310: How Venture Capital Grew Wilderness Therapy… and Then Ran Away

What happens when a field built on healing becomes shaped by money? In this episode, Will revisits a 2020 exploration of the business of wilderness therapy—tracing its evolution from nonprofit, mission-driven roots to a rapidly expanding, privately funded industry. From early non-profits programs to the rise of private-pay models in the 1980s and the explosive growth fueled by outside investment, this episode examines how financial forces didn't just support wilderness therapy—they fundamentally shaped its direction, priorities, and structure. And what happens when that money leaves? In a candid reflection recorded in 2026, Will revisits his earlier assumptions and confronts what's changed: the collapse of programs tied to venture capital, the shrinking of industry organizations, and the loss of research funding that once legitimized the field. As closures in recent years have come faster and more abruptly than in past downturns, this episode asks a difficult question—can a field rooted in care and connection survive the realities of a risk-averse, profit-driven system? This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats and coaching for men and facilitated by Will White.  

How did wilderness therapy become outdoor behavioral healthcare—and who made that shift possible? In this re-released and historically significant episode Will sits down with Dr. Madolyn Liebing, widely considered the first licensed mental health professional to work in a primitive skills wilderness therapy program. As a co-founder of Aspen Achievement Academy in 1988, Dr. Liebing helped transform early outdoor programs from survival-based experiences into clinically grounded treatment—introducing psychological assessments, treatment planning, and family systems work into the wilderness. In this powerful conversation, Dr. Liebing shares her journey from high school counselor to trailblazing psychologist, her role in shaping Utah's first wilderness therapy licensing standards, and her perspective on how the field has evolved over decades. She reflects on the integration of trauma work, attachment theory, and family therapy in outdoor settings at Legacy Outdoor Adventures—and why the combination of clinical sophistication and immersive nature experiences remains so effective today. For anyone interested in the history, ethics, and future of wilderness therapy, this episode is essential listening. This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats and coaching for men and facilitated by Will White.    

Who really built wilderness therapy—and how did a lawyer with no formal clinical training help shape one of the most influential models in outdoor mental health treatment? In this episode Will revisits a powerful 2019 interview with L. Jay Mitchell, founder of SUWS (School of Urban and Wilderness Survival). Mitchell shares his unlikely path—from a difficult adolescence and early inspiration from Kurt Hahn, to law school, military service as a JAG attorney, and ultimately creating one of the first wilderness therapy programs in the United States. This episode explores the early roots of wilderness therapy, including its connections to Outward Bound, anthropology, and experiential learning long before the field became clinically driven. Mitchell offers candid and at times provocative reflections on what actually creates change in young people—challenging traditional mental health treatment models and questioning the role of clinicians in wilderness therapy's evolution. He recounts the founding of SUWS in the early 1980s, the program's early success without licensed therapists, and the deeper elements that made it effective: relationships, environment, challenge, and purpose. The conversation also traces his later innovations, including Aldredge Academy's rite-of-passage model and his concerns about the future of the industry as it becomes more clinical and profit-driven. For anyone interested in the history of wilderness therapy, outdoor behavioral healthcare, and alternative approaches to mental health treatment, this episode offers a rare and essential perspective from one of the field's original pioneers. This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats and coaching for men and facilitated by Will White.

Wilderness therapy didn't start with therapists—it evolved with the help of an ex-con who found his heart of service to others in recovery. In this episode Will shares the powerful story of Larry Wells—an early pioneer whose lived experience shaped the foundations of early wilderness therapy programs. From his teenage years in jail to his exposure to the outdoors in a federal prison camp, Larry's journey reveals how connection, purpose, and challenge became the roots of a new approach to helping struggling young people through the outdoors. Through the creation of Expedition Outreach in the 1970's,  his work with VisionQuest, SUWS, and others, and then later the founding of Wilderness Quest, Larry helped define the early models of wilderness therapy—often learning through trial and error in real time. This episode explores the evolution of his philosophy from pushing people to their limits toward building connection, safety, and recovery through experiential work in the outdoors. For those in the field—and anyone on a path of recovery—this is a story about how wilderness therapy evolved, what it got right, what it got wrong, and what still matters most.  Mentioned in this episode:  2019 interview on this podcast with Larry Wells's Daughter- Angela Wells Starnes Link to doctoral dissertation with Larry Wells Interview Stories from the Elders: Chronicles and Narratives from the Early Years of Wilderness Therapy This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White.

How did wilderness therapy survive the crises of the early 1990s — and why did some of its earliest leaders continue to believe in the work even as the field faced national criticism? In this episode of Stories from the Field we hear a rare 2008 interview with wilderness therapy pioneer Larry Dean Olsen and his former student and colleague Ezekiel Sanchez. They reflect on Larry's survival courses at Brigham Young University in the late 1960s, where struggling students often returned from wilderness expeditions with new confidence and direction — experiences that helped lead to the founding of the Anasazi Foundation, one of the longest continuously operating wilderness therapy programs in the United States. The conversation also explores the rapid growth of wilderness programs in the 1980s and many of them springing from former students of BYU's survival course, including the development of Challenger Foundation and SUWS, and the intense scrutiny that followed several highly publicized deaths in the early 1990s. Larry speaks candidly about defending the field during that time, arguing that while some programs failed, the core idea — that challenge, responsibility, and time in the natural world can help young people change — remained sound. This episode offers a rare firsthand account from two of the elders of the field. To read the dissertation mentioned in the episode it is available on line- Stories from the Elders: Chronicles and Narratives from the Early Years of Wilderness Therapy I want to thank the Olsen family, Ezekiel Sanchez and Anasazi for letting me share these stories over the years. This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White.  

How and why did wilderness therapy ignite in the American West? In this episode of Stories from the Field Will explores the life and influence of Larry Dean Olsen, one of the key figures behind the primitive skills model used in many wilderness therapy programs. Through his work at Brigham Young University, including the well-known BYU 480 survival course, Olsen showed that powerful personal change could happen when modern comforts were removed and people were challenged to depend on themselves, the group, and the natural world. This episode looks at Olsen's book Outdoor Survival Skills, his work as a consultant on the film Jeremiah Johnson, his role in the development of early wilderness programs like SUWS, and his co-founding of the Anasazi Foundation and how his philosophy helped shape modern outdoor behavioral healthcare. Often called the father of primitive survival education, Olsen believed change comes through experience, simplicity, and responsibility. This is Part 1 of a two-part series. In the next episode, Will shares a rare interview with Larry Dean Olsen and the other co-founder of Anasazi Foundation, Ezekiel Sanchez. This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White. To read more about Larry Dean Olsen and the early years of wilderness therapy read Will's doctoral dissertation: Stories from the Elders: Chronicles and Narratives from the Early Years of Wilderness Therapy To listen to an episode mentioned in this podcast how SUWS was founded.  

Outward Bound is not about therapy. It began during World War II as a response to a fear that young sailors were not resilient enough to survive the sinking of their ships. Founded to build endurance, discipline, and leadership under extreme adversity, Outward Bound introduced the expeditionary model — challenge, crew, service, and solo — long before those elements became staples of wilderness therapy programs. In this episode of Stories from the Field, Will traces the history of Outward Bound from Kurt Hahn's philosophy and exile from Nazi Germany to the rise of Outward Bound USA and its lasting influence on modern wilderness therapy. Along the way, we explore early research with adjudicated youth, partnerships with mental health institutions, and the professionalization of outdoor leadership through figures like Paul Petzoldt and the founding of NOLS. If you want to understand the origins of wilderness therapy and outdoor behavioral healthcare, you must understand Outward Bound. This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White.    

What happened to the hundreds of therapeutic camps that once shaped mental health treatment for young people in the outdoors? Long before the term "wilderness therapy" was coined, therapeutic camps were considered cutting-edge mental health treatment for young people. Backed by major hospitals, staffed by psychiatrists and social workers, and rooted in reform movements of the early 20th century, these camps believed nature, group living, and responsibility could reshape a young life. In this episode, Will traces the evolution of therapeutic camps—from Camp Ramapo and Camp Wediko's clinically sophisticated summer programs to the long-term wilderness model pioneered by the Dallas Salesmanship Club Camp. These programs laid the groundwork for modern outdoor behavioral healthcare long before Outward Bound or the primitive survival skills model ever existed. But over time, many therapeutic camps faded. Some evolved. Others closed quietly. And some collapsed under scandal and broken trust—most notably Anneewakee, one of the most controversial long-term therapeutic camps in American history. What can today's outdoor behavioral health programs learn from this rise and fall? This episode offers a deeply researched historical exploration of innovation, ethics, accountability, and the enduring DNA of therapeutic camps that still shapes wilderness therapy today. This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White.

In a moment when wilderness therapy is often framed as either a miracle or a menace, what gets lost when we stop listening for the full human story? In this special episode of Stories from the Field Will is joined by filmmakers Vince Dixon and Mark Strauss, the directors of the upcoming film Forest Through the Trees: The Truth About Wilderness Therapy. Will is also serving as a one of the producers on the project. Together, they explore what drew Vince and Mark to wilderness therapy as a subject, how their assumptions have been challenged through a year of research and interviews, and why the field cannot be understood through a single narrative shaped by headlines or popular media alone. A clear theme emerges: wilderness therapy is not a single model or idea, but a diverse and evolving field that resists simple labels of "good" or "bad." The conversation explores what it takes to tell a responsible story in a deeply polarized landscape. As directors, Vince and Mark outline their commitment to ethical, balanced storytelling—actively seeking out critical voices alongside positive outcomes, examining cost, access, safety, and history, and responding thoughtfully to the cultural impact of films like Hell Camp: Teen Nightmare. As a producer on the film, Will reflects on why this kind of nuanced storytelling matters right now: not to defend or condemn the field, but to expand understanding, foster empathy, and help listeners grasp why families turn to wilderness therapy when they feel out of options—while honoring the real complexity and controversy surrounding outdoor mental health care. To learn more about the documentary check out the website: https://www.wildernessdocumentary.com/ This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White.  

How do you live well, stay engaged, and protect your mental health when the future of the planet feels so uncertain? Listen to this episode of Stories from the Field where our host Will White is joined by Dr. Thomas Doherty—psychologist, ecopsychologist, and author of Surviving Climate Anxiety—for a grounded conversation about eco-anxiety as a normal, values-driven response to climate change rather than a disorder to eliminate. Thomas reframes climate anxiety as a signal of care and connection, and introduces practical ways to regulate the nervous system, make meaning, and stay psychologically resilient without denying reality. Designed for both individuals struggling with climate anxiety and mental health professionals who work with anxiety and grief, this episode explores how time outdoors can become genuinely healing, how to avoid becoming a "climate hostage," and how to move toward what Thomas calls ethical happiness—living with purpose, connection, and integrity in a rapidly changing world. Links to Dr. Thomas Doherty's book, practive page and podcast below: Surviving Climate Anxiety book: thomasdoherty.com Climate Change and Happiness podcast: https://climatechangeandhappiness.com/ Recent Book Reading: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4UbgoO3I3M Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=92NarLYAAAAJ&view_op=list_works This podcast is supported by White Mountain Adventure Institute (wmai.org), offering adventure inspired retreats for men and facilitated by Will White.