Hypothyroidism

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Tertiary)4:05 Hypothyroidism Symptoms5:44 Hypothyroidism Diagnosis7:49 Hypothyroidism Treatment Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesTeachMePhysiology. The Thyroid Gland. Last updated 8 February 2024. Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/endocrine-system/thyroid-parathyroid-gland/thyroid-gland/Geeky Medics. Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Interpretation. Published 28 April 2018. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyroid-function-test-tft-interpretation/BMJ Best Practice. Thyroid Disorders – Background / Epidemiology / Screening / Prevention. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/36BMJ Best Practice. Primary Hypothyroidism – Diagnosis / Management. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/535?q=Primary hypothyroidism&c=recentlyviewedBritish Thyroid Foundation (BTF). Thyroid Function Tests. Last revised 10 September 2022. Available at: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps: 0:00 What is Anaemia?1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia 4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease 6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia 7:09 Normocytic Anaemia - Hypoproliferative 8:49 Normocytic Anaemia - Hyperproliferative 10:04 Normocytic Anaemia - Mixed10:33 Macrocytic Anaemia - Megaloblastic (Vitamin B12 / Folate Deficiency) 11:48 Macrocytic Anaemia - Non Megaloblastic 12:20 Anaemia Symptoms13:39 Anaemia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia – Diagnosis Approach. Updated 24 September 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/93/diagnosis-approachMDCalc. Mentzer Index. Published 2017. Available at: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10534/mentzer-index#evidenceGeeky Medics. Anaemia Overview. Published 3 April 2021. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/anaemia-overview/StatPearls. Anemia. StatPearls Publishing; last updated 8 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Evaluation of Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 2009;79(3):203-208. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/p203/jcr:content/root/aafp-article-primary-content-container/aafp_article_main_par/aafp_figure1.enlarge.htmlPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Leishmaniasis0:11 Leishmania Parasitology 0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle1:55 Leishmania Types3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis6:58 Leishmaniasis TreatmentReferencesMSD Manuals. Leishmaniasis – Diagnosis. Reviewed/Revised December 2022; modified April 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/leishmaniasis#Diagnosis_v1016364World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasisCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Leishmaniasis. Published 13 March 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leishmaniasis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.htmlBMJ Best Practice. Leishmaniasis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last updated 2023. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/527Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Breast Cancer explained clearly, including breast anatomy and symptoms as well as risk factors and types of breast cancer. We look at hormone receptors / HER2 receptor, as well as diagnosis including breast screening and treatment - from surgery to systemic therapies.PDFs Available: www.rhesusmedicine.comTimestamps:0:00 Breast Cancer Definition0:07 Breast Anatomy1:57 Breast Cancer Types 4:58 Breast Cancer Symptoms6:17 Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Epidemiology7:26 Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Screening9:26 Breast Cancer TreatmentConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineReferences:TeachMeAnatomy. (2025) Breasts. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/breasts/BMJ Best Practice. (2025) Primary invasive breast cancer. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/716MSD Manuals. (2025) Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-cancer/breast-cancerPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) explained, including most common symptoms (and some less common, like Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome!) as well as PID pathology. Also covers diagnosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment. PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?0:23 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology1:46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms3:50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes4:51 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis6:33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment References:BMJ Best Practice. Pelvic inflammatory disease (2025). Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/195MSD Manuals. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (2023). Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pidPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

The Stages of Labour explained clearly, including the 3 main stages (and an extra 4th!), as well as covering factors affecting delivery (commonly called the 3 P's) and also includes the Cardinal Movements of Labour - the movements the fetus undertakes during delivery! Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Definition of Labor1:09 Stage 1 of Labor2:49 Stage 2 of Labor3:27 Stage 3 of Labor4:35 The Unofficial Stage 4 of Labor5:03 The 3 P’s6:39 Cardinal Movements of LaborPDFs Available Here:www.rhesusmedicine.comPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Pediatric Developmental Milestones explained including specific milestones from all the way from earliest months to preschool years, with a memory tool to help make them easier to remember. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Developmental Milestone Domains1:07 2 - 12 month Milestones3:35 15 month - 5 years Milestones6:34 Developmental Milestones Memory Tool7:53 Developmental Milestones Red Flags9:37 Management of Developmental DelayReferencesGeeky Medics. Developmental Milestones. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/developmental-milestones/CHOC Children’s. Ages and Stages. Available at: https://choc.org/ages-stages/MSD Manual Professional. Childhood Development. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/growth-and-development/childhood-developmentStanford Medicine. Developmental Milestones – MedU. Available at: https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/pediatricsclerkship/documents/5-Developmental-Milestones-MedU.pdfPedsCases. Developmental Milestones Chart (Updated August 2014). Available at: https://pedscases.com/sites/default/files/SNAPSHOTS_Developmental_Milestones_Chart_UPDATED_Aug_2014.pdfPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), including Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology, normal glucose homeostasis, Type 2 Diabetes symptoms as well as complications. We also cover Type 2 Diabetes diagnostic criteria as well as treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Type 2 Diabetes? 0:30 Normal Glucose Homeostasis3:02 Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology5:37 Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms9:12 Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology10:17 Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis11:43 Type 2 Diabetes Treatment / Management LINK TO MNEMONICS:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0GmpLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesLean, M.E.J., Leslie, W.S., Barnes, A.C., et al., 2018. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 391(10120), pp.541–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1MSD Manuals, n.d. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dmMogensen, C.E., et al., 2016. Glucose handling by the kidney in health and disease: review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 25(4), pp.292–296. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952418/Drugs.com, 2023. What is A1C? Normal vs dangerous levels, and how to lower it. Available at: https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/what-a1c-normal-dangerous-levels-how-lower-3579748/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Chronic Pain explained, including a review of pain physiology and pathways, the classification of chronic pain (ICD) as well as chronic pain relief management.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Definition of Pain / What is Chronic Pain? 0:32 Pain Physiology and Pain Pathways 4:33 Chronic Pain Pathophysiology5:56 Chronic Pain Classification (ICD)8:40 Chronic Pain TreatmentReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (2020). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2020). IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/iasp-news/iasp-announces-revised-definition-of-pain/Patient.info. (n.d.). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/treatment-medication/chronic-painTeachMePhysiology. (n.d.). Pain Pathway. [online] Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/sensory-system/pain-pathway/BMJ Best Practice. (n.d.). Chronic pain: Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/694/aetiologyInternational Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2023. Definitions of chronic pain syndromes. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Motion Sickness, often also called Travel Sickness, explained clearly including the main causes, symptoms as well as management options including pharmacological and non pharmacological methods. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Motion Sickness?0:38 Motion Sickness Pathophysiology2:35 Motion Sickness Epidemiology 3:04 Motion Sickness Symptoms3:46 Motion Sickness Diagnosis 5:07 Motion Sickness Treatment ReferencesBMJ Best Practice, 2025. Motion sickness. [online] BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1034MSD Manuals, 2025. Motion Sickness - Injuries; Poisoning. [online] MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/motion-sickness/motion-sicknessPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.