Migraine

Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Migraine?0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology3:33 Migraine Symptoms5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)7:30 Migraine TreatmentPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesBMJ Best Practice, 2024. Migraine headache in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/10 (Best Practice)Frimpong-Manson, K., Ortiz, Y.T., McMahon, L.R. & Wilkerson, J.L., 2024. Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology: a bench to bedside review of research insights and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 17:1355281. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1355281/full (Frontiers)Migraine Trust, 2024. Stages of a migraine attack. [online] Available at: https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/stages-of-a-migraine-attack/ (migrainetrust.org)#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects. PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists? 0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of Action1:35 GLP-1 Agonist Indications & Uses2:37 GLP-1 Agonist Examples 4:05 GLP-1 Agonist Side EffectsPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesManne-Goehler, J., Franco, J., 2025. Side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. BMJ, 390:r1606. [online] Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1606.full. (bmj.com)Collins, L., 2024. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. StatPearls. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/. (NCBI)Andreasen, C.R., Andersen, A., Knop, F.K. & Vilsbøll, T., 2021. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocrine Connections, 10(7). [online] Available at: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/7/EC-21-0130.xml. (ec.bioscientifica.com)Diabetes UK, 2025. GLP-1 agonists – tablets and medication. [online] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/tablets-and-medication/glp-1. (Diabetes UK)

Hyperthyroidism explained, including causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's Disease and Toxic Multinodular Goitre! We also look at hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as diagnosis and hyperthyroidism treatmentPDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hyperthyroidism?0:27 Thyroid Hormone Physiology2:00 Grave’s Disease3:22 Toxic Multinodular Goitre3:45  Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism 5:10 Hyperthyroidism Symptoms6:13 Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis) 6:42 Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis8:19 Hyperthyroidism TreatmentReferencesMSD Manuals, 2025. Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Thyroid Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism.Geeky Medics, 2023. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyrotoxicosis-and-hyperthyroidism/.BMJ Best Practice, 2025. History & exam – Thyroid dysfunction. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/32/history-exam.Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Tertiary)4:05 Hypothyroidism Symptoms5:44 Hypothyroidism Diagnosis7:49 Hypothyroidism Treatment Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesTeachMePhysiology. The Thyroid Gland. Last updated 8 February 2024. Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/endocrine-system/thyroid-parathyroid-gland/thyroid-gland/Geeky Medics. Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Interpretation. Published 28 April 2018. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyroid-function-test-tft-interpretation/BMJ Best Practice. Thyroid Disorders – Background / Epidemiology / Screening / Prevention. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/36BMJ Best Practice. Primary Hypothyroidism – Diagnosis / Management. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/535?q=Primary hypothyroidism&c=recentlyviewedBritish Thyroid Foundation (BTF). Thyroid Function Tests. Last revised 10 September 2022. Available at: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps: 0:00 What is Anaemia?1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia 4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease 6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia 7:09 Normocytic Anaemia - Hypoproliferative 8:49 Normocytic Anaemia - Hyperproliferative 10:04 Normocytic Anaemia - Mixed10:33 Macrocytic Anaemia - Megaloblastic (Vitamin B12 / Folate Deficiency) 11:48 Macrocytic Anaemia - Non Megaloblastic 12:20 Anaemia Symptoms13:39 Anaemia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia – Diagnosis Approach. Updated 24 September 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/93/diagnosis-approachMDCalc. Mentzer Index. Published 2017. Available at: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10534/mentzer-index#evidenceGeeky Medics. Anaemia Overview. Published 3 April 2021. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/anaemia-overview/StatPearls. Anemia. StatPearls Publishing; last updated 8 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Evaluation of Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 2009;79(3):203-208. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/p203/jcr:content/root/aafp-article-primary-content-container/aafp_article_main_par/aafp_figure1.enlarge.htmlPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Leishmaniasis0:11 Leishmania Parasitology 0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle1:55 Leishmania Types3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis6:58 Leishmaniasis TreatmentReferencesMSD Manuals. Leishmaniasis – Diagnosis. Reviewed/Revised December 2022; modified April 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/leishmaniasis#Diagnosis_v1016364World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasisCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Leishmaniasis. Published 13 March 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leishmaniasis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.htmlBMJ Best Practice. Leishmaniasis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last updated 2023. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/527Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Breast Cancer explained clearly, including breast anatomy and symptoms as well as risk factors and types of breast cancer. We look at hormone receptors / HER2 receptor, as well as diagnosis including breast screening and treatment - from surgery to systemic therapies.PDFs Available: www.rhesusmedicine.comTimestamps:0:00 Breast Cancer Definition0:07 Breast Anatomy1:57 Breast Cancer Types 4:58 Breast Cancer Symptoms6:17 Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Epidemiology7:26 Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Screening9:26 Breast Cancer TreatmentConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineReferences:TeachMeAnatomy. (2025) Breasts. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/breasts/BMJ Best Practice. (2025) Primary invasive breast cancer. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/716MSD Manuals. (2025) Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-cancer/breast-cancerPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) explained, including most common symptoms (and some less common, like Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome!) as well as PID pathology. Also covers diagnosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment. PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?0:23 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology1:46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms3:50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes4:51 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis6:33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment References:BMJ Best Practice. Pelvic inflammatory disease (2025). Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/195MSD Manuals. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (2023). Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pidPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

The Stages of Labour explained clearly, including the 3 main stages (and an extra 4th!), as well as covering factors affecting delivery (commonly called the 3 P's) and also includes the Cardinal Movements of Labour - the movements the fetus undertakes during delivery! Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Definition of Labor1:09 Stage 1 of Labor2:49 Stage 2 of Labor3:27 Stage 3 of Labor4:35 The Unofficial Stage 4 of Labor5:03 The 3 P’s6:39 Cardinal Movements of LaborPDFs Available Here:www.rhesusmedicine.comPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Pediatric Developmental Milestones explained including specific milestones from all the way from earliest months to preschool years, with a memory tool to help make them easier to remember. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Developmental Milestone Domains1:07 2 - 12 month Milestones3:35 15 month - 5 years Milestones6:34 Developmental Milestones Memory Tool7:53 Developmental Milestones Red Flags9:37 Management of Developmental DelayReferencesGeeky Medics. Developmental Milestones. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/developmental-milestones/CHOC Children’s. Ages and Stages. Available at: https://choc.org/ages-stages/MSD Manual Professional. Childhood Development. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/growth-and-development/childhood-developmentStanford Medicine. Developmental Milestones – MedU. Available at: https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/pediatricsclerkship/documents/5-Developmental-Milestones-MedU.pdfPedsCases. Developmental Milestones Chart (Updated August 2014). Available at: https://pedscases.com/sites/default/files/SNAPSHOTS_Developmental_Milestones_Chart_UPDATED_Aug_2014.pdfPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool