TB Immunology Series: Reimagining Funding Models for Tuberculosis Research - Prof. Mohlopheni J. Marakalala

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The seventh and final episode in the series features Professor Mohlopheni Jackson Marakalala who is currently the Director of the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Centre for Tuberculosis Research at Stellenbosch University (SU), South Africa.Marakalala completed his PhD in Chemical Pathology at the University of Cape Town (2008), receiving the Bronte Stewart Research Prize for the most meritorious PhD thesis. He then completed a total of 8 year postdoctoral training; 4 years in the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at UCT and 4 years in Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health. Between 2016 and 2019, he was a Senior Lecturer at UCT and a Visiting Scientist at Harvard. From 2019 until his recent appointment as the Unit Director of the SAMRC Centre for TB Research, he has been a Wellcome Trust International Fellow and Faculty member at Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) and an Associate Professor at University College London (UCL). His laboratory’s primary interest is on infectious diseases, particularly immunopathogenesis of Tuberculosis, with an aim of developing host-directed therapies targeting mediators of lung damage. His other interests are in understanding strategies utilized by mycobacteria to survive various arms of the immune system. Work in his lab has been funded by grants from SA Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Personal achievements include recognition as a ‘Rising Star’ at the 2019 Grand Challenges meeting, NRF Emerging Researcher Excellence Award (2018), SA Medical Research Council Scientific Merit award (Silver medal) (2016); UCT 2016 College of Fellows Young Researcher Award; and the Next Einstein Forum (2016) Fellowship. In this episode, he talks about how we may rethink funding for TB research in light of recent cuts which have dealt the field a heavy blow. In addition, he shares some of the plans and perspectives he brings to his recent role as Director of the SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research.Timestamps:00:00 - intro01:35 - journey to current role and work in TB03:42 - qualities and factors that have shaped his career06:21 - contributions to TB research; training younger scientists12:14 - funding cuts and impact on his ongoing work15:29 - does external funding limit what aspects of TB research can be studied in Africa?20:49 - what alternative funding models do we start exploring to support local TB research?26:32 - the role of scientists and scientific councils29:40 - will Africa have the market to foster bio-entrepreneurship?33:44 - plans and perspectives for current role - Director of the SAMRC-SU Centre for Tuberculosis Research40:05 - closing remarks; future of TB in Africa42:40 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The sixth and penultimate episode in the series features Fatoumatta Darboe. Originally from The Gambia, Fatoumatta currently works as an Assistant Professional Researcher at the University of California, San Francisco in the United States. Darboe ventured into TB research during her master's programme at the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia (MRCG) at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), where she also completed a postdoctoral training.For her PhD at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), she sought to define TB correlates of disease risk in several South African cohorts of individuals co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This work resulted in the validation and publication of an 11-gene biomarker (Darboe11), which predicted and diagnosed TB disease, and predicted treatment responses in several TB/HIV co-infected cohorts. In this episode, she takes us on her long-standing relationship with TB, including how her interest in TB-HIV coinfection developed. She shares updates on ongoing projects exploring a fascinating pathway implicated in TB and HIV and immunogenic antibodies for TB.Additionally, she talks about what fuels her advocacy for female education and representation in leadership, and why it's important to audit one's "circle" according to their goals.Timestamps:00:00 - intro01:17 - early journey, getting into TB research06:46 - navigating growth with minimal supervision10:20 - journey to SATVI; PhD research highlights14:07 - current projects14:48 - TB-HIV co-infection; TB risk in PLWH 17:45 - understanding the kynurenine-tryptophan (KT) pathway in HIV/TB19:00 - is the KT pathway relevant in TB aside from HIV?21:13 - potential application of findings23:40 - using bacteriophage to unravel TB antibody responses28:33 - which TB strains are targeted in antibody response study?29:56 - challenges, barriers, and sacrifices38:00 - closing remarks38:58 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The fifth episode in the series features Anele Gela, a Research Officer at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, where he studies host determinants of protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Anele first ventured into TB research during his postdoctoral fellowship at SATVI. He completed his PhD degree in Lund University, Sweden, studying asthma, and previously worked with coronaviruses. During his post-doctoral training, he was actively involved in several projects aimed at addressing the role of donor-unrestricted T (DURT) cells in TB immunity and vaccination. In his current role as a research officer, he provides scientific and operational oversight of immunological and laboratory aspects of TB vaccine projects. One such project is the H56:IC31 TB vaccine trial, which was conducted at multiple sites in South Africa and Tanzania.  In this episode, we talk about his journey into studying vaccine immune responses for TB, why vaccines matter, and the need for stronger public engagement in the field.  Timestamps:00:00 - intro01:40 - why vaccines are important; different vaccine types 06:11 - career journey; from coronaviruses to TB 12:20 - PhD research and key findings14:15 - key TB-related projects19:40 - how clinical trials run; projects and findings25:33 - more findings, lessons from trials28:09 - on TB revaccination and BCG effectiveness31:33 - challenges with getting a TB vaccine 36:44 - public engagement in TB vaccine clinical trials38:26 - engaging with public and private agencies to attract investment in biomedical research and development42:15 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The fourth episode in the series features Solomon Jauro, a veterinarian and postdoctoral researcher at the University of Pittsburgh, where he studies tuberculosis in non-human primates (macaque models). Solomon trained as a veterinarian and obtained his master's degree at the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, before proceeding to the University of Pretoria, South Africa, for his PhD.Unlike previous guests, Solomon's work on TB only took off during his postdoctoral fellowship, as his earlier work had focused on antimicrobial resistance and anthrax vaccine immune responses. In this episode, he talks about how his research on macaques co-infected with TB and simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV (a HIV-like virus) could shape current understanding of human TB-HIV coinfection, in the context BCG vaccine-induced immune responses.In addition to sharing what it'd take for his findings to be translated into humans, he also reflected on why African institutions should create structures that foster collaboration, particularly among young scientists.Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:13 - MSc/PhD project; getting into TB02:03 - More on PhD project: anthrax vaccines05:25 - Macaques as 'ideal' models for understanding human TB08:51 - TB-SIV co-infection in macaques10:32 - Evaluating TB/HIV immune responses from intravenous vs intradermal BCG administration I16:33 - BCG'osis in humans18:09 - Evaluating TB/HIV immune responses from intravenous vs intradermal BCG administration II21:48 - SIV viral load and BCG-induced TB protection29:24 - Attenuated BCG for juvenile macaques32:08 - Translating findings from macaque models to human patients32:56 - Does BCG'osis associate with vaccination routes?36:00 - If not TB, then what?38:00 - Closing remarks: how African institutions can foster collaboration among scientists41:20 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The third episode in the series features Paul Ogongo, an assistant professional researcher and former postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Francisco. Originally from Kenya, Paul trained in his home country and South Africa before moving to UCSF for a postdoctoral position. His work has mostly explored T cell responses to TB, highlighting the roles of an important immune cell regulator, IL-17, in the control or progression of the disease. At UCSF, Paul's investigation of T cell-associated immune responses to TB seeks to unravel distinct antigens that could improve future vaccine design against TB. Till date, BCG remains the only approved vaccine against TB; although several other potential candidates are in clinical trials.In this episode, Paul shares key highlights from his work on TB antigens and the promise they hold for design of vaccines that could prevent TB disease progression. He also reflects on some of his experiences with failure and the key advances he anticipates in TB immunology over the next decade. Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:39 - Unravelling the TB spectrum (active TB vs. subclinical TB; TB exposure vs. TB control)08:02 - On why 'latent TB' isn't truly 'latent'09:15 - Investigating active TB (PhD research project and findings)16:09 - Studying TB at the lungs vs in blood20:09 - Evaluating T cell responses to rare variable antigens (findings and implications)32:04 - TB in diabetic individuals36:22 - Dealing with failure 41:49 - Closing remarks: TB immunology over the coming decade46:43 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The second episode in the series features Simon Kimuda, a postdoctoral researcher in the Doores Lab at Kings College London. His work has largely focused on understanding antibody responses to tuberculosis, an area of research which remains underexplored in the field.Simon leverages techniques in immunology and molecular biology to understand immune correlates of protection and inform the design of novel vaccines against respiratory conditions such as tuberculosis and hantavirus infections. Outside of research, he actively contributes to mentorship and career development initiatives, enabling access to career growth opportunities for young scientists.This episode explores Simon's journey in TB immunology, particularly antibodies, which has spanned more than a decade and earned him a Crick African Network Fellowship. Simon also talks about why we should pay more attention to TB stigma and embrace new paradigms to understanding TB.Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:29 - Earliest steps in science and immunology 04:15 - Working with TB09:30 - Heterologous (non-TB) antibody responses in people with active TB15:02 - More on TB antibody responses | affinity and avidity17:10 - Antibody responses in TB vaccines: BCG and future vaccines 23:45 - Crick African Network Fellowship | TB growth inhibition; antibody responses to TB surface sugars31:11 - Linking current postdoctoral research on hantaviruses and interest in TB36:50 - What's next, if funding was not a limitation39:55 - What current TB paradigms need to change in Africa44:45 - Closing remarks | The importance of mentorship46:27 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠Wealth Okete⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠. --Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.The first episode in the series features Sara Suliman, an assistant professor in the Division of Experimental Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital. Her lab focuses on identifying host mechanisms underlying TB risk and pathogenesis. An immunologist by training, Suliman is interested in understanding the immunological determinants of TB risk, progression, and treatment response and developing predictive biomarkers for the disease.This episode explores Suliman's TB work, most of which began during her post-doctoral training at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town. In addition, Suliman talks about how she blends hypothesis-driven and exploratory research in her science and why she finds the former 'more intellectually stimulating'.Timestamps:00:00 - Intro02:26 - Earliest steps in TB immunology04:30 - Overview of initial TB immunology projects exploring vaccines and biomarkers07:48 - Transitioning from cancer to infectious disease immunology12:47 - Genetic biomarkers for TB progressors and non-progressors19:06 - More on 'the biomarker study'24:55 - TB heterogeneity29:09 - Hypothesis-driven vs. exploratory science32:38 - The impact of viral co-infections, such as COVID-19, on TB36:41 - What do TB scientists disagree on? 42:34 - Lab culture, mentorship, and collaboration46:30 - On being 'scooped'48:23 - The future of TB in Africa51:23 - Closing remarks53:05 - Outro

This 'bonus' episode celebrates our growth over the past 2+ years and revisits insightful moments from past episodes published in 2024.If any of these highlights interest you, feel free to check out the full episode for a more enriching experience.---Hosted by Wealth Okete, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠buy us coffee⁠ or ⁠nominate a guest⁠. ---Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:04 - Segun Afolaranmi | "Optimising Natural Killer Cells against Cancers"01:14 - Oghenebrume Wariri | "Improving Access to Vaccines in Children"02:46 - Ousmane Traore | "Combating Malaria through Vaccines"03:14 - Samuel Essien-Baidoo | "Vaginal Microbiota and Cervical Cancer Risk in Women"04:12 - Rebecca Chukwuanukwu | "Immunity and Infection in Different Contexts"05:07 - Ane Ogbe | "T Cells Subsets in the Induction of Optimal Antibody Responses"05:42 - Catherine Kibirige | "Improving HIV Diagnosis through the HIVQuant Project"06:19 - Deo-Gracias P. Seyigbena Berry | "Could Vitamin D Protect Foetuses from a Deadly Parasite?"06:51 - Vania Maphossa | "Bridging the Gap: Immune Responses in the African Context"07:38 - Gatien Lokossou | "Immunity in Pregnant Women and Infants"08:12 - Samuel Essien-Baidoo | "Vaginal Microbiota and Cervical Cancer Risk in Women"10:10 - Ane Ogbe | "T Cells Subsets in the Induction of Optimal Antibody Responses"11:34 - Catherine Kibirige | "Improving HIV Diagnosis through the HIVQuant Project"12:08 - Segun Afolaranmi | "Optimising Natural Killer Cells against Cancers"13:15 - Onyeka Chukwudozie | "Outsmarting the Lassa Virus through a Multi-target Vaccine"13:53 - Ane Ogbe | "T Cells Subsets in the Induction of Optimal Antibody Responses"14:18 - Outro

This 'bonus' episode celebrates our growth over the past 2+ years and revisits insightful moments from past episodes published between 2022 and 2023.If any of these highlights interest you, feel free to check out the full episode for a more enriching experience.---Hosted by Wealth Okete, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can buy us coffee or nominate a guest. ---Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:15 - Testimony Olumade | "Immunology in Africa: Telling Our Stories"01:36 - Marah Grace Chibwana | "Improving Health Outcomes in Inflammatory Diseases: From COVID-19 to Rheumatoid Arthritis"01:57 - Abena Amoah | "Understanding Variations in Vaccine Responses: What It Means for Africa"02:50 - Sonwabile Dzanibe | "Untieing a Gordian Knot: Mother-to-Infant HIV Exposure"04:01 - Raquel Matavele Chissumba | "Surmounting Hurdles: Charting a Course through the Immune System for Africa"05:17 - Mohamed Ahmed | "Rethinking Tuberculosis: Why Enhancing Immune Responses in Tuberculosis Might be Detrimental"06:01 - Fabien Prodjinotho | "Understanding Neurocysticercosis: How Tapeworm Cysts Thwart & Trigger Epilepsy"06:34 - Dimie Ogoina | "Immunology Talks to Public Health: Africa in Focus"07:15 - Raquel Matavele Chissumba | "Surmounting Hurdles: Charting a Course through the Immune System for Africa"08:03 - Mohamed Ahmed | "Rethinking Tuberculosis: Why Enhancing Immune Responses in Tuberculosis Might be Detrimental"08:58 - Muki Shey | "Carving a Niche: From Malaria to Tuberculosis & MAIT Cells"09:44 - Sonwabile Dzanibe | "Untieing a Gordian Knot: Mother-to-Infant HIV Exposure"10:27 - Dimie Ogoina | "Immunology Talks to Public Health: Africa in Focus"10:50 - Tatenda Murangi | "Decoding the Link between Alpha-Gal Allergy and Parasitic Infections"11:50 - Doudou Georges Niang | "Targeting Galectin-3 in Aggressive Breast Cancers: Implications for African Women"12:14 - Ubong Ekperikpe | "How Obesity Triggers Kidney Diseases: The Role of the Immune System"12:53 - Abena Amoah | "Understanding Variations in Vaccine Responses: What It Means for Africa"13:23 - Chinedu Ugwu | "Unravelling Viral Diseases: How the Immune System Responds to the Lassa Fever Virus"13:47 - Kumba Seddu | "How Sex Differences and Cytokines Shape Immune Responses"14:46 - Marah Grace Chibwana | "Improving Health Outcomes in Inflammatory Diseases: From COVID-19 to Rheumatoid Arthritis"15:30 - Richard Adeleke | "Tackling Viral Diseases through Vaccines: From SARS to Influenza"15:52 - Outro

ImmunoAfrica's Graduate Student Series offers emerging and aspiring immunologists the opportunity to connect with, learn from, and be inspired by some of the most talented immunology graduate students from Africa. For its second edition, this year, we peek into the fascinating work and busy lives of 4 graduate students (Vania, Onyeka, Deo-Gracias, and Segun), representing 3 African countries: Benin, Mozambique, and Nigeria. Our fourth and last guest is Segun Afolaranmi. Segun trained as a medical doctor at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, and went on to complete his intern year of clinical practice. He developed a keen interest in cancer research and immunology towards the end of medical school, after noticing the grossly limited treatment options available to cancer patients in Nigeria. The desire to develop effective anticancer therapies that'd fit this context led him to study for a master's in Integrated Immunology at the University of Oxford, as a Clarendon Scholar. Shortly after his master's, he joined the de la Roche lab at Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, in January 2022 to pursue his PhD in Cancer Immunology, with funding from the Gates Cambridge Trust. His PhD research seeks to make immune cells better cancer fighters by modifying an important developmental pathway. Alongside his scientific interests, Segun is passionate about expanding training opportunities for young scientists in Africa and working with others to accelerate access to cancer therapeutics on the continent. He is a co-founder of The Ganglion Initiative (TGI). This episode explores his journey to becoming fascinated with cancers and immunology, highlights what makes natural killer (NK) cells special to him, and curates his perspectives on local support for scientific research and development in Africa. Female Intro/Outro Voice-over: Ruth Ogboye Timestamps:00:00 - intro, about guest02:56 - career background, early journey into immunology05:19 - varied experience and exposures shape research interests08:19 - how interest in cancer immunology developed11:15 - updates on PhD research (making immune cells better cancer fighters) 16:37 - about natural killer (NK) cells 20:48 - cancers he's interested in tackling 22:38 - on collaborations (in cancer research; in Africa) 25:54 - local support for research and development in Africa 30:44 - PhD experience (time management, core values, lab skills and mistakes, etc.)39:38 - about The Ganglion Initiative43:36 - next steps post-PhD45:31 - fun tasks (which scientists in your field of study inspire you; transform CANCER into an immunology acronym)49:00 - outro