Anormal Uterine Bleeding

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is a term that is used to describe abnormal variations in menstruation, and include menorrhagia and heavy menstrual bleeding. In this video we cover what are the causes for abnormal uterine bleeding using the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Also included is the treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (Definition)0:53 Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (PALM COEIN Mnemonic)3:26 Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding5:34 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) Abnormal uterine bleeding: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 29 Nov 2025; Last updated: 14 Nov 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/658. BMJ Best PracticeMSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Abnormal uterine bleeding. Reviewed/Revised Jan 2023; Modified Mar 2024. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/abnormal-uterine-bleeding. MSD ManualsWouk, N. and Helton, M. (2019) Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women, American Family Physician, 99(7). AAFPFIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee (2018) PALM-COEIN classification for AUB causes, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 143(3), pp. 393–408. MSD ManualsAbnormal uterine bleeding (2024) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_uterine_bleeding. en.wikipedia.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover what is endometriosis, where does it most commonly affect as well as the signs and symptoms of endometriosis.  Includes endometriosis pathology and theories, as well as how endometriosis is diagnosed and treated. PDFs available here:  https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Endometriosis?0:07 Where does Endometriosis most commonly affect?1:04 Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis2:47 Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome3:29 Endometriosis Pathophysiology / Endometriosis Pathology Theories4:35 Endometriosis Diagnosis5:44 Endometriosis TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBulletti, C., Coccia, M.E., Battistoni, S. and Borini, A. (2010) ‘Endometriosis and infertility’, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 27(8), pp. 441–447. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1.Gałczyński, K., Jóźwik, M., Lewkowicz, D., Semczuk-Sikora, A. and Semczuk, A. (2019) ‘Ovarian endometrioma – a possible finding in adolescent girls and young women: a mini-review’, Journal of Ovarian Research, 12(1), p. 104. doi:10.1186/s13048-019-0582-5.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2010) Endometriosis and infertility. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941592/.Wikipedia (2025) Endometriosis. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis#Epidemiology.BMJ Best Practice (2024) Endometriosis: diagnosis – approach. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/355/diagnosis-approach.GPnotebook (2024) Endometriosis. Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-gb/simplepage.cfm?ID=1301938182.Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (2023) Endometriosis: symptoms. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo/symptoms.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at ovarian cancer including ovarian cancer subtypes (Epithelial and its subtypes, Germ Cell, Sex Cord Stromal)  as well as the signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer risk factors. We also take a look at how ovarian cancer is staged (FIGO Staging of Ovarian Cancer) and how that affects the prognosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Ovarian Cancer Epidemiology0:36 Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors1:05 Ovarian Cancer Subtypes Intro2:30 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer3:33 Ovarian Cancer Signs and Symptoms4:28 Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis7:04 Ovarian Cancer TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:BMJ Best Practice (2025) Ovarian cancer: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/260MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/gynecologic-tumors/ovarian-fallopian-tube-and-peritoneal-cancerAmerican Cancer Society (2025) Ovarian Cancer Stages. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ovarian-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.htmlDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), more specifically the two main forms of IBD which are Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, going through each condition as well as looking at the differences between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease. Includes the signs and symptoms of each, including extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, as well as differences in the histology. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?0:15 Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Epidemiology1:08 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease3:19 Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease4:48 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology5:07 Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Risk Factors of Inflammatory Bowel Disease5:47 Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis6:51 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Histology / Ulcerative Colitis v Crohn's Disease Histology7:52 Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCrohn's & Colitis Foundation (2019) Updated IBD Factbook. Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. Available at: https://www.Crohn'scolitisfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/Updated%20IBD%20Factbook.pdfWalfish, A.E. and Ching Companioni, R.A. (2023) ‘Overview of inflammatory bowel disease’, MSD Manual Professional Edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-diseaseWaugh, N., Cummins, E., Royle, P. et al. (2013) Comparison of Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease, in Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261307/Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Microscopic Colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by normal appearance on colonoscopy. It is a cause of chronic, non bloody, watery diarrhea. We cover the subtypes (lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis), the signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Microscopic Colitis? 0:24 Signs and Symptoms of Microscopic Colitis / Microscopic Colitis Symptoms0:53 Microscopic Colitis Risk Factors & Epidemiology2:00 Microscopic Colitis Diagnosis2:40 Microscopic Colitis TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000315MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease/microscopic-colitisDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we look at primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis (previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis), and the differences between them. This includes pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis as well as their diagnosis (including autoantibodies!) and treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What does cholestatic mean? 0:59 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Definition1:31 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Risk Factors / Epidemiology 2:02 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Pathogenesis3:48 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Signs and Symptoms4:26 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Diagnosis5:11 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Treatment5:59 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Definition6:19 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Risk Factors / Epidemiology6:42 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Pathogenesis7:58 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Signs and Symptoms8:34 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Diagnosis (Criteria)9:25 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCleveland Clinic, 2025. Primary biliary cholangitis (formerly primary biliary cirrhosis) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. [online] Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-primary-sclerosing-cholangitis. Cleveland ClinicNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2015. Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. PMCID: PMC4521232. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521232/. PMCNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: pathogenesis and clinical features. PMCID: PMC7132015. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132015/. (If exact year differs, use the one on the article page)Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover Gastric Cancer / Stomach Cancer, looking at risk factors for it as well as what are the signs and symptoms of Gastric Cancer (with Troisier's sign!). Also includes the most common locations of gastric cancer, how gastric cancer is diagnosed (including staging), and how is gastric cancer treated. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineVideo Timestamps:0:00 How common is Gastric Cancer0:10 Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer1:07 Where is Gastric Cancer most common? 1:19 Types of Gastric Cancer1:35 Most Common Site of Gastric Cancer (Which part of the stomach is most commonly affected)1:49 Signs and Symptoms of Gastric Cancer (Gastric Cancer Symptoms) 2:39 What is Troisier's Sign? (Virchows Node)2:51 Gastric Cancer Diagnosis3:10 Gastric Cancer Staging4:03 Gastric Cancer Prognosis4:35 Gastric Cancer TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesWorld Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008. Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(8), pp.1149–1155. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690660/. PMCMachlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R. & Sitarz, R., 2020. Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11):4012. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312039/. PubMedWikipedia, 2025. Stomach carcinoma / Gastric cancer. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_carcinoma.ScienceDirect Topics, 2025. Stomach carcinoma – Medicine and Dentistry. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/stomach-carcinoma. ScienceDirectWorld Health Organization (WHO), 2025. Cancer fact sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at fibromyalgia, a common but poorly understood condition causing chronic widespread pain. Includes symptoms of fibromyalgia, as well as how fibromyalgia is diagnosed (with Widespread Pain Index and Symptom Severity Scores!) and fibromyalgia treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Fibromyalgia Definition - What is Fibromyalgia?0:20 Fibromyalgia Epidemiology - How common is Fibromyalgia?0:43 Fibromyalgia Symptoms1:33 Cause of Fibromyalgia / Fibromyalgia Pathology2:25 Fibromyalgia Diagnosis - Tender Points, Widespread Pain Index & Symptom Severity Score3:56 Fibromyalgia Differential Diagnosis4:17 Fibromyalgia Subtypes & Controversy5:18 Fibromyalgia Treatment Options LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesGPnotebook, 2025. Fibromyalgia. [online] Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20141217144402775001.BMJ Best Practice, 2023. Fibromyalgia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/187. BMJ Best PracticeDalal, D.S. & Mandell, B.F., 2024. Fibromyalgia. In: MSD Manuals Professional Edition – Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/fibromyalgia. MSD MaDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at Colorectal Cancer, the 3rd most common cancer worldwide. We go into the risk factors of colorectal cancer, the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer (and how they change based on location of the cancer), the diagnosis and screening, as well as treatment of colorectal cancer and its prognosis. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/general-surgeryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Intro - Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology 0:12 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors1:41 Colorectal Cancer Pathology (Polyps & Paris Classification)2:36 Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer4:20 How is Colorectal Cancer diagnosed? 5:53 Treatment of Colorectal Cancer7:15 What is the prognosis of Colorectal CancerLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBowel Cancer UK, 2025. About bowel cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/about-bowel-cancer/bowel-cancer/. Bowel Cancer UKEndoscopy Campus, 2025. Paris classification – Early cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/classifications/paris-classification-early-cancer/. endoscopy-campus.comRubio, C.A., Thomeer, M., Nordenskjöld, O., Gaudio, E. & Wallin, J.A., 2007. Malignant colorectal polyps: A review. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(30), pp.4141–4146. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896747/. PMCAmerican Cancer Society, 2025. Colon & rectal cancer risk factors. [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Dysfunction) comes under the umbrella term of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder, and in this video we go through TMJ Disorder (including Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Treatment & Anatomy). Also includes risk factors/potential causes of TMJ disorder.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/entConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Temporomandibular Joint Disorder?0:12 Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy 1:24 Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder3:00 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Risk Factors4:30 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Causes5:17 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Diagnosis6:29 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy and Disorders. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551612/.TeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/joints/temporomandibular/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.