Theodore Roosevelt, the Spanish-American War, and the Rise of the American Empire (Season Two, Episode Three)

Near the turn of the 20th century, the United States’ economy is an international powerhouse, but its military is, at best, a third-rate force. One man aims to leverage that small force to build an empire: Theodore Roosevelt. First as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and then as President, Roosevelt will reform the navy and conquer the remnants of the old Spanish Empire. Beyond that, Roosevelt will transform the nation itself by battling government corruption, supporting the nascent labor movement, and building the Panama Canal. At the end of his presidency, the world’s great powers will be forced to recognize the United States as a peer – one that will play an outsized role in the World War era.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: A New Birth of Freedom – 00:03:48 Chapter Two: The Rise of Roosevelt – 00:29:03 Chapter Three: The Twilight of the Spanish Empire – 01:04:45 Chapter Four: Remember the Maine! – 01:30:41 Chapter Five: The Battle of Manila Bay – 02:06:20 Chapter Six: The Rough Riders and the War for Cuba – 02:25:58 Chapter Seven: The Assassination of William McKinley – 03:01:04 Chapter Eight: Roosevelt the Progressive – 03:28:09 Chapter Nine: Roosevelt the Imperialist – 04:03:19 Chapter Ten: The Bull Moose – 04:38:03   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm   Episode transcript (90% accurate, includes bibliography): https://bit.ly/4ityHNy/ Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/46gwX2O/   Music courtesy of: https://www.youtube.com/@publicdomainclassicalmusic3961/   SOURCES: Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.) – Harper Collins Atlas of World History Blow, Michael – A Ship to Remember: The Maine and the Spanish-American War Bradford, James C.; Cooper, Diane E., et. al. – Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath Brands, Henry William; Breen, Timothy H.; Williams, R.H.; Gross, Ariela J. – American Stories: A History of the United States Brinkley, Douglas – The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America Cooper, John Milton, Jr. – The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt Cumings, Bruce – Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power Davis, Paul K. – 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present Harbaugh, William Henry – Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt Johnson, Thomas H. – The Oxford Companion to American History Kinzer, Stephen – The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of the American Empire Locke, John – The Works of John Locke in 9 Volumes, Volume 4 Lord, Walter – The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War McCullough, David – The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870-1914 McPherson, James M. – Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era Morris, Edmund (2010) – Colonel Roosevelt Morris, Edmund (1979) – The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt Morris, Edmund (2001) – Theodore Rex Musicant, Ivan – Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century Nofi, Albert A. – The Spanish-American War, 1898 O’Toole, George J. A. – The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898 Overy, Richard (ed.) – The Times Complete History of the World Pringle, Henry F. – Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography Rickover, Hyman G. – How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed Roosevelt, Theodore – The Rough Riders Roosevelt, Theodore; Brands, Henry William (ed.) – The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt Samuels, Peggy; Samuels, Harold – Remembering the Maine Sebag-Montefiore, Simon – Voices of History: Speeches that Changed the World Sondhaus, Lawrence – Naval Warfare, 1815-1914 Tuchman, Barbara – The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914 Various – Constitution of the United States of America Various – Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union Vowell, Sarah – Assassination Vacation

At the end of the 19th century, the great European empires are the most powerful nations in the history of mankind. To fuel their growing industrial economies, they expand into Africa, settling, buying, and outright seizing whatever land they can. In Britain, men like Cecil Rhodes dream of a united British African Empire extending “from Cape to Cairo.” In France, explorers like Jean-Baptiste Marchand aim to beat Britain to the punch, creating their own continent-spanning empire from Senegal to Djibouti. Meanwhile, in South Africa, the independent Boer republics are fighting their own battle against British imperialism. WARNING: Some strong racial language.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: Flashback - The English Civil War – 00:04:08 Chapter Two: Why Else Was Victorian-Era Britain So Powerful? – 00:40:42 Chapter Three: The British Empire Enters Africa – 00:50:02 Chapter Four: The Rhodes Colossus – 01:28:53 Chapter Five: France Before the Scramble – 02:12:13 Chapter Six: The French Scramble for West Africa – 02:28:38 Chapter Seven: The Fashoda Incident – 02:50:57 Chapter Eight: Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Belgium – 03:13:09 Chapter Nine: A Brief History of Bismarck's Germany – 03:31:52 Chapter Ten: The Berlin Conference, Belgian Neutrality, and Germany's African Empire – 04:00:36 Chapter Eleven: The Second Boer War – 04:23:40 Chapter Twelve: The Siege of Kimberley – 04:41:20 Chapter Thirteen: The Empire Strikes Back – 05:08:04 Chapter Fourteen: Guerilla War in the Transvaal – 05:27:49 Chapter Fifteen: The End of the Scramble – 06:03:39   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm   Episode transcript (90% accurate, includes bibliography): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR5yy3nbsD9_n8ySLibMMtDJpWQgGqTdwT6jq9MtHFYjwL5VgPUaiwOtNn6GnQm8aPsd1WYXm7g3hnC/pub/ Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/46gwX2O/   Music courtesy of: https://www.youtube.com/@publicdomainclassicalmusic3961/   SOURCES: Ackroyd, Peter - The History of England, Volume III: Civil War Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.) - Harper Collins Atlas of World History Benjamin, Thomas (ed.) - Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 Brendon, Piers - The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997 Christiansen, Eric - The Northern Crusades Churchill, Randolph S. - Winston S. Churchill, Volume I: Youth, 1874-1900 Churchill, Winston - A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume II: The New World Davidson, Apollon - Cecil Rhodes and His Time Davies, Norman - Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations D’Este, Carlo - Warlord: A Life of Churchill at War, 1874-1945 Erickson, Edward J. - A Global History of Relocation in Counterinsurgency Warfare Farwell, Byron - The Great Anglo-Boer War Fremont-Barnes, Gregory - The Boer War, 1899-1902 Gilbert, Martin - Churchill and the Jews Hobsbawm, Eric - Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day Holmes, Richard - The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French Horne, Allistair - La Belle France: A Short History Jenkins, Roy - Churchill: A Biography Lewis, David Levering - The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa Lockhart, J.G., Cecil Rhodes Manchester, William - The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory, 1874-1932 Maylam, Paul - The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa Nasson, Bill - The War for South Africa: The Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902 Overy, Richard - A History of War in 100 Battles Overy, Richard (ed.) - The Times Complete History of the World Pakenham, Thomas (1982) - The Boer War Pakenham, Thomas (1991) - The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 Prochaska, David - Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bône, 1870-1920 Quigley, Carroll - The Anglo-American Establishment Rhodes, Cecil - Confession of Faith Roberts, Andrew - Churchill: Walking With Destiny Rotberg, Robert I.; Shore, Miles F. - The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power Schama, Simon - A History of Britain, Volume II: The British Wars 1603-1776 Seward, Desmond - The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders Smith, Leonard V. - French Colonialism: From the Ancien Régime to the Present Stanley, Henry Morton - The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration, Volume I Steinberg, Jonathan - Bismarck: A Life Stone, Norman - Europe Transformed, 1878-1919 Taylor, A.J.P. - Germany’s First Bid for Colonies, 1884-1885: A Move in Bismarck’s European Policy

Dan explains that the World Wars – particularly World War II – form the founding myth of our modern era. Then, he argues that the time is right for a re-evaluation of that myth in the light of a less biased history. He’ll also provide a preview of the rest of Season 2, an overview of his research method, and an explanation of what he will and won’t be doing.   Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/46gwX2O/   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRbgMgKqp7UbkFhnLg-ov3qD1bNdazLL8rU_Z_8TJIr-k9o0IY8gwFDtL4_dNdGb38OEj4Ckp50G70Q/pub   Music courtesy of: Public Domain Classical Music   SOURCES: Stack Exchange thread on Napoleon’s quote: https://literature.stackexchange.com/questions/20248/who-said-that-history-is-a-lie-fable-agreed-upon/ Howe, Neil; Strauss, William - The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy Howe, Neil; Strauss, William - Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069

I sat down with my friend Jordyn [Last Name Redacted] to discuss the history of anarchism, an important subject that’s tangential to the 20th century’s struggle between nationalism and globalism. We also talked a bit about the history of Daoism, as well as the subject of Jordyn’s upcoming podcast: dead malls.   Apologies for the poor audio quality. I have lots of experience running my own personal microphone, but have never mic’d a whole room before. Clearly, there is much to learn.   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4   Episode transcript (90% accurate): There is no script for this episode, as it is an interview.   Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Season One Finale – Peak Nationalism, Peak Civilization? In the final episode of Season One, Dan sums up what we’ve learned about nationalism and its development. He also sets the stage for Season Two of Relevant History, which will cover the World Wars and the conflict between nationalism and globalism.   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRm_Tf-GWzt6hMnTSeshSHlUiE0CvqQMghfv2infQQoVOF4xXGWFWhdmsdPXGDz659iFtaQGuH1UBjB/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Maddison Project Database (most recent): https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023/ PIAAC 2023 US literacy and numeracy data: https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/2023/national_results.asp/ PIAAC International literacy and numeracy data: https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/international_context.asp/

In the year 1870, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck engineers a war to cut France down to size. French Emperor Napoleon III is willing to oblige, and bungles his way into a war against all of Germany. The Franco-Prussian War proves to be more than he – or anyone else – bargained for. Within a few months, Paris will be under siege, proto-Communist rebels will threaten to take over France, and the Italians will invade Rome. And Bismarck, ever the opportunist, will grasp at the opportunity to unify Germany once and for all.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Twilight of the French Empire – 00:01:56 Chapter Two: The Ems Dispatch – 00:26:26 Chapter Three: A Blueprint for the Great War – 00:46:34 Chapter Four: Unstoppable Force Meets Immovable Object – 01:13:48 Chapter Five: The Great Right Turn – 01:55:15 Chapter Six: The Last Bonaparte – 02:21:16 Chapter Seven: The Government of National Defense – 02:47:44 Chapter Eight: The Last Stand of the Papal States – 03:13:36 Chapter Nine: The Defense of the French Republic – 03:35:42 Chapter Ten: The Siege of Paris – 04:02:27 Chapter Eleven: The Dawn of the German Empire – 04:34:01 Chapter Twelve: The Paris Commune – 04:50:50 Chapter Thirteen: The Belle Époque – 05:20:22 Chapter Fourteen: The Future of Italy – 05:47:14 Chapter Fifteen: The Age of Bismarck – 06:08:22   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRspp9A68aYB2E7iR3qY3fDucuy0qfPuhR1d-8urumVxitiYMennSxDiu36RmCS-J4S7ahF4PRw5ENq/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Graham Allison, Thucydides’s Trap Case File - https://www.belfercenter.org/programs/thucydidess-trap/thucydidess-trap-case-file/ Robert Baldick, The Siege of Paris Quintin Barry, The Franco-Prussian War: 1870-71 Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 Georges Bonnin, Bismarck and the Hohenzollern Candidature for the Spanish Throne: The Documents in the German Diplomatic Archives Fenton Bresler, Napoleon III: A Life John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871 Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present William Dawson, History of the German Empire Carolyn J. Eichner, The Paris Commune: A Brief History Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jesse White Mario) E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion Lucius Hudson Holt and Alexander Wheeler Chilton, The History of Europe From 1862 to 1914: From the Accession of Bismarck to the Outbreak of the Great War Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870-1871 David I. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi’s Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy Melvin Kranzberg, The Siege of Paris, 1870-1871: A Political and Social History Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History Helmuth von Moltke, The Franco-German War of 1870-71 Arthur E. Monroe, The French Indemnity of 1871 and its Effects - https://www.jstor.org/stable/1928688?seq=1 Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life A.J.P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871

In 1864, the twin German powers of Austria and Prussia join together to beat up on little Denmark. In 1866, they have a falling out and beat up on each-other. The Italians, still salty over their last war with Austria, join on Prussia’s side, with the goal of seizing Venice once and for all. The Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks’ War, will determine which power – Austria or Prussia – will control the destiny of Germany. Meanwhile, Italian nationalists have their eyes set on more than Venice. If they can manage it, they aim to conquer Rome itself.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Iron Chancellor – 00:01:31 Chapter Two: The Second Schleswig-Holstein War – 00:23:22 Chapter Three: The Diplomatic Crisis of 1865-1866 – 01:05:43 Chapter Four: The Timelines Converge – 01:33:21 Chapter Five: Venetia or Bust – 01:48:51 Chapter Six: The War With Many Names – 02:15:19 Chapter Seven: Iron and Blood – 02:42:52 Chapter Eight: Königgrätz – 02:58:12 Chapter Nine: Garibaldi Saves the Day – 03:21:12 Chapter Ten: An Amicable Peace – 03:37:58 Chapter Eleven: The Roman Question – 04:00:33 Chapter Twelve: The Dual Monarchy – 04:33:26   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRfBLk-SmW6SKS_bsBCkzR32Xb3SiyLDDCymQO8tyJyvAlDvvkzDkVvuD4AiR6-fRKuzrRZjjwijM3-/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Quintin Barry, Road to Koniggratz: Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro-Prussian War 1866 Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871 Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Michael Embree, Bismarck’s First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jessie White Mario) E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion H.M. Hozier, The Seven Weeks' War: the Austro-Prussian Conflict of 1866 Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification Peter F. Sugar, A History of Hungary Bertha von Suttner, Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866

In part three of his series on the unifications of Germany and Italy, Dan talks about the turbulent 1850s and early 60s. In Germany, this is a time of mass industrialization. With the regional economy growing at a record pace, Prussia and Austria engage in saber-rattling diplomacy over the future of the German Confederation.   Meanwhile, the new King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, aims to do what his father could not: conquer all of Italy. Taking advantage of Austrian weakness – and a burgeoning alliance with France – he and three other men will engineer a revolution that unites the Apennine Peninsula for the first time since the Roman Empire.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The German Question – 00:04:22 Chapter Two: The Erfurt Union – 00:30:15 Chapter Three: The (Austrian) Empire Strikes Back – 00:42:24 Chapter Four: Enter Bismarck – 01:03:59 Chapter Five: Goodbye, Friedrich Wilhelm – 01:32:59 Chapter Six: Repression in Lombardy – 01:41:19 Chapter Seven: Enter Camillo Cavour – 01:51:20 Chapter Eight: Enter Victor Emmanuel – 02:04:32 Chapter Nine: The Crimean War – 02:17:48 Chapter Ten: Engineering a Revolution – 02:39:34 Chapter Eleven: The War for Northern Italy – 03:05:02 Chapter Twelve: The Expedition of the Thousand – 03:34:34 Chapter Thirteen: The Dictator of Sicily – 04:14:24 Chapter Fourteen: The Conquest of Southern Italy – 04:28:49 Chapter Fifteen: The Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy – 04:51:04 Chapter Sixteen: Rome and the Risorgimento – 05:13:43   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTILtf6-xAur_LTmOc_UJ7iH-H3L0l_O_jUjd2CwhN9q3CWJV6zM2UCbss4HP1saanj2jSurstKqKX0/pub/ Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Carlo Bossoli, The War in Italy Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Charles Stuart Forbes, The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies: A Personal Narrative Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – -Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up  -Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion Denis Mack Smith, Cavour, a Biography Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en Damian McElrath, The Syllabus of Pius IX: Some Reactions in England The New York Times, The Attempted Assassination of the Emperor of the French - https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/02/09/78528596.pdf Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Pope Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm Trevor Royle, Crimea, The Great Crimean War 1854-1856 Frederick C. Schneid, The Second War of Italian Unification 1859-61 James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770-1866 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life

Often called the “Springtime of Nations,” the year 1848 is one of turmoil throughout Europe. Revolutions are everywhere, from France to Romania. In Germany, Prussia is ascendant. Rather than fight calls for German nationalization, savvy King Friedrich Wilhelm IV puts himself at the head of the revolution. Austria watches helplessly from the sidelines, distracted by trouble at home and abroad. In Italy, King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia battles the Austrians for control in the north, while local revolutions topple governments in Venice, Florence, and Rome itself.   I apologize for the drop in audio quality from roughly 1:58:30 to 2:11:20. Audacity wasn’t recording for that portion so I had to make do with the already-compressed audio from OBS.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Sleeping Volcano – 00:04:43 Chapter Two: The Fall of Metternich – 00:32:33 Chapter Three: The Vienna Uprising and the Hungarian Rebellion – 01:01:34 Chapter Four: Enter Franz Joseph – 01:31:34 Chapter Five: Crisis in Germany – 01:41:53 Chapter Six: The Curious Case of Lola Montez – 02:13:48 Chapter Seven: King Friedrich Wilhelm, the Conservative Revolutionary – 02:13:48 Chapter Eight: The First Schleswig-Holstein War – 02:24:20 Chapter Nine: The Revolution in Venice – 02:42:33 Chapter Ten: Charles Albert Versus Radetzky – 03:14:53 Chapter Eleven: Enter Garibaldi – 03:36:46 Chapter Twelve: A Sidebar on Sicily – 04:01:17 Chapter Thirteen: The Return of Mazzini – 04:08:29 Chapter Fourteen: Charles Albert Tries Again – 04:22:51 Chapter Fifteen: The Fall of the Roman Republic – 04:32:27 Chapter Sixteen: The Siege of Venice – 04:47:07 Chapter Seventeen: The End of the Revolution – 04:58:57   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRXQnNgiTX89RksqftH8gEfgwhpUtw6tHz9-zvMh4o3ddwcwq2rMui9dkFfpXixkpNVDD6xR9xtQHb8/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Friedrich Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – -Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up  -Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-1849 - https://archive.org/details/danielemaninvene0000gins/page/n5/mode/2up James Morton, Lola Montez: Her Life & Conquests - https://archive.org/details/lolamontezherlif0000mort/page/80/mode/2up Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Carlo Pisacane, Guerra Combattuta in Italia Neglo Anni 1848-49 Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50

At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the victorious allied powers restore Central Europe to its pre-war status: a bunch of small, semi-independent German and Italian states, dominated by more powerful neighbors. But the idea of nationalism, spread by Napoleon’s armies, is a genie you can’t put back in the bottle. In the German Confederation, 38 tiny countries try to establish their legitimacy, but are overshadowed by the Austrian Empire in the south and the Kingdom of Prussia in the north. Without a clear path to political nationalization, German intellectuals instead focus on building a unified German culture. In Italy, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini openly call for Risorgimento – a resurgence of Italian national identity. Drawing their inspiration from ancient Rome, these young revolutionaries will spend an entire generation battling to overthrow their Austrian overlords while avoiding French domination. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4  Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r7N2KkmrRtrPBJliHzEkkKlmEsGtk8c8NzWI03eRn7A/pub    Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn  Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Friedrich Engels, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Pope Pius IX, Non Semel (Italian) – https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-ix/it/documents/allocuzione-non-semel-29-aprile-1848.html Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50