Introduction to Tissues

TISSUES   Epithelial Cells # of Layers Simple Stratified (multilayered)  Shape Squamous Cubodial Columnar    Connective tissue Cells Blasts = 'baby', immature cells Cytes = mature Fiber Collagen  Elastic reticular Ground substances  Fluid, salts   Proper Connective Tissue Loose Areolar Adipose Reticular   Dense Regular Irregular Elastic   Cartilage  Hyaline Elastic Fibro cartilage  

Endomembrane System Plasma membrane - barrier (made up of phospholipids with hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail - middle part being 'scared of water' keeps water out) Cytoplasm - fluid water based (primarily water, gel-like substance called cytosol) Cytosol - watery part of the cytoplasm, water-fluid part of cytoplasm; also dissolved in sugars, proteins and other solutes  Inclusions - some of our cells have storage containers of chemicals; glycogen stored glucose in liver and skeletal cells Organelles - mini-machines that do the work of the cell: produce cell energy, create proteins, and help cell function Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - membraneous system enclosing the cistern, coiling through cytoplasm, studded with ribosomes, proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to Golgi apparatus and other sites. Eternal face synthesizes phospholipids Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - membranous system of sacs and tubules; no ribosomes so it is smooth. Site of lipid and cholesterol synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, and calcium storage Ribosomes - dense particles consisting of two subunits, made of rRNA, free or attached to RER; synthesize proteins Mitochondria - rodlike, double membrane structures, inner membrane folded into cristae; site of ATP synthesis; POWERHOUSE OF CELL Golgi apparatus (Golgi body) - a stack of flattened membranes  and associated vesicles close to nucleus; packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane, modifies carbohydrates on proteins; the UPS of the cell Centrioles - paired cylindrical bodies, composed of 9 triplets of microtubules, organize microtubule network; forms spindles and asters during mitosis  Nucleus - command and control center, contains master code of how the cell functions, separate from cytoplasm Nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope) - holds the nucleus in place Nucleic acid: DNA and some RNA Nucleolus (organelle) - creates ribosomes (modeled by red dots or beads) that create proteins, contains DNA and some RNA Nuclear pores - Nuclear membrane is picker than the cell membrane; uses nuclear pores to select what comes in and out, a protector of the cell Chromatin - threads weaving through nucleoplasm, carries and packages our DNA around histones

Integumentary (outer layer of body) Forms external body covering (Skin, hair, nails, and glands), protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes Vitamin D, houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.  Dermis, Epidermis, hypodermis, Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Gland, hair Skeletal Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Bones, ligament, cartilage  Muscular Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. Muscles, tendons Nervous Fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Endocrine Secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovary Cardiovascular Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.  Heart, aorta, arteries, veins Lymphatic (closely associated with lymphatic) Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in body.  Tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, this exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi  Digestive Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.  Teeth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, appending  Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.  Bladder, Ureter, kidneys, urethra  Reproductive  Produces offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. Remaining female structures fertilize and develop a fetus. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish young. (female) uterus, cervix, vagina, fallopian tube, ovary  (male) penis, testes, scrotum, prostate

Let's review regions of the lower half of the body and the back. Lower Limb (legs, left and right; Appendicular) Coxal (hip) C-O-X-A-L Femoral (thigh) F-E-M-O-R-A-L Patellar (knee cap) P-A-T-E-L-L-A-R Popliteal (back of knee, knee fold) P-O-P-L-I-T-E-A-L Cural (leg, anterior) C-U-R-A-L Sural (calf) S-U-R-A-L Fibular (peroneal) (side of leg) F-I-B-U-L-A-R Pedal (foot) P-E-D-A-L Tarsal (ankle) T-A-R-S-A-L Calcaneal (heel, connects foot to ankle) C-A-L-C-A-N-E-A-L Metatarsal (meta = in between, area between ankle and toes) M-E-T-A-T-A-R-S-A-L Digital (toes) D-I-G-I-T-A-L Plantar (sole of foot) P-L-A-N-T-A-R Hallux (big toe) H-A-L-L-U-X Posterior/Dorsal Dorsal (back) D-O-R-S-A-L Otic (ears) O-T-I-C Occipital (back of head) O-C-C-I-P-I-T-A-L Cervical (neck) C-E-R-V-I-C-A-L Scapular (shoulder blades) S-C-A-P-U-L-A-R Vertebral (spine) V-E-R-T-E-B-R-A-L

You're in my study group now! This will review the frontal region of the body and upper limbs. Anterior/ventral Cephalic (cranial; axial) C-E-P-H-A-L-I-C Frontal (head, face) F-R-O-N-T-A-L Orbital (eyes) O-R-B-I-T-A-L Nasal (nose) N-A-S-A-L Buccal (cheek) B-U-C-C-A-L Oral (mouth) O-R-A-L Mental (chin) M-E-N-T-A-L Cervical (neck; axial) C-E-R-V-I-C-A-L Thoracic (chest; axial) T-H-O-R-A-C-I-C Sternal (sternum) S-T-E-R-N-A-L Axillary (armpit) A-X-I-L-L-A-R-Y Mammary (breasts) M-A-M-M-A-R-Y Abdominal (stomach; axial) A-B-D-O-M-I-N-A-L Umbilical (belly button) U-M-B-I-L-I-C-A-L Pelvic (hip; axial) P-E-L-V-I-C Inguinal (groin) I-N-G-U-I-N-A-L eeen-gwen-all Pubic (genitals; axial) P-U-B-I-C Upper Limb (arms, left and right; Appendicular) Acromial (shoulder) A-C-R-O-M-I-A-L think acrimonious / bitter divorce = giving someone cold shoulder Brachial (arm) B-R-A-C-H-I-A-L Antecubital (inner elbow, fold) A-N-T-E-C-U-B-I-T-A-L Olecranal (posterior elbow) O-L-E-C-R-A-N-A-L ol' - cranall, my ol' elbow's acting up Antebrachial (forearm) A-N-T-E-B-R-A-C-H-I-A-L Carpal (wrist) C-A-R-P-A-L Manus (hand) M-A-N-U-S Metacarpal (palm bones) M-E-T-A-C-A-R-P-A-L Palmar (palm of hand) P-A-L-M-A-R Pollex (thumb) P-O-L-L-E-X Digital (four fingers, not thumb) D-I-G-I-T-A-L

ANATOMICAL POSITION: Standing upright Facing forward Arms at side with palms facing forward, thumbs lateral Bottom of foot facing backward (posterior)  Axial - head, neck, trunk (main axis of body) Appendicular - upper and lower limbs (attached to axis) ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS: Superior / Cranial: Toward the head/upper part. Inferior / Caudal: Toward the feet/lower part. Anterior / Ventral: Toward the front/belly side. Posterior / Dorsal: Toward the back/back side (spine). Medial: Toward the midline of the body. Lateral: Away from the midline of the body. Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment/trunk (e.g., shoulder is proximal to elbow). Distal: Farther from the point of attachment/trunk (e.g., wrist is distal to elbow). Superficial: Closer to the body's surface (e.g., skin). Deep: Further from the body's surface (e.g., muscles).

So many new things to share! TL;DR I'm on the road to nursing and midwiery school! This semester I've just started Anatomy & Physiology and I'm using this platform to help me study.  As always, follow along on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/motherwelldoula/ Or my website: https://motherwelldoula.com/ 

Join us today as I talk with nutritionist and fitness coach Aimee Gallo! We dig into her story and talk about the impact of the food we put in our bodies and how it affects the work we do. She provides many helpful tips of ways to fuel our bodies with the correct nutrition to keep us strong so we can continue to do the work we love. 

It's been a total delight and honor to get to talk with birthworkers I ACTUALLY see in practice! Today I'm talking with Larra Dennie, midwife at Mountain Song Midwifery. We discuss her journey from being an L&D nurse to becoming midwife, and all sorts of observations along the way!

Today we continue the birth in my backyard series with yoga teacher and L&D nurse Casey Buehler. We talk about the importance of doulas and nurses working together to support not only our client but eachother. She shares her experinces with doulas and gives some tips of ways to connect with the others on the birth team. We chat about how creating space and having an open mind can improve the connection with the nurse and doula and optimize the support given to the client.