Can You Steal History? Plagiarism, Research and the Tudors

Can you steal someone else's historical research? And does publishing something first mean you own the idea?I've been researching Anne Boleyn for nearly twenty years, but that doesn't mean I own her story, the historical sources I've used or the questions I've asked!I've seen quite a few accusations recently about people stealing historical ideas, theories and research, and it's got me thinking about where we actually draw the line. I've had my own work plagiarised over the years, so I know how horrible that is, but I also think we need to be careful about accusing people of stealing research simply because they've reached the same conclusion as somebody else.In this video, I'm talking about plagiarism, independent research, giving other historians credit and why I think we should be able to disagree with each other's interpretations without things getting personal. I'm also looking at the rather entertaining academic exchanges between Anne Boleyn historians Eric Ives and G. W. Bernard, and why I think being willing to change our minds is an important part of researching history.And, of course, there may be a few Tudor research rabbit holes along the way! I'd love to know what you think. Where do you draw the line between independently reaching the same conclusion and using somebody else's work? Have you ever thought you'd made an exciting historical discovery, only to find that somebody wrote about it over a hundred years ago? Do share your thoughts in the comments. If you enjoy Tudor history, going back to the original sources and questioning some of the stories we've been told, please do subscribe to The Anne Boleyn Files and join me for more Tudor history. #AnneBoleyn #TudorHistory #HistoricalResearch #History #TheAnneBoleynFiles

A viewer recently emailed me with some well-meaning professional advice: she found my bare arms, flushed skin and tattoos distracting from my history content, and suggested that I might consider wearing a blouse or even a turtleneck when filming.There was just one rather wonderful irony...The two visible tattoos she suggested I cover up are both connected to Anne Boleyn - and one of them seemed to provide the perfect response from nearly 500 years ago:"Ainsi sera, groigne qui groigne."Or, as I like to translate it: "Let them grumble. That's the way it's going to be."In this video, I'm exploring the fascinating history behind Anne Boleyn's defiant motto, why she had it embroidered on her servants' livery during Henry VIII's Great Matter, and its possible connection to the court of Margaret of Austria.I'm also sharing the very personal reason I had those words tattooed on me in 2021, after years of allowing online criticism to affect my confidence.And the viewer's email raised another interesting question: are women still judged differently from men when it comes to appearance and professionalism? Can bare shoulders or tattoos really distract from someone's expertise? And would we react in the same way to a male historian?I'd love to know what you think in the comments.And as for whether I'll be filming my videos in a turtleneck from now on...Ainsi sera, groigne qui groigne.Let them grumble!#AnneBoleyn #TudorHistory #Tudors #HenryVIII #History

Did Catherine Howard really confess that she intended to have sex with Thomas Culpeper? I've seen this claim repeated in books and online, and something about it has been bothering me. So, while researching Catherine Howard for my recent event, I decided to go down this particular Tudor rabbit hole and look at the records from 1541 and 1542, and the case made against Catherine, and ask a very simple question: Who actually said what? Because there's an important difference between what Catherine admitted, what was said about her, and what was later presented as fact.Listen to the end and see whether you think the evidence supports the way Catherine's "confession" is often described.If you enjoy questioning familiar Tudor stories and going back to the original evidence with me, please subscribe. There are plenty more Tudor rabbit holes to come. #CatherineHoward #TudorHistory #HenryVIII

You've probably heard the famous rhyme about Henry VIII's six wives:"Divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived."But mention it online, and you tend to get someone saying, "Actually, Henry didn't divorce Catherine of Aragon or Anne of Cleves. Their marriages were annulled."But is that correction actually right?In this video, I'm looking at what "divorce" meant in the sixteenth century, why Tudor terminology doesn't fit neatly with our modern distinction between divorce and annulment, and what contemporary sources actually say.We'll look at medieval canon law, Henry VIII's sister Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's relationship ends, and a legal document from 1540 which explicitly describes Anne of Cleves as "divorced" from Henry VIII.So, was Henry VIII's marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled? Yes. But is it historically inaccurate to say they were divorced?Not at all.So "Divorced, beheaded, died..." can definitely stay!#HenryVIII #TudorHistory #AnneOfCleves #CatherineOfAragon #Tudors

We spend so much time talking about Anne Boleyn's extraordinary rise and her dramatic fall that we often skip over the bit in between, but what was Anne actually like as Queen of England?Anne was Henry VIII's queen for just three years, but during that short time she acted as an intercessor, supported scholars and universities, promoted religious reform, gave to the poor, patronised artists and used her access to Henry VIII to help people who appealed to her.In this instalment of my Anne Boleyn documentary series, I'm looking at Anne "the queen in her own right". What was expected of a Tudor queen consort? How much influence could Anne really exercise? How did she use patronage, her household and her position close to the king? And what can surviving objects such as her famous "Most Happy" medal, crowned falcon badge, jewellery and books tell us about the way Anne presented herself as queen?I'll also look at Anne's religious and charitable activities, her patronage of scholars and reformers, her role as intercessor, her pregnancies and the all-important expectation that she would provide Henry VIII with a male heir.Join me as we explore an often overlooked part of Anne Boleyn's story: the years when she wasn't Henry VIII's prospective bride or his condemned wife, but Queen of England.

Who would agree to become Henry VIII's fourth wife?By late 1537, Henry VIII was back on the marriage market. Catherine of Aragon had been banished, Anne Boleyn had been executed, and Jane Seymour had died shortly after giving Henry the legitimate son he had longed for.Now the 46-year-old king needed another queen.And so began an extraordinary search across Europe.In this video, I'm giving Henry VIII's search for wife number four the Tudor Blind Date treatment as we meet some of the women considered by Henry and his government.There was Christina of Denmark, the young widowed duchess whose portrait by Hans Holbein delighted Henry; Marie de Guise, a tall French widow who had already produced sons; her younger sister Louise; Anna of Lorraine; and, eventually, two sisters from Cleves: Anne and Amalia.Along the way, ambassadors were dispatched, portraits were commissioned, diplomatic negotiations unfolded and Hans Holbein found himself travelling around Europe painting prospective queens.But finding Henry VIII a suitable wife wasn't simply a matter of finding a woman he liked. Marriage was foreign policy, and every prospective bride came with dynastic connections, diplomatic advantages and complications of her own.So who would win Tudor Blind Date and become Henry VIII's fourth wife?We already know the answer.But the story of how Henry ended up with Anne of Cleves is far more interesting than you might think.#HenryVIII #AnneOfCleves #TudorHistory #HansHolbein #TheTudors

One of the most famous quotations attributed to Mary of Guise is her alleged reply to Henry VIII's proposal of marriage:"I may be a big woman, but I have a very little neck."It's a wonderful story, cleverly alluding to Anne Boleyn's execution and Henry VIII's reputation. But did Mary of Guise really say those words?In this video, I investigate the evidence by examining contemporary diplomatic correspondence, including the dispatches of the French ambassador Castillon, along with the works of John Knox, John Lesley, George Buchanan, Agnes Strickland, Antonia Fraser, John Guy and other historians.Can this famous quotation be traced to a contemporary source, or has it become accepted simply through repetition?Join me as I follow the evidence and explore one of Tudor history's most intriguing quotation mysteries.If you enjoy evidence-based Tudor history, please like, subscribe and let me know your thoughts in the comments. And if you've come across a contemporary source for the quotation, I'd genuinely love to hear about it.#TudorHistory #HenryVIII #MaryOfGuise #AnneBoleyn #MaryQueenOfScots #TudorEngland #Tudors #BritishHistory #HistoryMystery #HistoryFacts #MedievalHistory #HistoryLovers

It's one of the most famous stories surrounding Henry VIII's fourth marriage. Hans Holbein the Younger was supposedly sent to Cleves to paint Anne's portrait, produced an image that made her look far more attractive than she really was, and Henry agreed to the marriage - only to be bitterly disappointed when he finally met Anne in person.But is that actually what happened?In this podcast, I'm going back to the evidence from 1539 to investigate what Henry VIII really knew about Anne of Cleves before they met.

Did Christina of Denmark really tell Henry VIII, "If I had two heads, one would be at His Majesty's disposal"?It's one of the most famous quotations associated with Henry VIII's search for a fourth wife. Christina, the young widowed Duchess of Milan, was considered as a possible bride for the Tudor king in 1538, and the story goes that she responded to Henry's interest with this wonderfully cutting remark.But did she actually say it?This question came up in the comments on my recent video about Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves, when someone claimed that the famous quotation first appeared in Martin Hume's 1905 book, The Wives of Henry VIII.I knew I'd seen it earlier than that, so I went down a historical rabbit hole to see just how far back I could trace it.In this video, I follow the quotation through nineteenth-century histories to a fascinating seventeenth-century account by German artist and art historian Joachim von Sandrart, who had actually seen Hans Holbein the Younger's famous portrait of Christina in England.But Sandrart's version isn't quite the quotation we know today.I also look at the contemporary diplomatic evidence surrounding Henry's proposed marriage to Christina, including what Thomas Wriothesley reported about Christina's attitude towards the match, and a wonderfully dry comment made by Christina's aunt, Mary of Hungary, about Henry VIII's treatment of his wives.So, did Christina of Denmark really make the famous "two heads" remark? Or are we looking at a story that developed long after the events of 1538?Join me as I follow the evidence and try to find out.The National Gallery's current scholarly catalogue likewise describes the two-heads story as apocryphal and identifies Sandrart as the first known source for it.Sources include: Joachim von Sandrart, Teutsche Academie (1675) Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII Calendar of State Papers, Spain Henry William Herbert, Memoirs of Henry VIII of England (1856) The Herald and Genealogist (1863) Martin Hume, The Wives of Henry VIII (1905) Retha M. Warnicke, The Marrying of Anne of Cleves Susan Foister, National Gallery catalogue entry for Holbein's Christina of DenmarkNational Gallery: Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan

Did Henry VIII Have Erectile Dysfunction? The Anne of Cleves Bedroom MysteryDid Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves ever actually "do it"?Henry claimed that his marriage to Anne was never consummated because he found his new wife so unattractive that he simply couldn't bring himself to have sex with her.But what if we've spent nearly 500 years looking at the wrong person?In this video, I take a fresh look at the contemporary evidence surrounding Henry VIII's short-lived marriage to Anne of Cleves. From their awkward first meeting at Rochester and Henry's extraordinary complaints about Anne's body, to intimate testimony from his physicians, allegations about his sexual performance that surfaced at George Boleyn's trial, and Anne's supposedly naïve conversations with her ladies.Could Henry have been experiencing intermittent erectile dysfunction? Could wounded pride, lack of attraction and performance anxiety have played a part? And what can Henry's subsequent relationship with the young Catherine Howard tell us?Perhaps there was nothing wrong with Anne of Cleves at all.Perhaps Henry VIII couldn't have sex with Anne... and Anne got the blame.Join me as I delve into the evidence and share my own theory about what may really have happened in Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves's royal bedchamber.What do you think? Let me know your theory in the comments.