61. Pigeons

Incarcerated people grow crops, fight wildfires, and manufacture everything from motor oil to prescription glasses — often for pennies per hour. Zachary Crockett reports from North Carolina.SOURCES:Laura Appleman, professor of law at Willamette University.Christopher Barnes, inmate at the Franklin Correctional Center.Lee Blackman, general manager at Correction Enterprises.Brian Scott, ex-inmate, former worker at the Correction Enterprises printing plant.Louis Southall, warden of Franklin Correctional Center.RESOURCES:"Prisoners in the U.S. Are Part of a Hidden Workforce Linked to Hundreds of Popular Food Brands," by Robin McDowell and Margie Mason (AP News, 2024)."Ex-Prisoners Face Headwinds as Job Seekers, Even as Openings Abound," by Talmon Joseph Smith (The New York Times, 2023)."Captive Labor: Exploitation of Incarcerated Workers," by the American Civil Liberties Union and the University of Chicago Law School Global Human Rights Clinic (2022)."Bloody Lucre: Carceral Labor and Prison Profit," by Laura Appleman (Wisconsin Law Review, 2022)."Prison Labor Is on the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic," by Eliyahu Kamisher (The Appeal, 2020).Correction Enterprises.EXTRAS:"Can Data Keep People Out of Prison?" by People I (Mostly) Admire (2023).

It takes millions of giant green placards to make America navigable. Where do they come from — and who pays the bill? Zachary Crockett takes the exit.  SOURCES:Lee Blackman, general manager at Correction Enterprises.Gene Hawkins, senior principal engineer at Kittelson and professor emeritus of civil engineering at Texas A&M University.Renee Roach, state signing and delineation engineer for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. RESOURCES:"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition," by the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (2023)."Who Picks the Businesses on Highway Exit Signs?" by Janet Nguyen (Marketplace, 2022)."The Road to Clarity," by Joshua Yaffa (The New York Times Magazine, 2007). EXTRAS:"Do People Pay Attention to Signs?" by No Stupid Questions (2022).

When a zoo needs an elephant, or finds itself with three surplus penguins, it doesn’t buy or sell the animals — it asks around. Zachary Crockett rattles the cages. SOURCES:Hollie Colahan, deputy director of the Birmingham Zoo and chair of the AZA's Animal Population Management Committee.Dwight Lawson, executive director and C.E.O. of the Oklahoma City Zoo. RESOURCES:"Oklahoma City Zoo Announces Near-Total Redesign in 2024 Master Plan," by Sam Royka (The Oklahoman, 2024)."Panda Diplomacy: What China’s Decision to Send Bears to the US Reveals About Its Economy," by Chee Meng Tan (The Conversation, 2024)."Oklahoma City Zoological Trust Financial Statements," (2023)."Modern Zoos Are Not Worth the Moral Cost," by Emma Marris (The New York Times, 2021)."The Tiger King of the 19th Century," by Betsy Golden Kellem (Slate, 2020).Animal Population Management Committee of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

Tow-truck drivers: roadside rescuers or car confiscators? Zachary Crockett gets hooked. SOURCES:Bill Giorgis, president of Mike’s Wrecker Service.Max Karimi, co-owner of H&M Roadside.Teresa Murray, director of the Consumer Watchdog Program at U.S. Public Interest Research Group. RESOURCES:"Getting Off the Hook of a Predatory Tow - Part II," by Jacob van Cleef and Teresa Murray (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, 2022)."Getting Off the Hook of a Predatory Tow," by Grace Brombach (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, 2021)."Beware of Car Towing Companies That Patrol Private Parking Lots," by Ann Carrns (The New York Times, 2021)."After a Wave of Injuries, Tow Truck Drivers Want Us All to Slow Down," by Kristian Foden-Vencil (Oregon Public Broadcasting, 2021)."AAA’s Grip Forcing West Coast Tow Companies Out of Business, Owners Say," by Annie Sciacca (East Bay Times, 2016).r/Hookit.

Why are these 300-year-old instruments still coveted by violinists today? And how do working musicians get their hands on multimillion-dollar antiques? Zachary Crockett is not fiddling around. SOURCES:Frank Almond, professional violinist.Ziv Arazi, co-owner of Rare Violins of New York.Bruno Price, co-owner of Rare Violins of New York. RESOURCES:"When It Comes to String Instruments, Stradivariuses Are Still Pitch Perfect," by Ted Scheinman (Smithsonian Magazine, 2022)."Study Confirms Superior Sound of Stradivari Is Due to How Wood Was Treated," by Jennifer Ouellette (Ars Technica, 2021)."The Case of the Stolen Stradivarius," (FBI News, 2015)."A High-Strung Market," by E. H. B. (The Economist, 2013)."Violins For Music — And Investment Returns," by Michael S. Fischer (Financial Advisor, 2013)."Stradivarius Fetches Record $16 Million in Charity Sale," (Reuters, 2011). EXTRA:A Violin's Life, album series by Frank Almond (2013).

Casinos think they can stop skilled gamblers from eking out a tiny edge at blackjack. Is that a losing bet? Zachary Crockett doubles down. SOURCES:"Ben," former professional card counter.Bill Zender, co-founder of Bill Zender and Associates casino consulting firm. RESOURCES:"Blackjack Player Sues Ameristar Casino, City of Black Hawk Over Alleged Detainment for Card Counting," by Megan Ulu-Lani Boyanton (The Denver Post, 2023)."Why Does the House Always Win? A Look at Casino Profitability," by J. B. Maverick (Investopedia, 2023)."Counting the Cost," by Bill Zender (GGB News, 2022)."Nevada Supreme Court Orders Casino To Pay Card Counter," by I. Nelson Rose (Gambling and the Law, 2017)."Counting Cards Is Legal, But ..." by Mark Pilarski (Detroit Free Press, 2016)."Card Counter Sues Planet Hollywood Over Detention, Confiscated Casino Chips," by Carri Geer Thevenot (Las Vegas Review-Journal, 2015)."Real People Behind Story of '21' Discuss Film's Facts," by Ed Symkus (The State Journal-Register, 2008).Blackbelt in Blackjack: Playing 21 as a Martial Art, by Arnold Snyder (1997). EXTRAS:"How to Make Your Own Luck," by Freakonomics Radio (2020)."The Economics of Sports Gambling (Replay)," by Freakonomics Radio (2020)."Could the Next Brooklyn Be … Las Vegas?!" by Freakonomics Radio (2015).21, film by Robert Luketic (2008).

Making money in the stock image business requires a sharp eye for trends, a very specific type of model, and a race against A.I. Zachary Crockett takes his shot. SOURCE:Yuri Arcurs, C.E.O. and founder of PeopleImages. RESOURCES:"The Last Stock Photographers Await Their Fate Under Generative A.I.," by Katie Deighton (The Wall Street Journal, 2024)."The Impressive 100-Year History of Stock Photography: From Analog to A.I.," by Ivanna Attié (Stock Photo Secrets, 2024)."How Much Can You Make Selling Stock Photos? — It’s Not as Profitable as it Used to Be," by Matic Broz (Photutorial, 2024)."Confessions of a Stock Photography Model," by Andrew Kimler (Vox, 2016).

How does a fresh tuna get from Japan to Nebraska before it goes bad? And how does its journey show up in the price of your spicy tuna rolls? Zachary Crockett gets schooled. SOURCES:Sasha Issenberg, journalist and author.David Utterback, owner of Yoshitomo and Ota sushi restaurants.Nobu Yamanashi, president of Yama Seafood. RESOURCES:"Wild or Farmed? Pacific or Atlantic? Here’s What to Know About Bluefin Tuna," by Jean Trinh (Los Angeles Times, 2023)."The Untold Story of Sushi in America," by Daniel Fromson (The New York Times Magazine, 2021)."The Intricacies of Tuna Grading," (Luke's Lobster Blog, 2020)."Sushinomics: How Bluefin Tuna Became a Million-Dollar Fish," by Svati Kirsten Narula (The Atlantic, 2014).The Sushi Economy: Globalization and the Making of a Modern Delicacy, by Sasha Issenberg (2007).Yoshitomo. EXTRAS:"Is the Future of Farming in the Ocean?" by Freakonomics Radio (2021).

Why do millions of people pay to have one of the world’s deadliest toxins injected into their faces? Zachary Crockett looks surprised. SOURCES:Dana Berkowitz, sociologist and author.Jean Carruthers, pioneer of cosmetic Botox, clinical professor of ophthalmology at the University of British Columbia, and owner of Carruthers Cosmetic.Steven Williams, president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and owner of Tri Valley Plastic Surgery. RESOURCES:"Botox Is More Affordable Than Ever. Is That A Good Thing?" by Krista Bennett DeMaio (Women's Health, 2024)."Early Development History of Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA)," by Alan B. Scott, Dennis Honeychurch, and Mitchell F. Brin (Medicine, 2023)."How Barely-There Botox Became the Norm," by Jessica Schiffer (The New York Times, 2021).Botox Nation: Changing the Face of America, by Dana Berkowitz (2017)."Billions and Billions for Botox," by Vauhini Vara (The New Yorker, 2014)."Botox is Destroying Hollywood Acting," by Johann Hari (HuffPost, 2011)."The Botox Boom," by David Noonan (Newsweek, 2002).

Almost everyone who buys a home spends thousands of dollars on title insurance. Most of them don’t understand it, and almost none of them use it. So why does it exist? Zachary Crockett closes the deal. SOURCES:Christy Bieber, personal finance writer.Laurie Goodman, institute fellow at the Urban Institute Housing Finance Policy Center.Kathy Kwak, chief operating officer of Proper Title. RESOURCES:"Remarks of President Joe Biden — State of the Union Address As Prepared for Delivery," (The White House Briefing Room, 2024)."Fannie Mae Expands Use Of Attorney Opinion Letters (AOLs) As Title Insurance Alternatives," by Christine Stuart (National Mortgage Professional, 2023)."U.S. Private Auto Insurers Break Premium, Loss Ratio Records in Q1," by Kris Elaine Figuracion and Tyler Hammel (S&P Global, 2023). EXTRA:"'Insurance Is Sexy.' Discuss," by Freakonomics Radio (2023).