[24] Embracing Complexity: Fostering Adaptive Expertise in Medical Education

On this episode of KeyLIME+, Adam speaks with Maria Mylopoulos to explore the concept of adaptive expertise in medical education. They discuss theories of expertise development, the importance of fostering adaptive expertise, and the need for a shift in educational practices to better prepare physicians for the complexities and uncertainties of modern healthcare. They review the differences between routine and adaptive expertise, as well as strategies for promoting productive struggle and variation in learning environments. The conversation emphasizes the necessity of embracing uncertainty as a fundamental aspect of expert practice and the importance of integrating innovative ideas from physicians on the ground into educational theory.   Length of episode : 33:11  Resources to check out   Mylopoulos M, Kulasegaram K, Woods NN. Developing the experts we need: Fostering adaptive expertise through education. J Eval Clin Pract. 2018 Jun;24(3):674-677.   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29516651/   Contact   Contact us: [email protected]     Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski    

On this episode, Adam and guest resident co-host Amit Chopra speak with emergency physician and trauma team leader Andrew Petrosoniak about the evolution of M&M rounds in healthcare and his vision for M&M rounds 2.0. They talk about the importance of shifting away from individual blame to a systems-oriented approach in case analysis. The conversation explores the exciting potential of integrating video review into M&M rounds and the potential to start capitalizing on this technology for performance coaching, just like athletes have done for decades.    Length of episode :  51:41   Resources to check out:    M&M rounds 2.0: the future of performance improvement | Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine  Contact us: [email protected]      Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski            

[12] Avoid the trap of false growth mindset This episode was first released on February 18, 2025. Description: - In this episode, Adam discusses the complexities of growth mindset in medical education with guests Milad Memari and Katie Gavinski. They explore the differences between growth and fixed mindsets, the dangers of misapplying mindset theory, and the trap of false growth mindset. The conversation emphasizes practical strategies for educators to promote a growth mindset among learners, the challenges of assessment in medical training, and the need for systemic changes informed by mindset theory to support learner development.  Length of Episode:   45:09 Resources to check out :    Memari M, Gavinski K, Norman MK. Beware False Growth Mindset: Building Growth Mindset in Medical Education Is Essential but Complicated. Acad Med. 2024 Mar 1;99(3):261-265.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37643577/   PISA 2018 Results (Volume I): https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2018-results-volume-i_5f07c754-en/full-report.html   A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31391586/   Yeager DS, Dweck CS. What can be learned from growth mindset controversies? Am Psychol. 2020 Dec;75(9):1269-1284. doi: 10.1037/amp0000794. PMID: 33382294; PMCID: PMC8299535. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8299535/  @MemariMD   @katiegavinski     Contact us: [email protected]     Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski   

[2] Listening to podcasts while you exercise is an exercise in futility: fact or fiction? This episode was first released on October 1, 2024. Description : - Adam and guest resident co-host, Dr. Victoria Turnbull, interview Dr. Michael Gottlieb about a recent paper of his that should be relevant to anyone who listens to podcasts for learning. The paper looked at immediate and delayed recall of podcast content of residents listening to podcasts during aerobic exercise and at rest. We also discuss multitasking, cognitive load, and the way our brains make decisions.   Length of Episode: 38 minutes   Resources to check out :  Gottlieb M, Cooney R, Haas MRC, King A, Fung CC, Riddell J. A Randomized Trial Assessing the Effect of Exercise on Residents' Podcast Knowledge Acquisition and Retention. Acad Med. 2024 May 1;99(5):575-581. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005592. Epub 2023 Dec 18. PMID: 38109353. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38109353/  Perham, N., & Currie, H. (2014). Does listening to preferred music improve reading comprehension performance? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2994 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-08687-016  Contact us: [email protected]   Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski 

[9] Debunking myths in education with Dr. Paul Kirschner This episode was first released on January 7, 2025. Description: - In this episode, Adam and Dr. Paul Kirschner discuss some of the biggest myths in education—like multitasking, learning styles, and the belief that Googling can replace knowledge. They dive into what sets experts apart from novices and explore how certain ‘desirable difficulties’—those useful challenges in learning —actually improve long-term retention, even if they’re tough to stomach.    Length of Episode: 52:41  Resources to check out:  The Ten Deadly Sins of Education by Dr. Paul Kirschner  Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (2020). Desirable difficulties in theory and practice.  Journal of Applied research in Memory and Cognition, 9 (4), 475-479.     Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2011). Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning.  Brown, Peter C. (2014). Make it stick : the science of successful learning. Cambridge, Massachusetts :The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press  Paul’s 3 recent books:  How Learning Happens: Seminal Works in Educational Psychology and What They Mean in Practice  How Teaching Happens: Seminal Works in Teaching and Teacher Effectiveness and What They Mean in Practice  Ten Steps to Complex Learning   Contact us: [email protected]      Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski   

On this episode of KeyLIME+, Adam speaks with Drs. Saleem Razack and Stuart Lubarsky about the concept of medical expertise. They dig into definitions and interpretations of medical expertise, ideas around cognitive load, and the role of illness scripts in clinical reasoning. They also address the recent public discussion about the centrality of medical expertise within the CanMEDS framework and what we might expect in the next iteration of CanMEDS.   Length of episode: 50:25  Resources to check out:     Lubarsky S, Dory V, Audétat M-C, Custers E, Charlin B. Using script theory to cultivate illness script formation and clinical reasoning in health professions education. Can. Med. Ed. J [Internet]. 2015 Dec. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cmej/article/view/36631  Kahneman D, Klein G. Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree. Am Psychol. 2009 Sep;64(6):515-26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19739881/   Contact us: [email protected]   Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski     

Description:   In this episode of KeyLIME+, Adam speaks with educational psychologist Anique de Bruin, exploring the concept of desirable difficulty in medical education. They discuss how well-designed challenging learning conditions can enhance long-term learning and knowledge transfer, despite the initial struggles that learners might face. The conversation delves into practical techniques such as retrieval practice and interleaved practice, the importance of self-regulated learning, and the new S2D2 framework. They also touch on the paradox of procrastination and its potential benefits, as well as the unique challenges of learning in clinical settings.   Length of episode: 37:00 minutes  Resources:  Make it stick: The science of successful learning by Peter C Brown, Henry L Roediger III, Mark A McDaniel 1st edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.  Worth the Effort: the Start and Stick to Desirable Difficulties (S2D2) Framework | Educational Psychology Review  Resources to check out:    https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10648-024-09852-7.pdf  Study Smart - Study Smart  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211368120300279  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211368120300590  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10459-022-10149-z    Contact us: [email protected]      Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski       

Dans cet épisode, le Dr André Tricot, psychologue spécialisé en formation et chercheur, se joint à Adam pour explorer en profondeur la théorie de la charge cognitive. Ils discutent des répercussions de cette théorie sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de différents groupes d’âge dans des contextes variés, dont celui de la formation médicale en particulier. Ils se penchent aussi sur des stratégies pour optimiser l’apprentissage, sur le rôle essentiel de l’attention ainsi que sur l’incidence de la surcharge et de la « sous-charge » cognitives sur le rendement – et les erreurs – d’experts et d’expertes.  Durée de l’épisode : 56:04  Ressources à consulter   Read, D. W., Manrique, H. M. et Walker, M. J. (2022). « On the working memory of humans and great apes: Strikingly similar or remarkably different? » Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 134, 104496.   Kristin Fraser sur la théorie de la charge cognitive et la simulation en formation médicale    Fraser, K., Ma, I., Teteris, E., Baxter, H., Wright, B. et McLaughlin, K. (2012). « Emotion, cognitive load and learning outcomes during simulation training ». Medical education, 46(11), 1055-1062.   Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. J. et Paas, F. G. (1998). « Cognitive architecture and instructional design ». Educational Psychology Review, 10, 251-296.  Fraser, K., Huffman, J., Ma, I., Sobczak, M., McIlwrick, J., Wright, B. et McLaughlin, K. (2014). « The emotional and cognitive impact of unexpected simulated patient death: a randomized controlled trial ». Chest, 145(5), 958-963.  Coordonnées : [email protected]    Suivre le Dr Adam Szulewski : https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski 

Description  Adam and guest co-host Charlotte Alexander speak with physician and applied anthropologist, Dr. Eve Purdy about the nuances of team stress management in simulation training. The conversation highlights the importance of getting stress management training right during high-pressure simulations. Adam, Charlotte and Eve explore how teams can better manage stress through well-designed authentic scenarios that avoid trickery as well as the importance of recognizing and naming stress in both professional and personal contexts so that we can perform at our best.  Length of Episode: 38:04 Paper discussed:  Brazil V, Orr R, Canetti EFD, Isaacson W, Stevenson N, Purdy E. Exploring participant experience to optimize the design and delivery of stress exposure simulations in emergency medicine. AEM Educ Train. 2023 Mar 30;7(2):e10852 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37008650/   @char.alexander93  @purdy_eve     Contact us: [email protected]    Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski     

In this episode of KeyLIME+, Adam (along with co-host Dr. Victor Do) delve into the critical role of feedback and coaching in medical education with guest Dr. Adelle Atkinson. They explore the distinctions between feedback and coaching, the significance of low-stakes assessment, and the impact of the learning environment on learner outcomes. The conversation emphasizes the need for strong relationships between supervisors and learners, the idea of psychological safety, and the importance of providing actionable feedback to foster growth and competence in medical training.   Length of Episode: 43:03  Resources to check out:    Atkinson A, Watling CJ, Brand PLP. Feedback and coaching. Eur J Pediatr. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34021400/    Contact us: [email protected]     Follow: Dr. Adam Szulewski https://x.com/Adam_Szulewski