他没有参与研究。 他说，对猛禽的最大威胁是栖息地丧失，气候变化和有毒物质。 The insect-killing substance DDT thinned eggshells and destroyed bald eagle populations in North America, leading to its ban in the U.S. in 1972. But Buechley said other threats remain, including rodent-killing substances and the lead in hunters’ ammunition. 杀死昆虫的物质滴滴涕稀释了蛋壳，并摧毁了北美的秃鹰种群，导致1972年在美国禁止其禁令。但是Buechley说，其他威胁仍然存在，包括杀死啮齿动物的物质和猎人弹药的负责人。Many raptors feed on rodents and dead animals. 许多猛禽以啮齿动物和死动物为食。 Widespread use of a drug used in farm animals led to the fast decline of vultures in South Asia. The birds died after eating animal remains, which decreased the population of some species by 95 percent in recent decades. 在农场动物中使用的药物的广泛使用导致南亚秃鹰的快速下降。 鸟类在吃动物遗体后死亡，近几十年来，一些物种的种群减少了95％。 In East Asia, many raptor species reproduce in northern China, Mongolia or Russia. They then travel down the eastern coast of China to spend summers in Southeast Asia or India. 在东亚，许多猛禽物种在中国北部，蒙古或俄罗斯繁殖。 然后，他们沿着中国东海岸旅行，在东南亚或印度度过夏天。 “Certain areas of the coast will see 30 to 40 species during peak migration,” said Yang Liu. He is an ecologist at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou and was not involved in the study. 杨刘说：“沿海岸的某些地区将在高峰迁移期间看到30至40种物种。” 他是广州Sun Yat-Sen University的生态学家，没有参与这项研究。 He said that areas with thousands of birds passing through them “are important to protect.” 他说，成千上万的鸟类经过它们的地区“对于保护很重要”。 Stuart Butchart is chief scientist at BirdLife International in Britain. He said that most of the 4,200 areas identified by conservation groups as critical for raptor species worldwide “are unprotected or only partly covered by protected areas.” Stuart Butchart是英国Birdlife International的首席科学家。 他说，保护群体确定为全世界猛禽物种至关重要的4200个地区中，大多数是“受保护区的无保护或部分覆盖”。 A 2018 study in the publication Biological Conservation found that 52 percent of all raptor species worldwide are decreasing in population. 2018年在出版物生物保护中进行的一项研究发现，全球所有猛禽中有52％的人口正在减少。

The Fish and Wildlife Service warned that climate change, combined with other environmental pressures, could make such disappearances more common. As an example, it said nearly 3 billion birds have been lost in North America since 1970. 鱼类和野生动植物局警告说，气候变化与其他环境压力相结合，可能会使这种失踪更为普遍。 例如，它说自1970年以来，北美已经丢失了近30亿只鸟。“These extinctions highlight the need to take action to prevent further losses,” the agency said in a statement. 该机构在一份声明中说：“这些灭绝强调了采取行动以防止进一步损失的必要性。” Around the world, about 900 species have been documented as extinct. The actual number, however, is thought to be much higher because some are never officially identified. Many scientists have warned that the planet is in an “extinction crisis,” with plants and animals disappearing at 1,000 times the historical rate. 在世界范围内，大约有900种被记录为灭绝。 但是，实际数字被认为要高得多，因为有些人从未正式识别出来。 许多科学家警告说，地球正处于“灭绝危机”，动植物的消失是历史速度的1000倍。 Several scientists said it was possible that one or more of the 23 species included could reappear in the future. 几位科学家说，未来包含的23种物种中有一个或多个可能会重新出现。 Cornell University bird biologist John Fitzpatrick is a leading figure in the hunt for the ivory-billed woodpecker. He told The Associated Press he thinks it was too early to declare the birds extinct. “Little is gained and much is lost” he said of the declaration process. 康奈尔大学鸟类生物学家约翰·菲茨帕特里克（John Fitzpatrick）是寻找象牙嘴啄木鸟的领先人物。 他告诉美联社，他认为宣布鸟类灭绝还为时过早。 他谈到宣言过程时说：“几乎没有收获，损失了很多。”Fitzpatrick led a 2005 study that claimed the woodpecker had been rediscovered in eastern Arkansas. He said removing a species from the ESA reduces public attention that is needed to help continue environmental protection efforts. 菲茨帕特里克（Fitzpatrick）领导了一项2005年的研究，该研究声称啄木鸟在阿肯色州东部重新发现。 他说，从ESA中取出一种物种可以减少公众的关注，以帮助继续环境保护工作。 Officials said the extinction declarations were driven by a desire to clear a backlog of suggested changes for species that had not been acted upon for years. They hope this will free up resources for more protection efforts for species that still have a chance for recovery. 官员们说，灭绝声明是出于渴望清除积压的对物种的积压，这些变化多年来一直没有采取任何行动。 他们希望这将为仍然有恢复机会的物种提供更多保护的资源。