Colorectal Cancer

In this video we cover Gastric Cancer / Stomach Cancer, looking at risk factors for it as well as what are the signs and symptoms of Gastric Cancer (with Troisier's sign!). Also includes the most common locations of gastric cancer, how gastric cancer is diagnosed (including staging), and how is gastric cancer treated. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineVideo Timestamps:0:00 How common is Gastric Cancer0:10 Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer1:07 Where is Gastric Cancer most common? 1:19 Types of Gastric Cancer1:35 Most Common Site of Gastric Cancer (Which part of the stomach is most commonly affected)1:49 Signs and Symptoms of Gastric Cancer (Gastric Cancer Symptoms) 2:39 What is Troisier's Sign? (Virchows Node)2:51 Gastric Cancer Diagnosis3:10 Gastric Cancer Staging4:03 Gastric Cancer Prognosis4:35 Gastric Cancer TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesWorld Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008. Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(8), pp.1149–1155. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690660/. PMCMachlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R. & Sitarz, R., 2020. Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11):4012. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312039/. PubMedWikipedia, 2025. Stomach carcinoma / Gastric cancer. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_carcinoma.ScienceDirect Topics, 2025. Stomach carcinoma – Medicine and Dentistry. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/stomach-carcinoma. ScienceDirectWorld Health Organization (WHO), 2025. Cancer fact sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at fibromyalgia, a common but poorly understood condition causing chronic widespread pain. Includes symptoms of fibromyalgia, as well as how fibromyalgia is diagnosed (with Widespread Pain Index and Symptom Severity Scores!) and fibromyalgia treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Fibromyalgia Definition - What is Fibromyalgia?0:20 Fibromyalgia Epidemiology - How common is Fibromyalgia?0:43 Fibromyalgia Symptoms1:33 Cause of Fibromyalgia / Fibromyalgia Pathology2:25 Fibromyalgia Diagnosis - Tender Points, Widespread Pain Index & Symptom Severity Score3:56 Fibromyalgia Differential Diagnosis4:17 Fibromyalgia Subtypes & Controversy5:18 Fibromyalgia Treatment Options LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesGPnotebook, 2025. Fibromyalgia. [online] Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20141217144402775001.BMJ Best Practice, 2023. Fibromyalgia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/187. BMJ Best PracticeDalal, D.S. & Mandell, B.F., 2024. Fibromyalgia. In: MSD Manuals Professional Edition – Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/fibromyalgia. MSD MaDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at Colorectal Cancer, the 3rd most common cancer worldwide. We go into the risk factors of colorectal cancer, the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer (and how they change based on location of the cancer), the diagnosis and screening, as well as treatment of colorectal cancer and its prognosis. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/general-surgeryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Intro - Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology 0:12 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors1:41 Colorectal Cancer Pathology (Polyps & Paris Classification)2:36 Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer4:20 How is Colorectal Cancer diagnosed? 5:53 Treatment of Colorectal Cancer7:15 What is the prognosis of Colorectal CancerLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBowel Cancer UK, 2025. About bowel cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/about-bowel-cancer/bowel-cancer/. Bowel Cancer UKEndoscopy Campus, 2025. Paris classification – Early cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/classifications/paris-classification-early-cancer/. endoscopy-campus.comRubio, C.A., Thomeer, M., Nordenskjöld, O., Gaudio, E. & Wallin, J.A., 2007. Malignant colorectal polyps: A review. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(30), pp.4141–4146. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896747/. PMCAmerican Cancer Society, 2025. Colon & rectal cancer risk factors. [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Intestinal ischemia refers to a group of conditions seen with inadequate blood flow to the intestines. This includes acute mesenteric ischemia and chronic mesenteric ischemia, affecting the small intestine, and ischemic colitis affecting the large intestine. We cover the anatomy, pathology and signs of symptoms of each form of intestinal ischemia, and also look at the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Intestinal Ischemia (Ischemic Bowel Disease)0:18 Blood Supply of Intestines 1:36 Ischemic Bowel Disease Pathology2:36 Ischemic Bowel Disease Symptoms (Mesenteric Ischemia Symptoms / Ischemic Colitis Symptoms) 3:45 Intestinal Ischemia Risk Factors (Ischemic Bowel Disease Risk Factors)4:03 Ischemic Bowel Disease Diagnosis4:53 Ischemic Bowel Disease Treatment (Mesenteric Ischemia Treatment / Ischemic Colitis Treatment)LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesInnerBody, 2025. Blood supply of the intestines – Lower torso cardiovascular anatomy. [online] Available at: https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/cardiovascular/lower-torso/blood-supply-intestines.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Blood Supply of Small Intestine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554527/.MSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Acute mesenteric ischemia – Gastrointestinal disorders / Acute abdomen and surgical gastroenterology. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-mesenteric-ischemia.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder, affecting 5-15% of the population. In this video we cover irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, the criteria (Rome IV criteria) as well as what may cause irritable bowel syndrome. We also look at irritable bowel syndrome treatment and who is at risk of developing irritable bowel syndrome. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?  (What is IBS?)0:13 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms (Signs and Symptoms of IBS)1:05 Who gets Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (IBS Risk Factors / Epidemiology)2:51 What causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome? 3:33 How is Irritable Bowel Syndrome diagnosed? (IBS Diagnosis)4:32 Irritable Bowel Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesFrontline Gastroenterology, 2025. Best management of irritable bowel syndrome. Frontline Gastroenterology, 12(4), pp.303–310. [online] Available at: https://fg.bmj.com/content/12/4/303. BMJ Future GenerationsOka, P., Parr, H., Barberio, B., Black, C.J., Savarino, E.V. & Ford, A.C., 2020. Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(10), pp.908–917. [online] Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30217-X/fulltext. The LancetWikipedia, 2025. Irritable bowel syndrome – Signs and symptoms. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome#Signs_and_symptoms. WikipediaNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), 2025. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). [online] Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome. NIDDKCrohn’s & Colitis Foundation, 2025. IBS vs IBD – Differences between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. [online] Available at: https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-ibd/ibs-vs-ibd. crohnscolitisfoundation.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Dysfunction) comes under the umbrella term of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder, and in this video we go through TMJ Disorder (including Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Treatment & Anatomy). Also includes risk factors/potential causes of TMJ disorder.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/entConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Temporomandibular Joint Disorder?0:12 Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy 1:24 Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder3:00 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Risk Factors4:30 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Causes5:17 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Diagnosis6:29 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy and Disorders. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551612/.TeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/joints/temporomandibular/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, including signs and symptoms, pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its diagnosis (and murmur!). Also features hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment options. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? 0:14 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology0:49 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology / Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology2:30 Systolic Anterior Motion / Systolic Anterior Movement4:22 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms6:07 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis7:19 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Marian, A.J. & Braunwald, E., 2017. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circulation Research, 121(7), pp.749–770. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654557/. PMCLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-hcm-ecg-library/.BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/409. BMJ Best PracticeDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover the different types of heart block as well as heart block ECG interpretation, including 1st degree, 2nd degree which has two types- Mobitz 1 or Wenckebach and Mobitz 2, as well as 3rd degree heart block also known as complete heart block. We also look at causes, symptoms and treatment options for each type of heart block. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Normal Cardiac Conduction Pathway1:07 First Degree Heart Block / 1st Degree AV Block  - ECG1:30 First Degree Heart Block  / 1st Degree AV Block -  Causes2:36 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 / Wenckebach - ECG3:15 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 - Causes4:01 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - ECG4:25 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - Causes5:29 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - ECG6:06 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - CausesLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. First-Degree Heart Block • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLOldroyd, S.H., 2023. First-degree atrioventricular block. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448164/. NCBIMedscape, 2024. First-Degree Atrioventricular Block. eMedicine Overview. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161829-overview#a7. Medscape eMedicineLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Heart Failure / Heart Failure Definition0:11 Systolic vs Diastolic Heart Failure 0:31 How is Cardiac Output Calculated2:28 Causes of Heart Failure 4:39 Heart Failure Risk Factors5:24 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure6:12 Diagnosis of Heart Failure 7:41 Treatment of Heart Failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF) ReferencesNaing, P., Forrester, D., Kangaharan, N., Muthumala, A.S.M., Myint, S.M. & Playford, D., 2019. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. July 2019. [online] Available at: https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/july/heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction. RACGPLi, P., Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Ning, Y. & Tu, Y., 2021. Similarities and differences between HFmrEF and HFpEF. , 8:678614. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.678614/full. Cellular and molecular differences between HFpEF and HFrEF: a step ahead in an improved pathological understanding, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020.  Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7016826/. NCBIAlbakri, A., 2018. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: clinical status and meta-analyses of diagnosis by 3D echocardiography and natriuretic peptides-guided therapy. Paolucci, L., 2022. New guideline-directed treatments for heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Case Reports. Available at: https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaccases.2021.11.006. jacc.orgNicolas, D., 2024. Sacubitril-Valsartan. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507904/. NCBINational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure: diagnosis, management and prognosis. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961993/.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599960/. NCBIDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, also known as Broken Heart Syndrome, Stress Cardiomyopathy or Apical Ballooning Syndrome, is a condition that impairs the heart's ability to contract effectively. Takotsubo means octopus trap in Japanese, which is the shape the left ventricle resembles in this condition. We look at Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy pathology and symptoms, diagnosis including ECG changes as well as treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? 0:36 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Pathology / Causes1:59 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Risk Factors2:54 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Symptoms3:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis 4:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Prognosis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesAhmad, S.A., Khalid, N. & Ibrahim, M.A., 2023. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430798/. NCBICardiomyopathy UK, 2025. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy | Cardiomyopathy UK. [online] Available at: https://www.cardiomyopathy.org/about-cardiomyopathy/types-cardiomyopathy/takotsubo-cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy.orgWikipedia, 2025. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy. WikipediaDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.