Tuberculosis

A structure to the acute abdomen and acute abdominal pain - what is acute abdomen, what are the causes of acute abdomen and the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain? Acute abdomen examination (causes by location) as well as history and acute abdomen signs and symptoms. We also take a look at how an acute abdomen is managed. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/general-surgeryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is an acute abdomen? 0:23 Causes of acute abdomen / Causes of acute abdominal pain2:40 Diagnosis of acute abdomen / Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain - Causes of acute abdomen by location 4:35 Diagnosis of acute abdomen / Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain - History6:40 Acute abdomen physical exam / Acute abdominal pain physical exam8:17 Diagnosis of acute abdomen / Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain - Labs and Imaging10:01 Treatment of acute abdomen / Treatment of acute abdominal painLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.ReferencesMSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Acute abdominal pain. Reviewed/Revised Jul 2024; Modified Jul 2024. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-abdominal-pain BMJ Best Practice (2025) Evaluation of acute abdomen. Last reviewed: 23 Dec 2025; Last updated: 22 Jul 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/503 BMJ Best Practice (2025) Acute appendicitis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 27 Dec 2025; Last updated: 17 Apr 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/290 BMJ Best Practice (2025) Imaging and investigations for abdominal pain. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/787/diagnosis-approach NICE Guidelines NG156 (2025) Abdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnosis and management. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng156/chapter/recommendations

Tuberculosis (TB) explained clearly, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis features and transmission, as well as tuberculosis pathophysiology. We also look at tuberculosis symptoms (pulmonary and extrapulmonary), as well as diagnosis (including tuberculin / Mantoux) and treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/microbiology-and-infectious-diseaseConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Tuberculosis? 0:32 Tuberculosis Microbiology2:44 Tuberculosis Pathophysiology5:50 Tuberculosis Symptoms (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) 6:40 Tuberculosis Symptoms (Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis) 9:13 Tuberculosis Diagnosis11:55 Tuberculosis Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesMSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Tuberculosis (TB). MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/mycobacteria/tuberculosis-tb#Treatment_v1010798BMJ Best Practice (2025) Pulmonary tuberculosis – Management approach. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/165/management-approachCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) About Bovine Tuberculosis in Humans. CDC. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/m-bovis.htmlBMJ Best Practice (2025) Tuberculosis – Epidemiology. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/166/epidemiologyMSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB). MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/mycobacteria/extrapulmonary-tuberculosis-tbWikipedia (2025) Tuberculosis. Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuberculosisRadiopaedia (2025) Ghon lesion | Radiology Reference Article. Radiopaedia.org. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ghon-lesion?lang=gbPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

An easy way to learn APGAR, a scoring system designed to assess newborns. Includes APGAR mnemonic! PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/paediatricsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is the APGAR Score?0:19 APGAR Score Mnemonic1:50 APGAR Score Interpretation / APGAR Score MeaningMSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Neonatal resuscitation. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/perinatal-problems/neonatal-resuscitation MedlinePlus (2024) Apgar score. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003402.htm American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2015) Committee Opinion No. 644: The Apgar score. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 126(4), pp.e52–e55. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001108. Available at: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2015/10/the-apgar-score LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Kawasaki Disease is a systemic form of vasculitis that primarily affects children. In this video: Kawasaki Disease pathophysiology (proposed), Kawasaki Disease symptoms (and a mnemonic to help remember them!), as well as the diagnosis (including Z scores) and criteria for Kawasaki Disease! PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/paediatricsFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Kawasaki Disease? Kawasaki Disease Epidemiology0:53 Kawasaki Disease Pathophysiology2:26 Kawasaki Disease Symptoms / Kawasaki Disease Signs and Symptoms (Acute Febrile Stage)3:42 Kawasaki Disease Symptoms (Subacute + Convalescent + Chronic Stage) 4:40 Kawasaki Disease Diagnosis - Kawasaki Disease Crtieria5:27 Kawasaki Disease Diagnosis - Echocardiography + Z Score6:47 Treatment of Kawasaki DiseaseLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesMSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Kawasaki disease. Reviewed/Revised Feb 2025; Modified Jun 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/rheumatologic-disorders-in-children/kawasaki-diseaseBMJ Best Practice (2025) Kawasaki disease: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 9 Dec 2025; Last updated: 7 Nov 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/236NICE CKS / NHS England (2021) Kawasaki disease – diagnosis and management. NHS.uk content reflects CKS-informed guidance based on NICE protocols (e.g., fever in under 5s) with key diagnostic features and cardiac follow-up. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kawasaki-disease/diagnosis/American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) (2015) Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease — long-term cardiovascular follow-up stratification by coronary involvement (incorporating AHA guideline guidance). American Family Physician, 91(6).Arch Dis Child (2014) Management of Kawasaki disease in the convalescent phase: long-term cardiac management and risk stratification, Archives of Disease in Childhood.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover Rheumatic Fever; What is it? Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology, the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever as well as the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (including the Jones criteria and a rheumatic fever mnemonic!). We then look at the treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineVideo Timestamps:0:00 What is Rheumatic Fever? 0:30 Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology1:53 Rheumatic Fever Symptoms / Signs and Symptoms of Rheumatic Fever3:46 Jones Criteria - Rheumatic Fever Criteria Mnemonic6:25 Rheumatic Fever Diagnosis7:15 Rheumatic Fever Treatment / Rheumatic Fever Prophylaxis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2025) Acute rheumatic fever: clinical guidance. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/acute-rheumatic-fever.htmlCarapetis, J.R., Beaton, A., Cunningham, M.W., Guilherme, L., Karthikeyan, G., Mayosi, B.M., Sable, C., Steer, A., Wilson, N. and Wyber, R. (2016) ‘Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2, 15084.MSD Manual Professional Editors (2024) Rheumatic fever. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-bacterial-infections-in-infants-and-children/rheumatic-feverNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (no date) Rheumatic fever. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.ukStatPearls Authors (2025) Acute rheumatic fever. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594238/Therapeutic Guidelines Limited (2022) ‘Therapeutics for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Australian Prescriber, 45(4), pp. 118–123. Available at: https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/therapeutics-for-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease.htmlDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Low back pain is an extremely common complain, in this video we go through the main causes of low back pain, including low back pain red flag symptoms, as well as what to look for in the physical exam and diagnosis. We also look at treatment options for the commonest low back pain causes. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Low Back Pain Epidemiology0:43 Low Back Pain Causes / Classification  - Mechanical Low Back Pain2:43 Low Back Pain Causes - Referred Low Back Pain3:12 Low Back Pain Causes - Systemic Causes of Low Back Pain3:44 Low Back Pain Red Flag Symptoms5:17 Low Back Pain Diagnosis - History + Physical Exam7:13 Diagnosis of Low Back Pain - Lab Values and Imaging7:56 Treatment of Low Back Pain / Low Back Pain Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2020) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management (NG59). London: NICE. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59 . NICENational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (no date) Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy) | CKS | Red flag symptoms and signs | Diagnosis. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/diagnosis/red-flag-symptoms-signs/ Clinical Knowledge SummariesDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy explained, including a review of what is the rotator cuff and muscles involved, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and diagnosis. We look at the Rotator Cuff physical exam, as well as Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps: 0:00 What is the Rotator Cuff?1:05 What is Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy?1:36 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Pathophysiology3:28 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Symptoms4:00 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis6:11 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) Rotator cuff injury – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/586 BMJ Best PracticeTeachMeAnatomy (2026) The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder. TeachMeAnatomy. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/shoulder/intrinsic/ TeachMeAnatomyExploreAnatomy.com (n.d.) Rotator cuff muscles. ExploreAnatomy.com. Available at: https://exploreanatomy.com/musculoskeletal-system/rotator-cuff-musclesPhysio-Pedia (n.d.) Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy. Physio-Pedia. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Rotator_Cuff_Tendinopathy physio-pedia.comDesmeules, F., Roy, J-S., Lafrance, S. et al. (2025) Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis, Nonsurgical Medical Care, and Rehabilitation: A Clinical Practice Guideline, Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 55(4), pp.235–274. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2025.13182 PubMed+1

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is a term that is used to describe abnormal variations in menstruation, and include menorrhagia and heavy menstrual bleeding. In this video we cover what are the causes for abnormal uterine bleeding using the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Also included is the treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (Definition)0:53 Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (PALM COEIN Mnemonic)3:26 Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding5:34 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) Abnormal uterine bleeding: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 29 Nov 2025; Last updated: 14 Nov 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/658. BMJ Best PracticeMSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Abnormal uterine bleeding. Reviewed/Revised Jan 2023; Modified Mar 2024. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/abnormal-uterine-bleeding. MSD ManualsWouk, N. and Helton, M. (2019) Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women, American Family Physician, 99(7). AAFPFIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee (2018) PALM-COEIN classification for AUB causes, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 143(3), pp. 393–408. MSD ManualsAbnormal uterine bleeding (2024) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_uterine_bleeding. en.wikipedia.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), more specifically the two main forms of IBD which are Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, going through each condition as well as looking at the differences between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease. Includes the signs and symptoms of each, including extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, as well as differences in the histology. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?0:15 Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Epidemiology1:08 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease3:19 Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease4:48 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology5:07 Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Risk Factors of Inflammatory Bowel Disease5:47 Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis6:51 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Histology / Ulcerative Colitis v Crohn's Disease Histology7:52 Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesCrohn's & Colitis Foundation (2019) Updated IBD Factbook. Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. Available at: https://www.Crohn'scolitisfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/Updated%20IBD%20Factbook.pdfWalfish, A.E. and Ching Companioni, R.A. (2023) ‘Overview of inflammatory bowel disease’, MSD Manual Professional Edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-diseaseWaugh, N., Cummins, E., Royle, P. et al. (2013) Comparison of Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease, in Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261307/Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Microscopic Colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by normal appearance on colonoscopy. It is a cause of chronic, non bloody, watery diarrhea. We cover the subtypes (lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis), the signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Microscopic Colitis? 0:24 Signs and Symptoms of Microscopic Colitis / Microscopic Colitis Symptoms0:53 Microscopic Colitis Risk Factors & Epidemiology2:00 Microscopic Colitis Diagnosis2:40 Microscopic Colitis TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000315MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease/microscopic-colitisDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.