The MaML Podcast - Medicine & Machine Learning

Dr. Shauna Overgaard is the Senior Director of AI Strategy & Frameworks at Mayo Clinic, where she focuses on applying AI and data science to healthcare. She also founded Clarity - Applied Intelligence and served as an Assistant Professor of Health Informatics and Information Management. She is active in several organizations like the Coalition for Health AI (CHAI) and the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), and is helping shape the future of AI in healthcare. With over 50 citations to her name, Dr. Overgaard has significantly contributed to AI model documentation, clinical decision support systems, and the ethical implementation of AI in healthcare. Our conversation took place in Fall 2024, and we’re starting to see how a lot of these predictions played out!00:00 - Intro04:05 - From rural Canada to a Senior Director at Mayo Clinic06:30 - Innovation culture at Mayo09:22 - It takes 17 years for AI to get to the clinic?! 15:58 - Giving patients ownership over their data21:24 - Can paying patients for their data make ML models more equitable?28:55 - Is bias inescapable with AI?32:19 - Can we make AI more transparent without giving away intellectual property?35:15 - Worries about AI replacing healthcare workers36:52 - Silent Trials: beta-testing AI39:25 - So uh, how’s Rochester?42:00 - What gives your life meaning?44:52 - Advice for navigating uncertain times and the AI revolutionDr. Overgaard: linkedin.com/in/shaunaovergaard/Host: Nathan KellerTwitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1Producer: Saurin Kantesaria & Garima PuriLinkedIn: Saurin KantesariaLinkedin: linkedin.com/in/garimapuri/

Dr. Max Feinstein is a pediatric cardiac anesthesiologist and notably, a successful YouTuber. He has written on topics like AI’s role in future healthcare, vaping’s impact on anesthesiology, and recognizing burnout in medicine. Outside of the operating room, he somehow balances fellowship training, teaching, clinical work, and producing popular YouTube videos, demystifying anesthesia. Today we talk about his winding career path, vision for AI in the operating room, and the ethical implications of technology in modern medicine.00:00 - Intro1:16 - From majoring in philosophy to becoming an anesthesia resident 3:33 - Why medicine? Being a wilderness first responder 7:26 - Narrowing down a specialty - anesthesiology vs infectious disease10:17 - What’s wrong with infectious disease?11:46 - Why peds cardiac anesthesiology?17:20 - Working and living in a soup kitchen in Colombia22:29 - Who are all these people interested in anesthesia!?27:00 - How Max makes videos31:08 - We already have AI in anesthesia except… 46:56 - Future job market of anesthesia50:36 - Consciousness and anesthesia54:28 - Will AGI really help us?56:53 - Ensuring patient safety in anesthesia58:13 - Could AI make burnout worse?1:02:36 - What gives your life meaning?1:04:51 - Advice for Medical StudentsYouTube - @MaxFeinsteinMDHost: Nathan KellerTwitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1/Producer: Saurin KantesariaLinkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/saurin-kantesaria-0a464999

Welcome back David! Dr. David Wu co-founded our podcast back in the height of COVID and is now a radiation oncology resident at Stanford and advisor to an LLM-based startup called Jaide. Since our founding David has been a driving force in communicating the happenings in the medicine and machine learning space and we are excited to talk about his latest efforts in contributing to this area. Jaide uses patient reported outcomes to give physicians access to predictive modeling on disease evolution and eases physician documentation burden using state-of-the-art large language models. 00:00:00 - Introduction 00:01:31 - From feeling aimless after undergrad to a Stanford resident and advisor for an AI startup (Jaide)00:05:31 - The beginnings of Jaide: Using LLMs to document patient outcomes 00:07:57 -  LLMs in action - the first clinical trial in Brazil00:11:03 - How do you use Jaide? 00:12:30 - Could LLMs take away key skills from physicians’ training?00:15:14 - What if Step 1 was the entry exam to med school? 00:18:10 - What drew you to Stanford?00:21:11 - Have you faced criticism/self doubt about pursuing so many things outside of traditional medicine? 00:23:08 - Why rad onc?00:26:20 - Best/worst med school and residency experiences - “I’m just gonna become a monk and retire” 00:29:33 - Will AI replace doctors? AI isn’t even close in this one area.00:35:06 - The double edged sword of AI00:38:41 - How did you choose a specialty? Is the impact of AI important? 00:39:45 - What got you into hip hop/rap? - “Artists make meaning out of suffering” 00:43:45 - What gives your life meaning?00:46:55 - What advice do you have for younger people concerned about the impacts of AI on medicine?Jaide - jaide.careTwitter - @davidjhwu Host: Nathan KellerTwitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1/Producer: Saurin KantesariaLinkedin: Saurin Kantesaria

Dr. Steven Hart is a Senior Associate Consultant in AI at Mayo Clinic who has played a key role in shaping genomics and digital pathology with GenomeGPS, Mayo Clinic’s primary DNA sequencing workflow. His groundbreaking contributions have led to advancements in understanding inherited cancer risk and improving digital pathology workflows. With over 100 peer-reviewed publications, Dr. Hart’s innovative algorithms are driving efficiency in genetic predisposition testing, reducing unnecessary procedures, and enhancing precision healthcare.We had some audio issues for this one which we tried to fix but they're still pretty apparent so apologies for that D:! 00:00:00 - Introduction 00:01:09 - From a factory worker to a leader in AI and medicine00:05:11 - Proving people wrong as a motivator00:06:37 - Crazy factory stories00:07:38 - Why Mayo Clinic?00:09:52 - Surprising things about Mayo Clinic00:11:33 - Is Mayo Clinic’s data high quality?00:12:55 - How to prepare healthcare for AI (and why AI won’t actually have the biggest impact)00:20:50 - Democratizing pathology with AI 00:25:38 - Will AI replace pathologists?00:29:24 - How do you judge how well an embedding works? 00:33:22 - Reducing expectations for diagnostic AI usage in healthcare00:36:46 - How do you keep up with the rapidly evolving pace of AI?00:38:31 - OpenAI o1 and prompt hacking 00:41:27 - Are we close to artificial general intelligence? 00:47:03 - How helpful are regulatory agencies like the FDA with translating AI?00:49:52 - What makes a good question?00:53:33 - Favorite parts about living in Rochester, MN00:55:14 - What gives your life meaning? 00:58:36 - Advice for young people in uncertain timesHost: Nathan KellerTwitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1/Producer: Saurin KantesariaLinkedin: Saurin Kantesaria

Ran Shaul is the chief product officer and co-founder of K Health. With his robust background as a successful founder, Ran has been pivotal in transforming how we approach medical diagnostics and personalized treatment. Under his leadership, K Health has developed innovative AI-driven solutions, including a partnership with Cedars-Sinai and Mayo Clinic. Ran's dedication to improving the patient experience by leveraging technology is reshaping healthcare delivery, making it more efficient and accessible. Host: Nathan Keller Twitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1/ Producer: Saurin Kantesaria Linkedin: Saurin Kantesaria 00:00 - Introduction  00:52 - What are 3 patient questions doctors and AI should help answer?  03:26 - Why does ChatGPT fall short in diagnosing patients?  07:30 - AI does the tedious stuff so doctors can focus on medicine (K Health’s model)  09:29 - Combing through 400,000,000 unstructured doctor’s notes  11:53 - How do you ask the right clinical questions with AI? 15:41 - Putting a clinician in the loop of AI learning 19:21 - “You can have the perfect algorithm…it does not mean it will be used properly in any clinical setting”  23:27 - The difficulties transitioning from leading a startup to a larger company 26:56 - Telemedicine 2.0 - integrating 24/7 online care with brick and mortar hospitals (Cedars-Sinai Virtual Platform) 31:32 - AI can go further than notes - helping physicians proactively manage patients 39:07 - What gives your life meaning? 42:56 - What advice do you have for young people?

Dr. Robert Dürichen leads the machine learning analytics team at Arcturis Data, a company focused on processing and analyzing large-scale electronic health record (EHR) datasets. His current research uses small and large language models to enrich EHR datasets from unstructured patient notes and improve quality through standardization techniques. Hosts: Nathan Keller + Madeline Ahern Twitter: @NathanKell57664 + @maddie_ahern  Audio/Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Linkedin: Saurin Kantesaria Intro 0:00 Who is Robert Durichen? 1:29 What is Arcturis? 6:25 How can machine learning speed up clinical trials? 9:43 Typical Arcturis Project 12:06 Progression of Machine Learning 24:45 AI Taking Jobs 29:50 What is Arctex? 33:50 Who works at Arctex? 38:55 Future of Arcturis 40:58 What gives your life meaning? 43:30 Advice for young people on maintaining a work-life balance 44:26

Dr. Nina Kottler is the associate chief medical officer of clinical artificial intelligence and vice president of clinical operations for Radiology Partners, the largest radiology practice in the US, serving over 3,250 hospitals and other healthcare facilities, interpreting over 53 million exams annually.  Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu Audio Producer: Aaron Schumacher LinkedIn: Aaron Schumacher  Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 00:00:58 What brought you to the intersection of medicine and artificial intelligence? 00:07:00 The importance of translating between clinicians and AI engineers 00:12:54 The origins of Radiology Partners  00:16:40 Dr. Kottler’s start in Teleradiology  00:21:18 The transition form analog to digital in Radiology  00:27:35 The current state of Radiology Partners 00:32:00 When did Dr. Kottler become a leader in the AI projects? 00:45:00 AI models that Radiology Partners use  00:52:00 Fragility, Technological Evaluation and Business evaluation in Radiology AI systems 00:56:10 Dr. Kottler’s thoughts on what the future of AI and Radiology will look like.  01:00:30 Dr. Kottler’s advice for people in medicine desiring unique paths.  01:02:45 What brings you joy?

Munjal Shah is the co-founder and CEO of Hippocratic AI, a new startup in Generative AI + Healthcare. Hippocratic is building a safety-focused large language model specifically built for the healthcare industry.  Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu Audio Producer: Aaron Schumacher LinkedIn: Aaron Schumacher  Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Time Stamps: 00:00:58 What brought you to the intersection of medicine and artificial intelligence? 00:06:20 Overview of the American Healthcare System  00:08:06 Hippocratic AI and the Adherence Problem within healthcare  00:14:30 Building an AI Chronic Care Nurse for specific conditions  00:17:15 AI systems and medical co-morbidities  00:24:00 The process of building Hippocratic AI 00:32:45 Becoming more efficient than ChatGPT4 00:33:48 Navigating the problem of hallucinations with Hippocratic AI 00:39:30 How close are we to Health General Intelligence (HGI)? 00:45:40 What advice would you give to someone interested in starting their own company? 00:48:20 How did mentorship shape your path? 00:49:40 What brings you joy? 00:52:25 How do you find novel ideas for start-ups?

Dr. Mamdani is a professor, pharmacist, and epidemiologist. He is the Vice President of Data Science and Advanced Analytics at Unity Health Toronto and Director of the University of Toronto Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM). Dr. Mamdani’s team bridges advanced analytics including machine learning with clinical and management decision making to improve patient outcomes and hospital efficiency. Dr. Mamdani is also Professor in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, and the Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto. He is also a Faculty Affiliate of the Vector Institute. He has published over 500 studies in peer-reviewed journals. Host: Raeesa Kabir  Audio Producer: Melanie Bussan Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 0:00 Dr. Mamdani’s Background and Career Path 9:30 Where current data driven medicine strategies fall short and how AI can step in 17:00 How Dr. Mamdani’s work in AI and machine learning began 22:00 Applied Health Research Center and the Ontario Policy Research Network 28:45 The impact of utilizing machine learning and AI at the level of patient care - Chart Watch 35:50 Logistics of Developing and Implementing AI solutions 39:10 Insights Gained - From Purpose to Implementation 43:30 Directing Multiple Projects - Recruitment of AI Team  47:45 Future Projects: Back to AI Basics  54:15 Future of AI in Medicine - Fostering trust in AI 57:20 Advice to Younger Self

CardinalKit (now Spezi) is an open-source framework for Digital Health Applications and Research. They were recently featured in the news for releasing HealthGPT, an experimental iOS app that lets you query your health data. Spezi is housed in the Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign and directed by Oliver Aalami, MD with Vishnu Ravi, MD as lead architect. Also joining us on this interview is postdoc Paul Schmiedmayer, PhD. Spezi provides a suite of tools to build modern, interoperable digital health tools from the ground up, from the app itself to storing and analyzing collected data in the cloud. It is designed to accelerate rapid prototyping of digital health applications by reducing costs by as much as 75% (~$150,000) and timelines by 12 months. Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu  Audio Producer + Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 00:58 - The expertise behind Spezi (CardinalKit) 08:03 - Healthcare has a lack of data standardization + Why you should know about HL7 FHIR 14:13 - How did Spezi (CardinalKit) become what it is today? 18:26 - Drink Spezi! 19:53 - Making code/healthcare data more modular and user-friendly 26:40 - Translating a med student's sensor research to a useable device for kids with cerebral palsy 31:20 - From a $40,000 eczema patch test in clinic to a completely at-home test 35:45 - Using healthGPT to make health data easy to understand for patients (LLM on FHIR) 42:35 - How do you deal with privacy issues? 49:33 - What do you think the future of AI in medicine will look like in 10-20 years? 52:00 - Applications where using only an LLM doesn't always work (a case for hybrid systems) 55:30 - What brings you joy? 58:43 - What makes a successful digital health team?