Repetition Doesn’t Make You Learn Faster, Spacing Does

Avoidance works remarkably well in the short term: it lowers discomfort almost immediately. The problem is that every escape teaches the brain that the thing you avoided was dangerous, making the next encounter harder. Dr. Luana Marques has spent two decades at Harvard Medical School studying how evidence-based psychological skills can help people approach discomfort instead and how those same skills can be taken beyond the therapy room to communities that rarely get access to high-quality mental health care.

Resilience acts as a physical shield that protects babies from inheriting family trauma during their first 2,000 days of life. This discovery helps us build the practical connections that allow families to thrive despite facing hardship. Episode guest Dr. Angus Macbeth is a clinical psychologist at the University of Edinburgh who studies how these bonds move through generations.

The number of repetitions has zero influence on overall learning when spaced out over a fixed period. This gap in our scientific understanding has limited how we design everything from educational curricula to AI training protocols. The guest on this episode, Prof. Vijay Mohan K. Namboodiri, leads a research lab at UCSF where he investigates the biological implementation of learning algorithms and dopamine signaling.

Psychedelics may increase apparent disorder in the brain, but beneath that disorder, Adeel Razi’s research found structured brain trajectories shaped by the quality and context of the experience. Those trajectories were also associated with changes in mindset the following day. Razi leads computational neuroscience research at Monash University, where his work combines brain modeling, machine learning, psychedelics, and biologically inspired AI.

Think about the last time you were really sick. You didn't want to eat, you stayed in bed, you lost interest in everything. That's your immune system talking to your brain. For roughly one in four people with depression, that circuit never fully turns off. Dr. Naoise Mac Giollabhui, Director of Research on Inflammatory Depression at Harvard Medical School and Mass General, joins Neural Compass to explain what chronic inflammation is doing to the brain — and why treating it could change psychiatry. Option B — Failed trials/science problem as a hook: For decades, researchers ran large trials giving anti-inflammatory drugs to depressed patients. Most of them failed. The problem wasn't the treatment — it was that only about one in four depressed people actually have the inflammatory subtype those drugs could help. Dr. Naoise Mac Giollabhui joins Mark to explain how psychiatry is finally learning to ask the right question: not just "is this person depressed?" but "why?"

Have you ever thought about the way medicine supplies are managed? Changing a computer default setting can stop a patient from getting a month-long supply they do not need. Small adjustments like these in medical systems are often the most effective way to prevent widespread health crises. Dr. Debra Houry led the CDC as its chief medical officer and came up with the first national rules to streamline medicine dosages.

Overdose deaths dropped 27% in a single year, the largest decline ever recorded. Most people have no idea it happened. Keith Humphreys, Stanford addiction expert and adviser to three US presidents, figured out why. The answer involves China, Reddit, and a supply shock nobody saw coming.

People are already going to ChatGPT as their doctor. Not occasionally, habitually. Andy Slavitt ran Medicare and Medicaid under Obama, helped rescue healthcare.gov, and now invests in companies rebuilding how care gets delivered. His read: this is not a crisis. It is the first technology wave in healthcare that people actually want.

The National Institute of Mental Health funded 900 new research grants by this point last year. This year: 109. That gap is bigger than a budget number. Tom Insel ran that institution for 13 years, oversaw over $20 billion in research funding, and has spent the decade since trying to understand why the outcomes for patients still haven't moved nearly enough.

You’ve likely heard that psychiatric progress is often stalled by subjective results. What is less understood is why the field remains slow to adopt in objective measurement even as other medical specialties thrive on hard data. Psychiatry faces a measurement gap. Dr. Arpan Parikh and Dr. Amit Parikh discusses measurement based Care, virtual health, and AI data synthesis. This is their honest account of why psychiatry must embrace measurement and how AI can finally bridge the clinical data gap.