Xylitol - Making Patient Compliance Taste Great - Donald & Monica Bailey, Part 2 | Tooth Or Dare Podcast with Toothlife.Irene

Dear Dental Hygienists, Respectfully, if you're scaling alone during your SRP, you likely could be doing it better... In this episode, Irene and Vic go 5-7mm deep into the Perio Rabbit Hole, sharing the why behind a standardized SRP protocol and how shifting your mindset can improve both clinical consistency and patient care. Have you ever found yourself hesitating during a treatment recommendation, wondering if insurance, patient “vibes,” or financial concerns might hold them back? Irene shares her turning point in the operatory when she realized how external influences were clouding clinical decisions. This inspired the creation of a free downloadable perio resource, designed to support clarity, confidence, and clinical excellence.   Don’t miss these highlights: 💡 How to explain perio therapy to first-time patients, including the one-liner Irene now uses in every case: “I'm here to present you with options and make suggestions. In the end, you're the one making decisions.” 🧫 The clinical benefits of incorporating oral probiotics into therapy 📊 A closer look at this 2022 study comparing: SRP alone vs. SRP + Diode Laser + 3% H₂O₂ that results showed significantly reduced bleeding on probing and pocket depths with the adjunctive laser/H₂O₂ treatment. Comment below if you want the study. Link to that study here:  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8953835/   📅 Why re-eval and maintenance visits should be booked at the time of SRP and not after. 📎 How having a consistent, clear perio protocol can help improve case acceptance and clinical outcomes. 🎧 Listen on your favourite podcast platform 📺 Watch the full episode on YouTube: Watch it here 📄 Download the free perio protocol resource at toothlife.ca or via the top pinned posts on Instagram at @toothlife.irene.   Leave a comment there with your questions, we’re answering them in upcoming episodes!   If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________ 📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media: _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu  💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene  🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife  🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio  _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast  _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE 

Xylitol does it all—at least when it comes to fighting cavity-causing bacteria! In Part 2 of Irene’s chat with Epic Dental’s Donald and Monica Bailey, they dive into the science of how xylitol targets Streptococcus mutans while sparing good bacteria. The Baileys also discuss their commitment to education, product transparency, and making it easier for dental pros to help patients maintain oral health. Learn more & explore the research: 📱 Instagram: @epic.dental 🌐 Website: https://epicdental.com Link to study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23786466/  If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________  📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media:  _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE

Can gum and mints really help with cavities? Science says yes, if they contain xylitol like the ones from Epic Dental! Joining Irene this week on the podcast are Donald and Monica Bailey, the husband and wife team behind the business. In Part 1 of this interview, hear the story of how Donald started the company, how he met Monica when she was using a competing product, and the amazing synergy that happened when they put their talents together. Their line of xylitol-based products is a game-changer for anyone who struggles with cavities, despite following good dental hygiene, and can benefit young children just starting to develop healthy oral habits as well. Just ask the Baileys’ kids, who are also involved in the family business! Don’t miss this wholesome episode about building on a simple idea, finding the right partner, and work-life balance. Donald Bailey - Founder and Chief Smile Officer, Epic Dental Donald has had a passion for peddling tasty treats ever since he was young, as seen from his first venture into the world of business as a 13-year-old: selling candy out of his backpack to his fellow junior high students. When Donald’s having a bad day, his favourite thing to do is read through our most recent customer reviews as a reminder of the difference our product can create. In addition to his work, Donald loves drone photography and stealing a few minutes to play a round of Golf Clash on his phone. Monica Bailey - Chief of Staff, Epic Dental Donald’s wife and partner-in-crime Monica is passionate about taking Epic to the next level and loves managing the Epic Team. Monica enjoys making caramel apples and crème brulée, was crowned Mrs. Utah America in 2016, and will never be spotted far from a cold can of Coca-Cola (with fresh lime). For more information and to connect with Donald and Monica Bailey, check out their social media profiles: Instagram: @epic.dental Website: https://epicdental.com/  This episode of the Tooth or Dare podcast is sponsored by Philips Sonicare. Their innovative products, including electric toothbrushes with 62,000 brush movements per minute, help dental professionals meet diverse patient needs, from teeth whitening to gum health. For more information, visit the Philips website at www.philips.ca. If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________  📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media:  _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE

In this episode of Op Talk, Irene and Vic discuss Scaling and Root Planning (SRPs) and how to effectively monitor periodontal disease progression in patients. This complex condition can be challenging to manage, but having a clear clinical protocol helps simplify treatment planning and patient education. We explore key questions, such as: When is periodontitis considered stable or in remission? What clinical and behavioural factors should be evaluated before adjusting a patient’s treatment plan? How frequently should you reassess and potentially change a patient’s scaling interval from 3 months to 6 months or longer? How crucial is it to obtain a patient’s full periodontal probing history? Plus, stick around until the end of the episode to discover an often-overlooked resource for patients who may require more treatment than their insurance plan can support. To submit questions and access helpful tools, head over to @toothlife.irene on Instagram and check out the top three pinned posts. Resources are located at the center of each post, and you can ask questions directly in the comments. Also, don’t forget to visit toothlife.ca to explore an extensive library of resources tailored for dental professionals navigating periodontal care and maintenance protocols.If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________ 📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media: _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE  

Well, I didn't see this one coming... In this deeply personal episode, I share the whole story behind my recent academic appeal to George Brown College after being declined admission to the S305 Honours Bachelor of Science in Dental Hygiene Degree Completion program in October 2024. The original reasoning was that 21-year-old Irene went to the "wrong" school 17 years ago. One that didn't prepare 39-year-old Irene for the academic journey of an online degree completion program. This episode covers every step of the journey, from the initial application process to receiving the decision and ultimately crafting my formal appeal. I also read the full appeal letter and reflected on what it means to advocate for yourself, especially in an academic setting. Whether you're a dental professional considering a degree completion program or someone who’s ever felt the weight of rejection and the courage it takes to respond, this episode is for you. Let’s discuss the complexities of higher education, professional growth, and the sometimes nonlinear paths we must take. What you'll hear in this episode: Why I applied to the S305 Bachelor’s program  The Initial reasons why I was declined and the reasoning The challenges and emotions that followed A full reading of my written appeal Unfortunately, a pathway doesn't exist; worse, one needs to be planned. Other institutions in Canada have the same program without the limitations of where you went to school to achieve the same license by the same accreditation board. I have thoughts about this and will post a part 2 with them soon.   If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________ 📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media: _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE

"I have TMJ" - Yes, patient... you have two actually. If you are a practising dental clinician, chances are you’ve encountered patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction - TMD. In Part 2 of this interview, Irene discusses this tricky disorder with Dr. Tony Urbanek, who specializes in its treatment using wearable custom-made devices. Why is it more prevalent in women than men? What makes it so controversial and difficult to treat? Is Botox an effective treatment, or is it all a scam? Tune in to find out what our surgical TMJ doc thinks about the Botox craze.  Dr. Anthony P. Urbanek DDS, MS, MD Tony is a double-degree Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. He received his DDS and MS in Anatomy and Cell Biology from Indiana and his MD and internship/residency from Vanderbilt. While at Vanderbilt, he held a research fellowship with the National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, focusing on laser-induced intrauterine surgery and creating animal models with facial growth anomalies.  He has been in private practice in Nashville for the past 46 years, focusing on the most complex types of maxillofacial surgery.   During his long career he founded charity medical clinics in both Haiti and Jamaica  and is proud to have 54 years as a private pilot prompting many “hold my beer” moments.  Based on 10 years of research, he discovered the common denominator for TMJ/TMD and is now the president and CEO of TMJ Services which has developed  a network of doctors dedicated to the non-surgical solution for this devastating and very common disease.  Tony’s greatest joy in life is spending time with his three grown children, six grandchildren, one great grandchild and his wife Ann.  For more information and to connect with Dr. Urbanek, check out his social media profiles: Instagram: @tmjservicesofbrentwood Website: https://www.urbanektmj.com/  YouTube and TMD Demystified Podcast: @urbanektmjdevice If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________  📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media:  _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE

Meet Dr. Tony Urbanek, an oral-maxillofacial surgeon with a list of wild tales as long and varied as his accomplishments in the dental field. How do you find a surgical laser in 1978 Tennessee? What does a quarter of an airplane cost, and how much medical gear can you fit inside a whole one? How do you establish a medical clinic in Jamaica? You’ll be hard-pressed to find someone with more life-changing experiences and storytelling ability than Tony. Listen all the way to the end for some valuable advice on dealing with difficult people, including patients!   Dr. Anthony P. Urbanek DDS, MS, MD Tony is a double degree Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon with his DDS and MS in Anatomy and Cell Biology from Indiana and his MD and internship/residency from Vanderbilt. While at Vanderbilt he held a research fellowship with the National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research focusing on laser induced intrauterine surgery creating animal models with facial growth anomalies.  He has been in private practice in Nashville for the past 46 years focusing on the  most complex types of maxillofacial surgery.   During his long career he founded charity medical clinics in both Haiti and Jamaica  and is proud to have 54 years as a private pilot prompting many “hold my beer” moments.  Based on 10 years of research, he discovered the common denominator for TMJ/TMD and is now the president and CEO of TMJ Services which has developed a network of doctors dedicated to the non-surgical solution for this devastating  and very common disease.  Tony’s greatest joy in life is spending time with his three grown children, six grandchildren, one great grandchild and his wife Ann.  For more information and to connect with Dr. Urbanek, check out his social media profiles: Instagram: @tmjservicesofbrentwood Website: https://www.urbanektmj.com/  YouTube and TMD Demystified Podcast: @urbanektmjdevice If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________  📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media:  _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE

Periodontal Probing and Billing deep dive in this episode. Irene and Vic address probing - a non-invasive, deceptively simple yet fundamental tool for monitoring oral health. Does it matter whether it’s done by a dentist or hygienist? When is it time for a full-mouth probe, and how does it fit into a patient’s treatment plan? How appointments are billed in the United States compared to Canada and potential concerns. To submit questions and access helpful resources, head over to @toothlife.irene on Instagram and check out the top three pinned posts. Resources are conveniently located in the middle of these posts, and you can ask questions directly by leaving a comment.   Additionally, visit toothlife.ca to explore a wide range of resources tailored to your needs. If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________ 📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media: _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE  

​​"The more popular you are on social media, the fewer friends you have." In this episode of the Tooth Order Podcast, Dr. Amanda Wilson returns to share insights on helping general dentists with clear aligner therapy and virtual consultations. From her journey in orthodontics to educating dentists on how to handle mild to moderate cases, Dr. Wilson discusses the benefits of clear aligner therapy, the use of digital tools, and the importance of proper education for general practitioners. Tune in to hear her thoughts on case management, overcorrection issues, and how she balances her professional and personal life. Meet Dr. Amanda Wilson, a San Francisco native whose journey in dentistry has taken her from the heart of the Bay Area to the beautiful shores of Honolulu, Hawaii. Dr. Wilson earned her dental degree from UCSF Dental School and went on to achieve her Master of Dental Science and Orthodontics Certification at the University of Connecticut. With over a decade of clinical experience, she has completed thousands of orthodontic cases, both fixed and removable. Driven by a passion for teaching and mentoring, Dr. Wilson transitioned into corporate dentistry, where she has spent the past few years as a Dental Director and Consultant for both national and international orthodontic companies. Her work focuses on innovative areas such as early treatment, functional appliances, aligners, and tele-dentistry. In 2016, Dr. Wilson saw a gap in orthodontic coaching services tailored for General Dentists and took the initiative to fill that need. She founded her own orthodontic management and coaching company, StraightSmile Solutions®, to provide guidance and support to her peers. Now living in Honolulu with her family, Dr. Amanda enjoys the vibrant local culture and outdoor adventures. When she’s not working with clients around the globe, you can find her surfing, hiking, or leading her Cadette Girl Scout troop. She’s also a proud USA Swimming Official, further reflecting her commitment to community and youth development. For more information and to connect with Dr. Amanda, check out her social media profiles: Instagram: @straightsmilesolutions Website: https://www.straightsmilesolutions.com/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/Straightsmilesolutionsortho If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________  📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media:  _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________ 🔗🌲Cool links in my Linktree https://linktr.ee/TOOTHLIFE.IRENE

"Well-behaved women seldom make history." Laurel Thatcher Ulrich Meet Dr. Amanda Wilson, a San Francisco native whose journey in dentistry has taken her from the heart of the Bay Area to the beautiful shores of Honolulu, Hawaii. Dr. Wilson earned her dental degree from UCSF Dental School and went on to achieve her Master of Dental Science and Orthodontics Certification at the University of Connecticut. With over a decade of clinical experience, she has completed thousands of orthodontic cases, both fixed and removable. Driven by a passion for teaching and mentoring, Dr. Wilson transitioned into corporate dentistry, where she has spent the past few years as a Dental Director and Consultant for both national and international orthodontic companies. Her work focuses on innovative areas such as early treatment, functional appliances, aligners, and tele-dentistry. Dr. Amanda Wilson made big waves in Hawaii’s orthodontic world, not just in the clinic but also in the law! Back in 2005, she helped push for a bill (Act 121) that temporarily allowed orthodontists and other dental specialists to skip the usual state dental exam and get licensed based on their credentials. This was a big deal because at the time, Hawaii was changing its licensing exam and didn’t have a clear process in place. How She Got Involved Dr. Wilson lobbied for and helped shape the bill because she saw a gap in the system—qualified orthodontists couldn’t practice in Hawaii due to outdated licensing rules. Act 121 created a temporary shortcut for dental specialists to get licensed if they had the right education and experience. Her Own Battle for Licensure In 2005, Dr. Wilson applied for her own Hawaii dental license using this new law. But the Hawaii Board of Dental Examiners denied her application because they said her graduate training (residency) didn’t count as actual "practice" under the law. Even though she had worked independently in California for 10 months, Hawaii required three full years of practice outside of school. Her Fight Against the Board She took the Board to court, arguing: Her residency training was in real-world dentistry and should count. She helped write the law, so it should have included her situation. The Board’s decision was unfair and possibly biased against her. The court sided with the Board, saying their interpretation of the law made sense. Why This Matters Even though Dr. Wilson wasn’t granted her license, her efforts paved the way for discussions about better licensing options for specialists. This highlighted flaws in Hawaii’s system—showing how tricky it is for well-trained orthodontists to get licensed, even when they’re fully qualified. While the law was short-lived (it was automatically repealed when the new licensing exam was introduced in late 2005), it gave other specialists a brief opportunity to practice in Hawaii without unnecessary barriers.   In 2016, Dr. Wilson saw a gap in orthodontic coaching services tailored for General Dentists and took the initiative to fill that need. She founded her own orthodontic management and coaching company, StraightSmile Solutions®, to provide guidance and support to her peers. Now living in Honolulu with her family, Dr. Amanda enjoys the vibrant local culture and outdoor adventures. When she’s not working with clients around the globe, you can find her surfing, hiking, or leading her Cadette Girl Scout troop. She’s also a proud USA Swimming Official, further reflecting her commitment to community and youth development. For more information and to connect with Dr. Amanda, check out her social media profiles: Instagram: @straightsmilesolutions Website: https://www.straightsmilesolutions.com Our friends at Designs for Vision brought this episode to you. Designs for Vision is providing a 45-day trial of their loupes to our listeners! No strings attached – if you don't love the loupes, simply send them back for a refund. To learn more, visit https://www.designsforvision.com/DentHtml/D-InfinityGA.htm  If you made it all the way down here, hit a like and share a comment. Until next time, Peace out peeps! ✌️ _______________________________________  📦 Amazon Store with my FAV things: https://www.amazon.ca/shop/toothlife.irene?listId=YLX0271390I3 Follow on Social Media:  _______________________________________ 💁🏼‍♀️Personal Instagram @Toothlife.Irene https://www.instagram.com/toothlife.irene 🙋🏼‍♀️Facebook Irene Iancu https://www.facebook.com/irene.iancu 💃🏼TikTok @Toothlife.Irene https://www.tiktok.com/@toothlife.irene 🛒Online Store and Instagram @Toothlife https://www.instagram.com/toothlife 🥼Office Instagram @ToothlifeStudio https://www.instagram.com/ToothlifeStudio _______________________________________ 🎤Podcast @ToothorDare.Podcast https://www.instagram.com/ToothorDare.Podcast _______________________________________