How do Brains Work?

What do we mean when we talk about God—and how far can philosophy take us in answering the deepest questions of religion? In this wide-ranging conversation, Alex O’Connor joins Robert Lawrence Kuhn to explore competing conceptions of God, the ground of being, religious experience and faith, the problem of evil, divine omniscience and free will, morality, the philosophical challenges of the Trinity, and the diversity of religious traditions. Along the way, O’Connor reflects on how his own thinking about God has evolved, why he doubts philosophical arguments alone could make him a religious believer, and why questions about consciousness and the fundamental nature of reality remain especially significant to him. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

How can we measure the universe—and determine what it is made of? Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist George Smoot joins Robert Lawrence Kuhn to explore precision cosmology, from measurements of the cosmic microwave background to dark matter, dark energy, and the expansion of the universe. They discuss how gravitational lensing is becoming an increasingly powerful tool for probing the cosmos and investigating what dark matter might actually be. Smoot also looks ahead to new observations and technologies that could help answer some of cosmology’s biggest remaining questions. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

What might humanity look like decades, millennia—or even millions of years—from now? Science-fiction author and futurist David Brin joins Robert Lawrence Kuhn to explore humanity’s possible futures. They discuss artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, space exploration, alien civilizations and the Fermi paradox, as well as consciousness, the nature of truth, and whether there is any deeper meaning to human existence. Brin considers both the existential risks humanity faces and the possibilities that could emerge if civilization survives and continues to develop. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

Could a single theory explain the fundamental workings of the universe? Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku joins Robert Lawrence Kuhn to discuss The God Equation and the quest for a Theory of Everything. They explore string theory, the multiverse, higher dimensions, time travel, the Big Bang, and what a final theory might reveal about reality and our place in the cosmos. This conversation was originally recorded following the publication of Kaku’s The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

Can your theory of consciousness determine your answers to the biggest questions in philosophy, science, and religion — AI sentience, life after death, free will, personal identity? Robert Lawrence Kuhn presents his landmark taxonomy of consciousness theories — spanning materialism, quantum theories, information, panpsychism, dualism, idealism, and more — and argues that every serious question about mind and perhaps even about existence depends on which theory you hold. Recorded at the 7th Woodenfish Forum on Buddhism, Science & Future ("Rewriting Reincarnation in the Light of Frontier Biotechnology"), held at The Grand Hotel, Taipei, June 5–7, 2026, and introduced by the forum's founder, Venerable Dr. Yifa. Robert Lawrence Kuhn is the creator, producer, writer, and host of _Closer To Truth,_ the long-running PBS series and global resource on cosmos, consciousness, and meaning. He holds a PhD in anatomy and brain research from UCLA and is the author of "A Landscape of Consciousness: Toward a Taxonomy of Explanations and Implications," editor-in-chief of the Landscape of Consciousness website, which currently catalogues nearly 450 theories of consciousness. The Landscape of Consciousness website: https://loc.closertotruth.com/ Venerable Dr. Yifa is the founder and director of the Woodenfish Foundation, an international, nonsectarian nonprofit dedicated to building a global network of ethical and compassionate leaders. A Yale-educated Buddhist nun and Associate at the Harvard University Asia Center, she has appeared on Closer To Truth exploring Buddhist philosophy. The Woodenfish Forum on Buddhism, Science & Future was founded by Venerable Dr. Yifa with the aspiration of engaging Buddhist thought through the lens of scientific inquiry. The 2026 forum brought together leading scientists, philosophers, and religious thinkers to explore reincarnation, consciousness, and the ethics of frontier biotechnology. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

Everything we know, everything we think, comes from our brain. Are brains our window to reality, seeing what truly exists? Or are we bound by brains, mental slaves of the meat in our heads? Featuring interviews with Christopher Evans, Kelsey Martin, Robert Bilder, Jared Diamond, and Rodney Brooks. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

Celia Deane-Drummond talks the evolution of wisdom, COVID-19 and the boundary between natural and moral evil, Christian theology, and redeeming sin. She also discusses her book, Shadow Sophia, the second volume in her Evolution of Wisdom series. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

Is there more than one universe? According to current cosmology, our entire gigantic universe is only one of innumerable universes, each universe like one tiny bubble in a limitless ocean of universes. What could all this mean? Featuring interviews with Max Tegmark, Anthony Aguirre, Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, and Paul Davies. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

What is “nothing”? What does it mean for nothing to exist—or for nothing to have ever existed? In this episode, Robert Lawrence Kuhn explores one of philosophy’s deepest questions: Why is there something rather than nothing? Through conversations with philosophers and physicists, the discussion examines the nature of nothingness, whether absolute nothing is possible, and how different philosophical and scientific perspectives attempt to explain the existence of the universe. Featuring Richard Swinburne, Simon Blackburn, Robert Spitzer, Peter van Inwagen, Steven Weinberg, John Leslie, Timothy O’Connor, Victor Stenger, John Hawthorne, and Peter Forrest. Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth

How do natural laws shape human societies? In this conversation, Saleem Ali discusses Earthly Order: How Natural Laws Define Human Life, exploring connections between natural systems, social organization, economics, and political order. Ali examines how concepts such as order, chaos, emergence, hierarchy, and complexity operate across scales—from physics and ecology to governance and global sustainability. Saleem H. Ali is the Blue and Gold Distinguished Professor of Energy and the Environment at the University of Delaware. His research focuses on environmental conflicts, sustainability, natural resources, and ecological cooperation in international relations.   Subscribe to Closer To Truth:  https://www.youtube.com/@CloserToTruthTV Join the Community: Membership (5,000+ videos): https://closertotruth.com/register/ Audio Podcast: https://closertotruth.podbean.com Support the Show: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Official Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/store/closertotruth/ Follow Us: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CloserToTruthTV/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/closertotruth/ X: https://x.com/CloserToTruth