02 - Coévolution entre les plantes à fleurs et leurs pollinisateurs

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Closing discussions

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Collaborative AI for Plant Biodiversity Monitoring: From Pl@ntNet to GeoPl@ntNet Alexis JolyDirecteur de recherche, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, INRIA, Montpellier, FrancePierre BonnetCadre scientifique, botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations, CIRAD, Montpellier, FranceRésuméPl@ntNet is a participatory platform based on artificial intelligence to facilitate plant identification and the monitoring of plant biodiversity. In this presentation, we will first look at the technology behind Pl@ntNet, as well as the innovative services it offers in the fields of conservation, research and agro-ecology. We will then discuss the new biogeographical models developed by the Pl@ntNet team to overcome the problems of bias and incomplete data, and their integration into a new tool (GeoPl@ntNet) currently under development.Alexis JolyAlexis Joly is research director at Inria with interests in machine learning and computer vision applied to biodiversity. He is the scientific and technical leader of the Pl@ntNet citizen science project which develops a million-users platform based on AI. He is the founder of the LifeCLEF international virtual lab dedicated to the computer-assisted identification of living organisms.Pierre BonnetDr. Pierre Bonnet is a permanent scientist at CIRAD in France, based in AMAP lab (a Joint Research Unit for plant architecture, specialised in tropical botany and bioinformatics). His topics of interest are Botany, plant ecology, and applied computer science. He got his Ph.D. in 2008 from the University of Montpellier, after two and half years of activities in South East Asia, in close collaboration with the National Herbarium of the Netherlands and the National University of Laos. Since 2009, he works as a scientific coordinator of Pl@ntNet initiative, in close collaboration with scientists and engineers of INRIA, INRAE, and IRD, in order to promote citizen science for gathering new data on plants at world scale.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : The Spipoll Project: Monitoring Plant-Visitor Interactions in France with Citizen ScienceNicolas DeguinesMaître de conférences, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, université de Poitiers, Poitiers, FranceRésuméIn the context of global changes affecting biodiversity worldwide, to what extent flower visitors —and not just bees— are threatened by different environmental factors needs to be evaluated. This is critical if we are to mitigate the effects of global changes on these organisms along with their functions in ecosystems and the services they provide to human societies.In 2010, the Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors (Spipoll) was launched to monitor plant-visitor interactions across France with the help of citizen scientists following a standardized protocol. During 20 minutes exactly, a volunteer takes pictures of every organisms visiting any flower of a chosen plant species. Date, time, location and conditions of observations, along with identifications of the plant and its visitors are provided by volunteers to a taxonomic resolution as fine as possible based on morphological characteristics visible on photographs (and using an interactive identification key specifically developed for the Spipoll). In this talk, after introducing the Spipoll protocol and unique dataset collected (more than 650,000 plant-visitor interactions across 75,000+ sampling locations), we will present the main results obtained since 2010 and develop scientific perspectives.Nicolas DeguinesJe suis docteur en écologie du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle depuis 2013 et maître de conférences à l'université de Poitiers depuis 2020. Écologue, mes recherches ont deux grands objectifs : 1) comprendre les effets des changements environnementaux d'origine naturelle ou anthropique sur la biodiversité, son fonctionnement et ses services écosystémiques, et 2) développer des mesures de conservation de la biodiversité. Je mobilise notamment les outils et concepts de l'écologie des communautés, de l'écologie du paysage, de l'écologie trophique, et des sciences de la conservation. Je m'intéresse en particulier aux pollinisateurs, notamment au travers de mon implication dans le suivi photographique des insectes pollinisateurs (Spipoll), et à leurs réponses à différentes pressions environnementales (ex. changements d'occupation du sol, intensification de l'agriculture). Parmi d'autres, les cloportes (isopodes terrestres) sont des organismes que j'étudie avec intérêt.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : European Initiatives for Pollinator MonitoringDenis MichezLaboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, BelgiumRésuméSeveral studies have now shown at different spatial scale that certain species of the wild bee fauna are in decline in Europe. In response, some European countries and the European commission are implementing action plans to mitigate negative population trends. To evaluate the efficiency of these actions we need an accurate estimation of population. One of the first actions proposed is therefore an ambitious monitoring program, which involves the development of taxonomic recognition tools and training to use them. Several projects started in 2021 and concern the whole of European continent. We will present here the initiatives on taxonomy (ORBIT project) and on capacity building (SPRING project). ORBIT and SRPING are three-years projects commissioned by the General Directorate for Environment of the European Commission. Orbit aims to develop taxonomic resources for facilitating European bee inventory and monitoring. SPRING aims to strengthen the taxonomic capacity in EU Member States, and support preparation for the implementation of the EU Pollinator Monitoring Scheme "EU-PoMS", notably by organising training sessions for different level of expertise. The trainings aimed at 4 different levels: (i) identifying large pollinator groups, (ii) identifying bees and hoverflies to genus level, (iii) identifying bees or hoverflies to species group level, (iv) identifying bees or hoverflies to species level. Trainings at level (i) were developed at the national scale; levels (ii) and (iii) were covering multiple countries; and level (iv) considered the whole Europe. Moreover, the project created a series of e-learing materials on pollinator identification at different levels, focusing on the needs of people involved on the monitoring. All this material will be open to the public on the online portal 'Pollinator Academy', that will act as a hub to centralise information about already available tools related to pollinator identification (articles, online keys, books, interesting links, other courses, etc.).Denis MichezJe suis professeur de botanique et de zoologie à l'université de Mons où j'enseigne depuis 2008. Je développe des recherches sur les abeilles sauvages, leur taxonomie, leur distribution, leur écologie ou encore leur conservation. Je suis impliqué dans plusieurs projets européens, notamment sur le développement de liste rouge et sur l'impact des pesticides ou du changement climatique.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : European Policy Background for Pollinator MonitoringAndreas GumbertEuropean Commission - DG Environment, Brussels, BelgiumRésuméIn the framework of the European Green Deal, the European Commission adopted political strategies that are of relevance for the monitoring of pollinators. The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 establishes an objective to reverse the decline of pollinators by 2030. The EU Pollinator Initiative was revised in 2023, and it provides an action framework for (i) improving knowledge on pollinators (including monitoring), (ii) tackling the drivers of their decline, and (iii) for mobilising society and engage in strategic planning. The methodology for an EU-wide pollinator monitoring scheme is being developed, supported by a range of activities to enhance the taxonomic capacity on pollinators. The Commission aims at setting up an integrated monitoring framework, linking information about the status and trends of pollinator populations with drivers of their decline, in particular land use and habitat quality, as well as pesticide pressure. The Commission supports several monitoring initiatives in this regard (LUCAS, EMBAL, Insignia).

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : forestREplot: A Database of Forest Herb Layer Resurvey PlotsPieter de FrenneForest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumRésuméResurveys of historical vegetation plots are invaluable to document patterns of change in community composition and diversity. They are also useful to better understand impacts of multiple and interacting global-change drivers. The relevance of resurveys is particularly high for communities exhibiting slow dynamics, such as herb layers in temperate forests. Furthermore, herb layers in temperate forests typically comprise a large fraction of the vascular plant diversity and are known to be strongly affected by various global-change drivers, including past land use, increased atmospheric deposition and changing management. forestREplot is a database of forest herb layer resurvey plots, spread across the temperate zones of the globe. The database is used to quantify changes in herb layer composition and forest functioning, and to assess the effects of global environmental changes such as nitrogen deposition and climate change. The total number of plots in the database is now 5,524 plots representing not less than 14,185 relevees. The just released forestREplot 3.0 (January 2024) is now based on the World Flora Online (WFO) as new taxonomic standard. We have now 79 data sets with 1 resurvey, 9 with 2 resurveys, 2 with 3 resurveys, 3 with 4 resurveys, and 2 with 5 resurveys.Pieter De FrenneFull professor of applied botany.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Long-Term Changes in Forest Plant Communities Have Affected Species' Abundances and Pollinator ResourcesDonald M. WallerAmerican datasets from forestREplot, Madison, USARésuméBaseline surveys are essential to assess long-term shifts in plant communities. In the early 2000s, we re-surveyed 293 sites of six forest types in Wisconsin, USA. Data from these sites, first surveyed in the 1950s, allowed us to infer long-term shifts in diversity and abundance of 292 species. Statewide, more species decreased in abundance (63%, and 68% of native species) than increased (37% of species, including most non-native species). Native species declined, on average, by 41% while non-native species increased by 584%. Many animal-pollinated wildflowers declined conspicuously, while abiotically pollinated graminoids and some ferns tended to increase. Among native species, those with zygomorphic flowers (specialized pollinators) declined more in abundance. Among non-native species, those with abiotic pollination showed smaller increases. Declines were greater in smaller, more fragmented southern upland forest patches, reflecting a continuing extinction debt. Small remnant grasslands experienced even higher species losses and stronger area effects. Larger, more continuous forests in northern Wisconsin retained plant diversity better but deer herbivory has shifted their composition. Understanding how diversity and traits shifted across sites and communities helps illuminate the mechanisms driving changes in diversity and pollinator resources in temperate forests.Donald M. WallerProf. Waller taught ecology, evolution, and conservation biology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison as the Curtis Professor of Botany & Environmental Studies. His interests include plant population dynamics; plant reproductive ecology; effects of habitat fragmentation; monitoring long-term ecological change to identify drivers (e.g., forestREplot); and how ungulates and N-deposition affect forest plant communities. He served as Associate Editor of Ecology Letters, Editor-in-Chief of Evolution, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Palme Academique recipient, and President of the Society for the Study of Evolution. He co-authored Wild Forests: Conservation Biology and Public Policy (Island Press) and edited The Vanishing Present: Shifts in Wisconsin's lands, waters, and wildlife (Univ. of Chicago Press). Dr Waller works to apply his expertise to improve forest, wildlife, and habitat management.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : NOVANA – Monitoring Danish Terrestrial HabitatsBodil EhlersDepartment of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DenmarkChristian DamgaardDepartment of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DenmarkRésuméThe Danish monitoring program NOVANA has recorded the community composition of higher plants and selected soil chemical variable in terrestrial habitats since 2004. The monitoring program was developed as a response to the EU habitat directive and covers 32 open habitats (dunes, heathlands, grasslands, bogs) and 10 forest habitat types in two bioregions (Atlantic and Continental). The data consists of a total of 2,722 sites, 26,606 plots, and 70,481 plots*year combinations. Selected results will be presented.Bodil EhlersPhd in 2000. Has for the last ten years worked as senior scientist at the department of Ecoscience, University of Aarhus. Main research area is Plant Evolutionary and Community Ecology with a specific focus on understanding the role of plant secondary compounds and functional traits for plant-plant interactions, and plants adaptation to the abiotic and biotic environment.Christian DamgaardDr. Scient., Professor at the Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University. CD's interests cover plant population and community ecology, where he has developed empirical ecological models that have been applied to ecological data using advanced statistical methodology.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Structured Monitoring of Wild Flora in France Demonstrates 15 Years of Plant Community Changes Related to Climate Change and Pollinator LossGabrielle MartinEnseignante-chercheuse à l'université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier et au Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE)RésuméStandardised long-term biodiversity monitoring schemes, based on repeated visits to fixed sites, offer the possibility of comparing biodiversity in space and time, while avoiding most of the biases associated with opportunistic data, particularly when the monitored sites are a representative (random) sample of ecosystems. When information on abundance is collected, standardised monitoring enables the detection of subtle temporal changes in populations, species and communities.In France, Vigie-flore is such a standardised monitoring scheme targeting wild flora launched in 2009, involving amateur and professional botanists to survey plant communities across all habitat types. The monitoring data have revealed an ongoing, nationwide reshuffling of plant communities in response to climate change, but also a decline of common insect-pollinated species over the last decade, with consequences for community composition. These studies contribute to highlighting rapid changes in wild flora on a national scale and identifying plausible mechanisms. We will discuss the direct implications for conservation and the perspectives of this plant monitoring scheme.Gabrielle MartinI am an associate professor in botany and plant community ecology at Toulouse University and at the Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement since 2021. Previously a post-doctoral researcher in plant community ecology at the Centre des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and at the Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie after a PhD in ecology (MNHN). I study how, and with what intensity, the various components of global change affect the composition of plant communities and changes in species abundance, using trait-based approaches and spatio-temporal analyses. My current research focuses on the impacts of global change on wild flora, the links between temporal trends in species and plant life history traits, the detection of syndromes in the response of species and groups of species, and the identification of the spatial heterogeneity of threats to flora. I am teaching botany, plant biology and plant ecology at university at undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Biodiversity Monitoring in Switzerland: Current State and Insights into Plant-Pollinator InteractionsJérôme FreiSenior Policy Advisor, Federal Office for the EnvironmentTobias RothSenior scientists, Hintermann & Weber AG / University of BaselRésuméSwitzerland's biodiversity is systematically surveyed by an array of programs, each designed to cover distinct facets of biodiversity across spatial scales as well as policy evaluation needs.Although each initiative has discrete aims, collectively, they form a complementary set of programs that collect data, when analyzed in combination, offer significant added value to document and understand biodiversity trends. One of these programs is the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring (BDM) which focuses on the collection of data on common and widespread species, thereby illuminating developments in the normal landscapes outside protected areas. Special attention is paid to vascular plants and butterflies, which are recorded on the same study plots. Since the start of the program in the early 2000s, an increase in common species diversity has been observed for both groups. While a large portion of this increase can be attributed to climate change, other factors such as agricultural promotion measures contributed as well. However, only a subset of species benefited from these changes, and over time, species communities of both plants and butterflies became more homogeneous, indicating biotic homogenization. It is likely that these changes also impacted plant-pollinator interactions. For example, the overall increase in plant species richness was mostly driven by wind-pollinated species. In contrast, species with complex flowers, which are essential for specialized groups of flower-visiting insects profited less. The presentation will end with a look forward, identifying current gaps in the Swiss monitoring system and discussing approaches to address these gaps.Jérôme FreiJérôme Frei is a scientific employee at the Federal Office for the Environment in the division Biodiversity and Landscape (section biodiversity policy) where he is responsible for the major national monitoring and evaluation biodiversity programs of Switzerland (BDM, WBS, ALL-EMA and MHB). His tasks include promoting collaboration and coordination between the different programs. He promotes research work on biodiversity data and facilitates the communication of results of the different monitoring and evaluation programs to policy-makers and decision-makers. He holds a PhD in biology and a master in sustainable development. Previously, he worked at the Federal Office for Agriculture where he we was in charge for the agri-environmental monitoring and was involved in the development of agrienvironemntal schemes to promote biodiversity in farmland.Tobias RothMy research is centred on using data from large-scale field surveys such as the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland, to better understand how biodiversity responds to global change such as nitrogen deposition, land-use, or climate-change. I focus on the human-dominated landscapes in Switzerland and aim to provide information that can be used in biodiversity conservation.