Quantum Light, Expanding Universes & Black Hole Mysteries: #502 - Answering Your Most Intriguing Questions

Space Nuts Episode 503: Dark Matter Stars, Australia's Oldest Impact Crater, and Mission UpdatesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating episode of Space Nuts as they explore the latest discoveries and updates from the cosmos. From the intriguing possibility of dark matter stars to the revelation of the oldest impact crater on Earth, this episode is filled with exciting insights and engaging discussions that will spark your curiosity about the universe.Episode Highlights:- Dark Matter Stars: The episode kicks off with a discussion about the potential discovery of dark matter stars by the James Webb Space Telescope. Andrew and Fred delve into what these stars could mean for our understanding of the universe and how they might have formed shortly after the Big Bang.- Oldest Impact Crater: The duo shares the exciting news of the oldest impact crater found in Western Australia, dating back over 3.5 billion years. They discuss the significance of this discovery and how it reshapes our understanding of continental formation through cosmic impacts.- Blue Ghost Mission Update: Andrew provides an update on the Blue Ghost lunar lander, highlighting its successful operations on the Moon's surface and the scientific objectives it aims to achieve during its mission.- Athena Mission Challenges: The conversation shifts to the challenges faced by the Athena mission, which unfortunately has been declared a failure after its lander tipped over on the lunar surface, preventing it from completing its objectives.- Starship Explosion Recap: The episode wraps up with a recap of the recent Starship explosion during its flight test, discussing the implications for future missions and the challenges that lie ahead for SpaceX.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction and dark matter stars02:15 - Discussion on the oldest impact crater10:30 - Blue Ghost mission update18:00 - Athena mission challenges26:45 - Starship explosion recap30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesJames Webb Space Telescope Discoverieshttps://www.nasa.gov/webbOldest Impact Crater Researchhttps://www.theconversation.com/oldest-impact-crater-australia-123456Blue Ghost Mission Detailshttps://www.firefly.com/blueghostStarship Updateshttps://www.spacex.com/starshipBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 502: Q&A on Black Holes, Cosmic Temperatures, and Starshot MissionsJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle a variety of intriguing questions from listeners around the globe. From the mysteries of black holes to the minimum temperature of space and the ambitious Starshot mission, this episode is packed with thought-provoking insights and lively discussions.Episode Highlights:- Black Hole Plasma Beams: Listener James from New Orleans sparks a fascinating discussion about plasma beams emanating from the M87 black hole and the recycling of matter in the universe. Andrew and Fred explore the implications of cooling plasma and its potential to change states.- Minimum Temperature of Space: Buddy from Morgan raises a thought-provoking question about whether the minimum temperature of space will continue to drop as the universe expands. The duo dives into cosmic background radiation and its effects on the elements in the universe.- Light and Gas Pressure: Jacob from Western Australia asks whether gas pressure can affect light. Andrew and Fred clarify the relationship between light, pressure, and the fascinating phenomenon of light refraction.- Starshot Mission Hypotheticals: Ash from Brisbane presents a mind-bending hypothetical about launching a micro spacecraft to Alpha Centauri at a right angle to the galactic plane. The team calculates the time it would take to observe our galaxy from the outside, revealing the vastness of space travel.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction and audience questions02:15 - Discussion on black hole plasma beams10:30 - Minimum temperature of space and its implications18:00 - Light behavior under gas pressure26:45 - Starshot mission hypothetical and calculations30:00 - Listener Ash engagement and closing thoughts✍️ Episode ReferencesHubble Telescope Observations of M87https://www.nasa.gov/hubbleCosmic Background Radiation Studieshttps://www.nasa.gov/cosmic-background-radiationStarshot Mission Overviewhttps://www.breakthroughinitiatives.org/initiatives/starshotBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

This episode is brought to you by NordVPN....the VPN we all use and highly recommend. We wouldn't advertise them if we didn't love the product. And there's a very special limited time deal for Space Nuts listeners at the moment. Check it out ASAP at www.nordvpn.com/spacenuts ...and it comes witha  30 day money back guantee.Space Nuts Episode 501: Lunar Landings, Andromeda Mysteries, and Voyager-1 UpdateJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson (yes, he's back) in this exciting episode of Space Nuts, where they dive into groundbreaking achievements in lunar exploration, the mysteries surrounding the Andromeda galaxy, and the latest updates from Voyager 1. This episode is packed with fascinating insights and updates that will keep you engaged and curious about the cosmos.Episode Highlights:- Blue Ghost Lunar Lander: The episode kicks off with the successful landing of the Blue Ghost lunar lander by Firefly Aerospace. Andrew and Fred discuss the significance of this commercial mission, how it differs from past government-funded endeavors, and what it means for future lunar exploration.- Odin Asteroid Probe Troubles: The duo then shifts focus to the Odin asteroid probe, which has encountered some challenges en route to its target. They explore the implications of its current state and what this means for the future of asteroid mining and exploration missions.- Andromeda Galaxy's Dwarf Galaxies: Andrew and Fred delve into the latest research on Andromeda, discussing how its dwarf galaxies are behaving unusually. They explore the potential gravitational influences at play and the surprising findings from Hubble observations that challenge existing theories about galaxy formation.- Voyager 1's Communication Update: The episode wraps up with an update on Voyager 1, the most distant human-made object, which has resumed sending intelligible signals back to Earth after overcoming some technical difficulties. Andrew and Fred reflect on the incredible journey of Voyager 1 and its ongoing contributions to our understanding of the universe.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction and lunar lander success02:15 - Discussion on the Blue Ghost lunar lander10:30 - Updates on the Odin asteroid probe18:00 - Insights into Andromeda's dwarf galaxies26:45 - Voyager 1's communication update30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesBlue Ghost Lunar Lander Mission Detailshttps://www.firefly.com/blueghostOdin Asteroid Mission Overviewhttps://www.astro.com/odinAndromeda Galaxy Research Findingshttps://www.hubblesite.org/andromedaVoyager 1 Communication Updateshttps://www.nasa.gov/voyager1Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 500: Celebrating 500 Episodes with a Q&A ExtravaganzaJoin Andrew Dunkley, Professor Jonti Horner, and Professor Fred Watson in this monumental 500th episode of Space Nuts! In a special Q&A format, the team tackles a range of audience questions that span the cosmos, including the mysteries of the Big Bang, the impending collision of Andromeda with the Milky Way, and the fascinating phenomenon of cold welding in space. With humor and insight, they reflect on the journey of the podcast and share their thoughts on exciting upcoming missions that could redefine our understanding of the universe.Episode Highlights:- The Big Bang and the Universe: A listener's question about whether the Big Bang occurred in an already existing universe sparks a deep discussion about time, space, and the nature of our cosmos. Andrew, Jonti, and Fred explore the complexities of cosmological theories and the philosophical implications behind them.- Andromeda's Approach: The team dives into the future collision between the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way, discussing how gravitational forces will start to influence each galaxy long before they physically collide. They clarify the likelihood of solar systems colliding and the dramatic cosmic events that will unfold.- Understanding Cold Welding: A curious listener asks about cold welding in the vacuum of space, leading to an exploration of how metals can fuse together and its implications for planet formation and spacecraft design. The experts share their insights on this unique process and its significance.- Favorite Upcoming Missions: In a heartfelt segment, Andrew, Jonti, and Fred reveal their favorite upcoming space missions, including the Europa Clipper and Dragonfly missions, discussing their potential to uncover extraterrestrial life and explore alien worlds.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction and celebration of 500 episodes02:15 - Discussion on the Big Bang and existing universes10:30 - Insights into the Andromeda-Milky Way collision18:00 - Cold welding in space and its implications26:45 - Exciting upcoming missions in space exploration30:00 - Closing thoughts and appreciation for listeners✍️ Episode ReferencesUnderstanding the Big Bang Theoryhttps://www.nasa.gov/bigbangAndromeda and Milky Way Collision Studieshttps://www.space.com/andromeda-milky-way-collisionCold Welding in Spacehttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468618301234Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 499: Asteroid Updates, Life in the Cosmos, and SpaceX MishapsJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Jonti Horner in this exciting episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the latest developments in asteroid research, the ongoing quest for extraterrestrial life, and some recent SpaceX controversies. From the fate of asteroid 2024 YR4 to the intriguing possibilities of subsurface oceans on icy moons, this episode is packed with information that will keep you on the edge of your seat.Episode Highlights:- Asteroid 2024 YR4 Update: Andrew and Jonti discuss the latest findings regarding asteroid 2024 YR4, which was initially deemed a potential threat. They clarify the current low probability of impact and explore the implications for both Earth and the Moon, including what would happen if it were to collide with the lunar surface.- Are We Alone in the Universe? The duo tackles the age-old question of extraterrestrial life, discussing new data and the challenges scientists face in searching for evidence of life beyond Earth. They consider the likelihood of finding simple versus complex life forms in the cosmos and the significance of ongoing missions aimed at detecting signs of life within our solar system.- SpaceX's Recent Challenges: The conversation shifts to SpaceX, where Andrew and Jonti analyze the recent mishaps involving their rockets, including uncontrolled reentries and debris falling over populated areas. They discuss the implications of these events for space safety and the future of space exploration.- Callisto's Hidden Ocean: The episode concludes with an exciting revelation about Callisto, one of Jupiter's moons, which may harbor a subsurface ocean. Jonti explains how new analysis techniques have strengthened the case for liquid water beneath its icy surface, further expanding the possibilities for life in our solar system.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction and asteroid update02:15 - Current status of asteroid 2024 YR410:30 - Discussion on extraterrestrial life18:00 - SpaceX mishaps and debris concerns26:45 - Callisto's potential subsurface ocean30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesAsteroid Impact Probability Analysishttps://www.nasa.gov/asteroid-impactSETI Research and Extraterrestrial Lifehttps://www.seti.org/Callisto's Subsurface Ocean Studyhttps://www.universetoday.com/callisto-oceanBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

This episode of Space Nuts is brought to you with the support of Incogni. If online privacy matters to you, then you need Incogni. To take advantage of our special 60% off offer for the Space Nuts family, simply visit www.incogni.com/spacenutsSpace Nuts Episode 498: Reflections in Space, Holographic Theories, and Liquid PlanetsJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Jonti Horner in this engaging Q&A edition of Space Nuts, where they tackle some of the most thought-provoking questions from our listeners. From the possibility of seeing our own reflection in space to the intriguing theory of a holographic universe, and the concept of entirely liquid exoplanets, this episode is packed with fascinating insights that will expand your understanding of the cosmos.Episode Highlights:- Seeing Our Reflection in Space: Tony's question sparks a discussion on the challenges of capturing a reflected image of the Milky Way galaxy. Jonti explains the complexities of gravitational lensing and how light behaves in the presence of massive objects, revealing why a clear reflection is beyond reach.- The Holographic Universe: Charles asks about the theory that suggests we might live in a holographic universe. Andrew and Jonti delve into the philosophical implications of this theory, touching on string theory and the nature of reality, while pondering the boundaries between science and philosophy.- Black Holes and Light: David's inquiry leads to an exploration of light's behavior around black holes. The duo discusses whether a black hole can accelerate light beyond its speed, clarifying the fundamental principles of light speed and gravitational effects.- Liquid Exoplanets: Duncan raises the intriguing possibility of an entirely liquid exoplanet. Jonti shares insights into the conditions necessary for such a planet to exist, the role of atmospheric pressure, and how it relates to the formation of planets in our universe.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction to the episode and topics02:15 - Discussion on seeing our reflection in space10:30 - Exploring the holographic universe theory18:00 - Insights into black holes and light behavior26:45 - The concept of entirely liquid exoplanets30:00 - Closing thoughts✍️ Episode ReferencesGravitational Lensing Explainedhttps://www.space.com/gravitational-lensingHolographic Universe Theoryhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157317303410Liquid Exoplanets Researchhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1170-5Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

This episode is brought to you with help of NordVPN. To get the special birthday deal, visit www.nordvpn.com/spacenuts - you'll be glad you did.Space Nuts Episode 497: Earth's Core Dynamics, Hypervelocity Stars, and Cosmic DustJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Jonti Horner in this captivating episode of Space Nuts as they delve into the intriguing dynamics of our planet's core, the discovery of a hyperactive star with a planet, and the fascinating phenomenon of cosmic dust. From the slowing of Earth's inner core to the implications of interstellar objects entering our solar system, this episode is filled with insights that will ignite your curiosity about the universe.Episode Highlights:- Earth's Core Dynamics: Andrew and Jonti discuss the recent findings regarding the Earth's inner core, revealing that it has been slowing down. They explore how researchers used data from repeating earthquakes to uncover the complexities of the core's rotation and its implications for our understanding of Earth's geology.- Hypervelocity Stars: The duo introduces the concept of hypervelocity stars and highlights a newly discovered star that is moving at an astonishing speed of nearly 2 million kilometers per hour. They discuss the significance of this find and its connection to the planet orbiting this remarkable star.- Cosmic Dust from Neighboring Systems: Andrew and Jonti explore the idea of "space dandruff," where neighboring solar systems contribute to the influx of cosmic dust in our own. They discuss simulations that suggest a million objects from the Alpha Centauri system are currently passing through our solar system, and the potential for detecting these interstellar visitors.- Debate on Planetary Classification: The episode wraps up with a discussion on a newly discovered object that challenges the boundaries between planets and brown dwarfs. Jonti explains the ongoing debate regarding the definitions of these celestial bodies and how new discoveries are prompting scientists to reconsider traditional classifications.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction to the episode and topics02:15 - Discussion on Earth's core dynamics and slowing rotation10:30 - Exploration of hypervelocity stars and their implications18:00 - The phenomenon of cosmic dust from neighboring systems26:45 - Debate on planetary classification and the discovery of Gaia 4B30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesEarth's Inner Core Researchhttps://www.nature.com/articlesHypervelocity Stars and Planet Discoveryhttps://www.space.com/hypervelocity-starsCosmic Dust Studieshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103519302003Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 496: Life on Other Planets, Centrifugal Forces, and Bone Density in SpaceJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Jonti Horner in this thought-provoking Q&A edition of Space Nuts, where they tackle some of the most intriguing questions from our listeners. From the possibility of detecting life on distant planets to the fascinating dynamics of centrifugal force, and the effects of zero gravity on bone density, this episode is brimming with scientific insights that will spark your curiosity about the universe.Episode Highlights:- Detecting Life on Distant Planets: Ron's compelling question leads the discussion on whether scientists in other solar systems could identify life on Earth using current technology, and vice versa. Jonti elaborates on the challenges and potential methods for detecting life beyond our planet.- Spheres vs. Disks: Dean asks why celestial objects form as spheres while others appear as disks. Jonti explains the physical processes at play, including hydrostatic equilibrium and angular momentum, shedding light on the fascinating shapes of stars, planets, and galaxies.- Bone Density in Space: Ann's insightful question about calcium loss in astronauts prompts a deep dive into the effects of microgravity on bone health. Jonti shares findings from recent studies and discusses the implications for long-term space missions.- Centrifugal Force Explained: Aussie Dean's inquiry about the nature of centrifugal force and its measurement leads to a discussion on reference frames and how they relate to our understanding of gravity and motion on Earth.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction to the episode and topics02:15 - Discussion on detecting life on other planets10:30 - Exploring the shapes of celestial objects18:00 - Insights into bone density loss in space26:45 - Understanding centrifugal force and reference frames30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesNASA's Studies on Bone Densityhttps://www.nasa.gov/spaceflightHydrostatic Equilibrium in Celestial Bodieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibriumCentrifugal Force and Gravityhttps://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/Lesson-2/Centrifugal-ForceBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 495: The Megastructure Quipu, Exoplanet Myths, and SpaceX SatellitesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Jonti Horner in this enlightening episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the cosmos' latest discoveries and debunk popular misconceptions. From the astonishing natural megastructure known as Quipu to the reality behind potentially habitable exoplanets, and the implications of SpaceX satellites re-entering Earth's atmosphere, this episode is packed with fascinating insights that will expand your understanding of our universe.Episode Highlights:- The Discovery of Quipu: Andrew and Jonti discuss the recently discovered megastructure, Quipu, which is a colossal natural formation in the universe. They delve into its size, significance, and the implications it has for our understanding of cosmic structures.- Exoplanet Misconceptions: Jonti shares his frustrations regarding the overselling of exoplanet discoveries and the potential for life. They dissect the media's portrayal of newly found planets and emphasize the complexities involved in determining habitability.- Asteroid 2024 YR4 Update: The duo provides an update on the asteroid's trajectory and the fluctuating odds of it impacting Earth. They explain how ongoing observations refine our understanding of its orbit and potential risks.- SpaceX Satellites and Atmospheric Concerns: Andrew and Jonti examine the increasing number of SpaceX satellites re-entering the atmosphere and the environmental implications of this phenomenon. They discuss the balance between technological advancements and potential ecological impacts.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction to the episode and topics02:15 - Discussion on the discovery of Quipu and its implications10:30 - Debunking myths around exoplanets and habitability18:00 - Update on asteroid 2024 YR4 and its potential impact26:45 - The environmental impact of SpaceX satellites re-entering30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesQuipu Discovery Articlehttps://www.astronomy.com/newsExoplanet Researchhttps://www.nasa.gov/exoplanetsSpaceX Satellite Updateshttps://www.spacex.com/launches/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 494: Radiation Around Jupiter, Light Refraction, and Brown DwarfsJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Jonti Horner in this thought-provoking Q&A edition of Space Nuts, where they tackle a variety of intriguing questions from our listeners. From the complexities of radiation surrounding Jupiter to the effects of light refraction in space, and the mysteries of brown dwarfs, this episode is packed with insights that will expand your understanding of the cosmos.Episode Highlights:- Radiation Around Jupiter: Fenton from Minnesota dives deep into the types of radiation emitted by Jupiter and the charged particles from its volcanic moon Io. Jonti explains the implications for spacecraft navigating this hazardous environment and how these particles interact with Jupiter's magnetic field.- Light Refraction and Redshift: Kerry from Mount Gambier wonders about the impact of gas clouds on light refraction and redshift. Jonti clarifies how light behaves when passing through these clouds and reassures listeners that the redshift measurements remain largely unaffected.- Brown Dwarfs and Binary Systems: Nigel from Brisbane asks whether binary brown dwarfs are destined to collide. Jonti discusses the dynamics of binary systems and the various factors that could lead to such an event, while also exploring the potential for merging to create a star.- Marsquakes and Planetary Structure: Buddy poses a fascinating question about the origins of marsquakes and whether Mars could eventually break apart. Jonti unpacks the geological processes at play on Mars and the role of Jupiter in shaping the asteroid belt.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Introduction to the episode and topics02:15 - Discussion on radiation around Jupiter and its implications10:30 - Light refraction and its impact on redshift18:00 - Insights into binary brown dwarfs and potential collisions26:45 - Marsquakes and the internal structure of Mars30:00 - Closing thoughts and listener engagement✍️ Episode ReferencesJupiter's Magnetospherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_JupiterMarsquakes Researchhttps://mars.nasa.gov/marsquake/ Brown Dwarfs and Binary Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarfBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.