#575: How Does Dairy Impact Cardiometabolic Health? – Prof. Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier

In this episode, Dr. Matthew Facciani explores how social psychology influences health beliefs and the spread of misinformation. The conversation delves into why people adopt certain nutrition or health beliefs so strongly, how identity and group membership shape our interpretation of evidence, and what makes us susceptible to false or misleading health claims. Dr. Facciani’s interdisciplinary background (spanning neuroscience, psychology, and sociology) allows him to offer a unique evidence-informed perspective on these issues. The episode centers on understanding the social forces behind health-related attitudes and how we might improve communication and critical thinking in the face of rampant misinformation. This topic is highly relevant for health professionals and researchers because misinformation about nutrition, health, and medicine can lead to poor decisions, vaccine hesitancy, or harmful fad diets. By understanding the psychological drivers that cause people to cling to unscientific beliefs, practitioners can better address patients’ concerns and correct false claims. Matthew Facciani is a postdoctoral researcher at The University of Notre Dame in the Computer Science and Engineering Department. He is an interdisciplinary social scientist with a background in neuroscience and psychology and holds a PhD in sociology. His research focuses on media literacy, misinformation, social networks, political polarization, identities, and artificial intelligence. Timestamps [01:41] Interview start [06:57] The role of identities in belief formation [16:01] Health attitudes and political identities [25:28] Improving dialogue and addressing misinformation [31:59] Does fact-checking work? [35:41] Media literacy and pre-bunking [44:03] Optimism and pessimism for the future [52:28] Key ideas segment (premium-only) Related Resources Go to episode page Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Matthew’s book: ‘Misguided’ Matthew’s academic publications Recommended episode: #365: David Robert Grimes, PhD – Conspiracy Theories & Bad Information: Why Are We Susceptible?

Dairy is often treated as a single food group, yet milk, yogurt, cheese, and butter can have very different effects on health. Some evidence links yogurt to favourable outcomes, while butter is known to raise LDL cholesterol. And then there’s the paradox of cheese: high in saturated fat, but not consistently associated with higher heart disease risk. These complexities raise the question of whether the “dairy matrix” (the combination of nutrients and food structure) explains why not all dairy acts the same. In this episode, Prof. Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier, a nutrition researcher and registered dietitian, is on the show to examine what recent trials and large population studies tell us about dairy foods and cardiometabolic health. The discussion covers blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and how guidelines should interpret this evolving evidence. Timestamps [02:18] Interview start [09:38] Dairy consumption and type 2 diabetes [16:06] Dairy and cardiovascular disease [21:42] Dairy, blood pressure, and hypertension [25:56] Dietary guidelines and dairy [43:30] Key ideas segment (Premium-only) Related Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Website: sigmanutrition.com Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Referenced studies linked here  

They’re in our oceans, our air, our food, and now even in our bodies. Microplastics, once a distant environmental issue, have become a topic of urgent relevance in medicine, public health, and nutrition. The idea that tiny plastic particles are circulating through the food chain and accumulating in human tissues has sparked headlines, speculation, and concern. But how much of this fear is grounded in solid science? And how much is still unknown? As the research into microplastics rapidly grows, so too does the confusion. Claims range from the plausible to the alarmist, yet the real picture is far more complex. What does current evidence actually tell us about the health implications of microplastic exposure? How do we weigh these emerging signals against the backdrop of other environmental threats we understand much better? And how should scientifically-minded practitioners think about this issue, especially when patients begin asking questions? This is a conversation that calls for clarity, nuance, and a rigorous look at what we know versus what remains speculative. In this episode, Professor Ian Mudway, an environmental toxicologist, discusses the current scientific understanding of microplastics and human health. Timestamps [03:31] The public’s fascination with microplastics [08:35] Defining microplastics and nanoplastics [11:35] Environmental presence of microplastics [14:54] Human exposure to microplastics [18:23] Challenges in measuring microplastics [21:38] Public perception vs. scientific reality [27:08] Challenges in microplastic research [29:53] Environmental impact and human health [33:08] Complexities of plastic additives [40:34] Future directions in microplastic research [48:09] Key ideas segment (Premium-only) Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Gresham College YouTube lectures Go to sigmanutrition.com

In this episode, performance nutritionist Daniel Davey discusses how his approach to elite sports nutrition has evolved over his career. Davey reflects on his decade working with top Irish teams (Dublin GAA/football and Leinster Rugby) and how stepping away from those environments led him to rethink the role of a nutrition practitioner.  The central theme is a shift from a traditional prescriptive model, where the expert provides meal plans and quick solutions, to a philosophy centered on athlete empowerment, education, and long-term habit development. Davey emphasizes that true high performance is achieved not by spoon-feeding athletes every nutrient, but by cultivating their independence, adaptability, and ownership of the process.  This episode delves into practical strategies for fostering that ownership, such as encouraging self-reflection, building a supportive “nutrition culture,” and focusing on sustainable habits over short-term fixes. This discussion is highly relevant to nutrition science and clinical practice because it addresses the often-overlooked behavioral and cultural aspects of dietary change.  Health professionals will recognize parallels to coaching clients in any setting: the importance of engaging individuals in their own nutrition planning, the value of reflective practice, and the balance between providing support and encouraging autonomy. Timestamps [02:38] Interview start [07:29] Empowering athletes [12:36] Challenges and reflections [16:53] Practical applications and philosophy [23:33] Building sustainable habits [28:00] Empowering decision-making through clarity [30:03] The importance of consistency and planning [31:47] Leadership and team dynamics [34:38] Personal growth and overcoming challenges [40:27] The concept of non-negotiables [52:31] Key ideas segment Resources Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course See Sigma's Recommended Resources Daniel Davey’s previous appearences on the podcast: go to episodes 306 and 194

Nutrition science plays a pivotal role in shaping public health advice, but the influence of industry funding on research has become a pressing concern. In this episode we want to examine whether we can trust nutrition studies funded by food and beverage companies, and how you can discern study credibility.  The discussion is highly relevant in today’s landscape, where conflicts of interest and bias in research are under scrutiny amidst debates on sugar, processed foods, and diet recommendations. By exploring how industry sponsorship might skew results or interpretations, this episode speaks to broader issues of scientific trustworthiness and evidence-based policy in nutrition and public health.  In this episode, we take a look at some recent publications that showed how study results and reporting differed significantly depending on if industry had funded the study or not. We delve into how this happens. As most often it is not a case of data fabrication or corruption, but rather how bias leads to studies being designed and reported differently. We walk through some examples, as well as highlighting some industry-funded studies that didn’t provide a “pro-industry” result and conclusion. The hope is that the episode allows you to understand why this is a problem, how to spot it, and how to know if you can trust the results of an industry-funded study. Timestamps [00:36] Alan’s upcoming study [04:47] Discussion on industry funding in nutrition research [15:06] Case study: industry influence on red meat research [30:43] Case study: artificial sweeteners and industry influence [36:37] Case study: sugar industry’s role in research [38:06] Critical appraisal of industry-funded studies [51:58] Case study: when industry-funded study results can be trusted [01:01:51] Guidelines for assessing research quality [01:07:14] Key ideas segment (premium-only) Related Resources Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join Alan's Alinea Nutrition Research Hub Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Recommended episode: #472: Compared To What? – Understanding Food Substitution Analysis & Adjustment Models Studies mentioned: López-Moreno et al., Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Jun;121(6):1246-1257 Tobias, 2025 – You are what you don’t eat Mandrioli D, Kearns CE, Bero LA (2016) PLOS ONE 15(3): e0230469 Schillinger et al., Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 1;165(12):895–897 Schmidt et al., 2021 – The impact of diets rich in low-fat or\ full-fat dairy on glucose tolerance and its determinants: a randomized controlled trial Schmidt et al., 2021 – Impact of low-fat and full-fat dairy foods on fasting lipid profile and blood pressure: exploratory endpoints of a randomized controlled trial

In recent years “Zone 2 training” has gained immense popularity in fitness and health circles, often being proclaimed the “best” cardiovascular training for metabolic health.  Zone 2 training is sustained, low-intensity exercise below the lactate threshold that is commonly employed by many elite level endurance athletes, with a variety of proposed performance benefits. This led to interest from health-conscious folks about its ability to  improve markers like VO2 max and mitochondrial function, which are associated with better health outcomes and longevity.  Prof. Brendon Gurd, an exercise physiologist at Queen’s University, is  the co-author of a recent review published in Sports Medicine that examined some of the claims made around zone 2 training and health in the general population. This episode looks at whether the evidence truly supports Zone 2 as a uniquely effective training zone or if this hype has outpaced the research. These insights help professionals and individuals make evidence-based recommendations and avoid unintended negative consequences of following certain ideas. About The Guest Dr. Brendon Gurd is a Professor in the School of Kinesiology and Health Studies at Queen’s University, where his research focuses on exercise physiology and skeletal muscle adaptation. His work explores how different intensities and types of exercise influence mitochondrial content and function in muscle tissue, with the goal of understanding how to optimize health and performance through training. Timestamps [03:23] Discussion with Professor Brendan Gurd [05:56] Zone two training: Mechanisms and misconceptions [10:56] Practical applications and recommendations [22:16] Research gaps and future directions [35:47] Key ideas segment (Sigma Nutrition Premium) Links to Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course List of Sigma's Recommended Resources Review paper: Storoschuk et al., 2025 – Much Ado About Zone 2: A Narrative Review Assessing the Efficacy of Zone 2 Training for Improving Mitochondrial Capacity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the General Population Lecture Slides: Prof. Brendon Gurd – Is Zone 2 the optimal intensity for inducing mitochondrial adaptation?

Fructose has often been labeled a uniquely damaging nutrient, blamed for obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. But does fructose truly have unique harmful effects or are the risks associated with it related to context and quantity? The episode explores how fructose is metabolized in the body, why it gained a reputation for being problematic, and what the scientific evidence says about fructose in our diets. You will gain insight into why fructose was singled out in the past (e.g., its unique pathway in the liver and lack of insulin response), and how newer studies put those concerns into context. It covers important nuances for practitioners and health-conscious individuals, especially given public confusion and fear around fructose (even in fruit). Guest Information Dr. Scott Harding, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry in the Department of Biochemistry at Memorial University of Newfoundland. His research explores the complex interactions between diet, metabolism, and chronic disease, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic effects of dietary sugars (especially fructose), the role of fats and phytosterols in lipid metabolism, and how public health policies like sugar taxation influence population health outcomes. Timestamps [02:58] Dr. Harding’s academic background [08:45] Fructose metabolism in detail [12:51] Fructose in diet and public health [23:07] Current research [29:53] Identifying biomarkers for fructose overconsumption [31:12] Fructose impact on health [40:58] The food matrix [45:10] Personalized nutrition and future research directions [54:06] Key ideas segment (premium-only) Related Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Related podcast episodes: #476, #468, #155 See Sigma's "Recommended Resources"

Vitamin A is often one of the less-discussed micronutrients in relation to bone health, taking a back seat to nutrients like calcium and vitamin D. Yet this fat-soluble vitamin plays a fundamental role in skeletal development, remodeling, and mineral homeostasis. It influences gene expression in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and contributes to the regulation of bone turnover throughout the lifespan. But what makes vitamin A particularly interesting, and controversial, is that its effects on bone appear to follow a double-edged pattern. While it’s essential for bone formation, several large epidemiological studies have suggested that chronically high intakes of preformed vitamin A may actually increase the risk of osteoporosis and fracture, especially when consumed as retinol from supplements or high-liver diets. And yet, the picture is not so clear-cut. This raises compelling questions: Is the concern over vitamin A and bone health justified, or is it a case of context-dependent risk? Can vitamin A, when combined with adequate levels of D and K, actually support bone strength? And are there thresholds above or below which risk increases? In this episode, we explore the human evidence on vitamin A and skeletal health, looking not only at fracture outcomes and bone mineral density data, but also at nutrient interactions, mechanistic plausibility, and the implications for supplement use in well-nourished populations. Note: This is a Premium-exclusive episode, so you will only hear a preview on this public feed. Timestamps [00:23] Vitamin A and bone health: an overview [02:50] Forms of vitamin A: retinol and carotenoids [04:16] Mechanisms of vitamin A in bone physiology [17:52] Nutrient interactions: vitamin A, D, and K [31:03] Practical takeaways and recommendations Related Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Go to Sigma Nutrition.com Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course

The idea that saturated fat might be harmful to our health has sparked controversy for decades. In recent years, counter-narratives have surged: suggesting that concerns over saturated fat were overblown, that LDL cholesterol doesn’t matter, or that the original diet-heart hypothesis has been debunked. These claims have become especially popular in online wellness spaces and certain dietary communities, often wrapped in compelling but misleading rhetoric. So what does the best available evidence actually say? And how should we think about saturated fat, LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular risk in the current day? In this wide-ranging interview, originally recorded for the Chasing Clarity podcast, Alan and Danny explore the scientific consensus around saturated fat’s impact on blood lipids, why LDL and apoB are central to atherosclerotic disease, and how dietary patterns can meaningfully reduce risk. Importantly, they also address some of the most persistent myths and half-truths that fuel confusion, from flawed interpretations of the Seven Countries Study to misrepresentations of newer meta-analyses. Timestamps [03:41] How do we know saturated fat impacts LDL-C? [05:28] Metabolic ward studies and key findings [11:13] The Keys equation and subsequent research [17:17] Epidemiology and long-term studies [31:48] The Seven Countries Study [44:25] Understanding the impact of saturated fat on blood lipids [47:23] Historical and research perspectives on saturated fat [50:43] Practical dietary strategies for improving blood lipids [53:48] The Portfolio Diet and other dietary interventions [58:07] The role of pharmacology in managing blood lipids [01:00:58] Addressing misconceptions and common claims [01:13:57] Key ideas segment (premium-only) Related Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Alan Flanagan’s Alinea Nutrition Education Hub Related episodes to add to your podcast queue: 532, 525, 515, 493, 481, 439  

To what extent can maternal nutrition during pregnancy influence a child’s later cognitive or behavioural development? While genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to neurodevelopmental outcomes such as ADHD and autism, growing attention is being paid to the potential role of prenatal exposures, including dietary patterns. Yet, evidence in this area remains limited, and causality is difficult to establish. One recent study aimed to explore this question by analysing how maternal diet quality during pregnancy (specifically, adherence to a Western-style dietary pattern) related to neurodevelopmental outcomes in children assessed clinically at age 10. In this episode, Dr. David Horner discusses the findings from this prospective cohort study, the use of metabolic markers to complement dietary data, and the implications for future research into modifiable prenatal risk factors. About The Guest Dr. David Horner is a researcher in maternal nutrition and cardiometabolic health, based at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He is also a qualified medical doctor from Queen’s University of Belfast. His research is driven by a keen interest in modifiable determinants of health, aiming to better understand and improve health outcomes. Having worked as a medical doctor for 2 years in the UK, in 2017 Dr. Horner then moved to Copenhagen, where he completed a Master’s in Global Health and a PhD examining the impact of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy on child health. Timestamps [02:47] Introduction to the study [07:08] Strengths and findings of the study [21:17] Genetic factors and gene-environment interactions [25:42] Metabolomics and potential mechanisms [30:12] Interpreting the study’s findings [38:03] Future research directions [42:50] Key ideas segment (Sigma Nutrition Premium) Related Resources Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course See Sigma's "recommended resources" list Email: [email protected] Study: Horner et al., 2025 – A western dietary pattern during pregnancy is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence David’s LinkedIn post about the study (with discussion in the comments)