What If Charge is NOT Fundamental?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACEUploaded 24-01-18Learn through active problem-solving at Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/SpaceTime/ The Sun is getting brighter and the planets in our solar system that are habitable are changing. Check out Infinite Series at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs4aHmggTfFrpkPcWSaBN9gYou can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeGet your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBiTweet at us! @pbsspacetimeFacebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetimeEmail us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] comComment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetimeHelp translate our videos!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7gPrevious Episode:Horizon Radiationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG-xu5H6plk&t=1sThe Sun is slowly burning through its fuel. Hydrogen is fused into helium in the Sun’s core, producing energy that keeps it shining, and keeping the Earth warm and hospitable to life. But that fuel WILL run out, after which the Sun will swell into a red giant and flash-fry the Earth. But in fact that frying – well, slow-roasting – will begin much earlier. See, the Sun is getting brighter even now. This has complex, and for the most part terrible implications for life. The end of the world will come sooner than you think.Hosted and written by Matt O'DowdProduced by Rusty WardGraphics by Kurt RossAssistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Meah Denee Barrington Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big BangAnton LifshitsCoolAsCatsFaisal SaudDavid NicklasQuasar Tambe BarsbayMayank M. MehrotaMars YenturMark RosenthalDean FuquaRoman PinchuckHypernovaEdmund FokschanerMatthew O’ConnorEugene LawsonBarry HatfieldMartha HuntJoseph SalomoneChuck ZegarCraig PetersonJordan YoungRatfeastJohn HofmannShaun WilliamsThanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Greg AllenRyan GriggsBrandon CookDenys IvanovNick VirtueAlexey EromenkoNicholas RoseScott GossettMark DykstraMark VasilePatrick MurraySultan Alkhulaifi Alex SetoMichal-Peanut KarmiErik SteinDaniel LyonsKevin WarneJJ BagnellJ RejcAmy JieAvi GoldfingerJohn PettitShannan CatalanoFlorian StinglmayrBenoit Pagé-GuitardNathan LenizJessica FraleyLoro LukicBrandon LabonteDavid CraneGreg Weiss Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thank you to Blinkist for supporting PBS. For more information and trial go to http://www.blinkist.com/PBSSpacetimeUploaded 07-09-21How do you see the unseeable - how do you explore the inescapable? Our cleverest astronomers have figured out ways to catch light that skims the very edge of black holes. Let’s find out what they learned.A few weeks ago a story made the rounds of pop-sci media proclaiming that for the first time light had been detected from behind a black hole. The reports were about a paper that claimed to have seen X-rays that came not from inside but from the back end black hole. This is obviously cool stuff - I mean, really anything new with black holes captures the public attention. But this result is cool in ways most people aren’t aware. And it brought us closer to a goal that I’ve been personally striving towards for years - trying to understand what happens in the vicinity of the largest black holes in the universe. I thought it would be worth doing a space time journal club on the Nature paper by Wilkins, Gallo, Costantini, Brandt and Blandford so I get to talk about my favorite subject in the universe.Nature Paperhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03667-0Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeCheck out the Space Time Merch Storehttps://www.pbsspacetime.com/shopSign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime#space #blackholes #astrophysicsHosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal and Stephanie FariaGFX Visualizations: Ajay ManuelDirected by Andrew KornhaberAssistant Producer: Setare GholipourExecutive Producers: Eric Brown and Andrew KornhaberEnd Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroidekaSpecial Thanks to our Patreon SupportersBig Bang SupportersAri PaulKyle BullochCharlieMrs. Tiffany PoindexterLeo KoguanSandy WuMatthew MillerScott GrayAhmad JodehAlexander TamasMorgan HoughJuan BenetVinnie FalcoFabrice EapQuasar SupportersEthan CohenStephen WilcoxChristina OegrenMark HeisingHank SHypernova SupportersWilliam BryanKaci ParkerDrollereJoe MoreiraMarc ArmstrongElizabeth SmithScott GorlickNick BerardPaul Stehr-GreenMuON MarketingRussell PopeBen DeloNicholas NewlinDrJYouАнтон КочковJohn R. SlavikMathewDanton SpiveyDonal BotkinJohn PollockEdmund FokschanerJoseph SalomoneMatthew O'ConnorChuck ZegarJordan Youngm0nkJohn HofmannDaniel MuzquizTimothy McCullochGamma Ray Burst SupportersAndre StechertRoss BohnerFarhan WaliPaul WoodKent Durhamjim bartoshNubbleChris NavridesScott R CalkinsCarl ScaggsG MackThe Mad MechanicEllis HallJohn H. Austin, Jr.Diana SBen CampbellLawrence Tholl, DVMFaraz KhanAlmog CohenAlex EdwardsÁdám KettingerMD3Endre PechDaniel JenningsCameron SampsonPratik MukherjeeGeoffrey ClarionNateAdrian PosorDarren DuncanRuss CreechJeremy ReedEric WebsterSteven SartoreDavid JohnstonJ. KingMichael BartonChristopher BarronJames RamseyJustin JermynMr TAndrew MannJeremiah JohnsonPeter MertzIsaac SuttellDevon RosenthalOliver FlanaganBleys GoodsonRobert WalterBruce BIsmael MontecelSimon OliphantMirik GogriMark Daniel CohenBrandon LattinNickolas Andrew FreemanProtius ProtiusShane CalimlimTybie FitzhughRobert IlardiEric KieblerCraig StonahaMartin SkansMichael ConroyGraydon GossFrederic SimonTonyfaceJohn RobinsonA GKevin LeeAdrian HatchYurii KonovaliukJohn FunaiCass CostelloTristan DelocheBradley JenkinsKyle HoferDaniel StříbrnýLuaanAlecZeroVlad ShipulinCodyMalte UblKing ZeckendorffNick VirtueScott GossettDan WarrenPatrick SuttonJohn GriffithDaniel LyonsJulien DuboisDFaulkGrowingViolet Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thank you to Squarespace for supporting PBS. Go to ​https://www.squarespace.com/pbs for a free trial, and when you are ready to launch, go to Squarespace.com/PBS to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Half of the universe is filled with expansionist alien civilizations, and it’s only a matter of time before they’ll reach us. OK, that sounded a little sensationalist. But it’s also the conclusion of a recent astrophysics paper. Let’s see how they figure this, and whether we should take it seriously. Check out the Space Time Merch Store https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements! https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: https://search.pbsspacetime.com/ Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Euan McLean & Matt O'Dowd Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Caique Oliveira, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria Directed by Andrew Kornhaber Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell Spacetime is produced by Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios. This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content. © 2022 PBS. All rights reserved. End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters Big Bang Sponsors Devin Wiley Ankur Anand Ryan Salsamendi Steffen Bendel Gautam Shine NullBlox.ZachryWilsn Bryce Fort Peter Barrett David Neumann Leo Koguan Alexander Tamas Morgan Hough Amy Hickman Juan Benet Vinnie Falco Fabrice Eap Mark Rosenthal David Nicklas Quasar Sponsors Glenn Sugden Vikram Vaka Alex Kern Ethan Cohen Stephen Wilcox Christina Oegren Mike Conroy Mark Heising Hank S Hypernova Supporters Ryan Moser David Giltinan Ivari Tölp Vyce Ailour Brandon Paddock Oneamazinguy Ken S Gregory Forfa Kirk Honour Mark Evans drollere Joe Moreira Bradley Voorhees Marc Armstrong Scott Gorlick Paul Stehr-Green Russell Pope Ben Delo Scott Gray Антон Кочков John R. Slavik Mathew Donal Botkin John Pollock Edmund Fokschaner Joseph Salomone chuck zegar Jordan Young John Hofmann Daniel Muzquiz Quasar Supporters Marc Forand D. Delair Walter Montalvo Andrea Galvagni Larka Jerry Thomas Nikhil Sharma Alexander Gruber Jonathan Cordovano John Anderson Scott Hannum Paul Widden Bradley Ulis Craig Falls Vivaan Vaka Kane Holbrook Ross Story teng guo Sujasha Gupta Vaka Mason Dillon Harsh Khandhadia Thomas Tarler bsgbryan Sean McCaul Susan Albee Frank Walker Matt Q MHL SHS Terje Vold James Trimmier Anatoliy Nagornyy comboy Andre Stechert Paul Wood Kent Durham jim bartosh Nubble Ramon Nogueira The Mad Mechanic Ellis Hall John H. Austin, Jr. Diana S Faraz Khan Almog Cohen Alex Edwards Ádám Kettinger MD3 Endre Pech Daniel Jennings Cameron Sampson Geoffrey Clarion Russ Creech Jeremy Reed Eric Webster David Johnston Web Browser Michael Barton Mr T Andrew Mann Isaac Suttell Devon Rosenthal Oliver Flanagan Bleys Goodson Robert Walter Bruce B Mirik Gogri Mark Delagasse Mark Daniel Cohen Nickolas Andrew Freeman Shane Calimlim Tybie Fitzhugh Robert Ilardi Eric Kiebler Craig Stonaha Graydon Goss Frederic Simon Tonyface John Robinson Jim Hudson A G David Neal justahat John Funai Tristan Bradley Jenkins Daniel Stříbrný Luaan Cody Thomas Dougherty King Zeckendorff Dan Warren Patrick Sutton John Griffith Daniel Lyons DFaulk Kevin Warne Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE↓ More info below ↓Uploaded 14-11-18With the large hadron collider running out of places to look for clues to a deeper theory of physics, we need a bigger particle accelerator. We have one - the galaxy. Watch Two Cents here!https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCL8w_A8p8P1HWI3k6PR5Z6wYou can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeGet your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBiTweet at us! @pbsspacetimeFacebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetimeEmail us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] comComment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetimePhysics is currently in a weird place. Historically, no matter how crazy our theories got, there were always new ways to test them. Your theory predicts a new particle? Build a particle accelerator big enough to see it. But once your collider spans entire countries – like the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland – there’s only so much larger you can go - at least on the surface of the Earth. The LHC has thoroughly tested the standard model of particle physics. The last component of that model – the Higgs boson – was verified in 2013. But the standard model isn’t the end of the story – there MUST be a more fundamental theory that explains the origins of this rich family of particles. Proposals for such grand unified theories proliferate, unconstrained by even the tiniest hint of new physics from the LHC.Help translate our videos!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_...Previous Episode:Why String Theory is Right | Space Timehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTTa9YcTe1kHosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Matt O'DowdGraphics by Luke MaroldiAssistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike PetrowMade by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big BangDavid NicklasCoolAsCatsAnton LifshitsFabrice EapJustin LloydJuan BenetQuasarTambe BarsbayMark RosenthalDean FuquaJames FlowersVinnie FalcoHypernovaChuck ZegarJordan YoungJoseph SalomoneJohn HofmannMartha HuntMatthew O’ConnorRatfeastBrent MullinsDonal BotkinEdmund FokschanerMax LevineThanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Alexander RodriguezAlexey EromenkoBrandon CookBrandon LabonteDaniel LyonsDavid CraneFabian OlesenFauzan ArdhanaGreg AllenGreg WeissJack FroschJames HughesJJ BagnellJon FolksJoseph EmisonJosh ThomasKevin WarneMalte UblMark VasileNathan LenizNicholas RoseNick VirtueScott GossettShannan CatalanoShawn AzmanTommy Mogensenسلطان الخليفي Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACEUploaded 21-12-16Are aliens watching Earth TV? We'd like to credit the SKA Organization for the image used in the thumbnail.Support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeGet your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBiTweet at us! @pbsspacetimeFacebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetimeEmail us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] comComment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetimeHelp tranlate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7gSources and further reading:The Square Kilometer Arrayhttps://www.skatelescope.org/Eavesdropping on Radio Broadcasts from Galactic Civilizations with Upcoming Observatories for Redshifted 21cm RadiationLoeb and Zaldarriaga 2007, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 1, 20https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0610377v2.pdfCosts and Difficulties of Large-Scale 'Messaging', and the Need for International Debate on Potential RisksBillingham and Bedford 2011https://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1938Previous Episode:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3hd3AI2CAAWritten and hosted by Matt O’DowdProduced by Rusty WardGraphics by Grayson BlackmonMade by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)Comments Answered by Matt:Luca$sinohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mht-1c4wc0Q&lc=z13vdbfbuu2pthqlt23eg33qpofgxdy5c04Douglas Oakhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mht-1c4wc0Q&lc=z133j1mrzkqbiramx22ovtvw0pbccfknaGrin Reaper Of Trollshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mht-1c4wc0Q&lc=z13wsvmhtw2rwlv1e232djyjukicyvf04viermidebutura3https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mht-1c4wc0Q&lc=z13lu5cxbuqzjnnvt23scf0a1kzgdntrb04Cornerrecordhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mht-1c4wc0Q&lc=z135greojxekfvemq230jvcjuz3bt1ubz04Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Hypernova and Quasar Supporters: Henry Van StynAntonio ParkJoel BrintonLuna IT SolutionsClock WatcherJoeRatfeastVitaly KovalenkoJohn HofmannThanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Jade BilkeyKevin WarneJJ BagnellJ RejcBernardo HigueraMichael FischerDylan MeridaColette WeeksAmy JieAnthony CaridiAvi GoldfingerCorey SmeatonJohn PettitShannan CatalanoFlorian StinglmayrYubo DuBenoit Pagé-GuitardRonny PoloniaNathan LenizJessica FraleyKirk MathewsLoro LukicCarl P. CorlissBrandon labonteDavid CraneGreg WeissDavid MattesonMarc LagardeEric JacksonWill and Sonja Marple Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE↓ More info below ↓Uploaded 24-02-20Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeSign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!https://tinyurl.com/yx9cusk5Check out the Space Time Merch Storehttps://pbsspacetime.com/Why is it that we can see these multiple histories play out on the quantum scale, and why do lose sight of them on our macroscopic scale? Many physicists believe that the answer lies in a process known as quantum decoherence.Hosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Matt O'DowdGraphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, and Pedro OsinskiDirected by: Andrew KornhaberExecutive Producers: Eric Brown and Andrew KornhaberEnd Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0QDoes conscious observation of a quantum system cause the wavefunction to collapse? The upshot is that more and more physicists think that consciousness - and even measurement - doesn’t directly cause wavefunction collapse. In fact probably there IS no clear Heisenberg cut. The collapse itself may be an illusion, and the alternate histories that the wavefunction represents may continue forever. The question then becomes: why is it that we can see these multiple histories play out on the quantum scale, and why do lose sight of them on our macroscopic scale? Many physicists believe that the answer lies in a process known as quantum decoherence.Thanks to our Patreon Supporters!Big Bang SupportersAlexander TamasDavid BarnholdtDavid NicklasFabrice EapJuan BenetMorgan HoughQuasar SupportersChristina OegrenMark HeisingVinnie FalcoHypernova SupporterChuck ZegarDanton SpiveyDonal BotkinEdmund FokschanerHank SJohn HofmannJohn PollockJohn R. SlavikJordan YoungJoseph SalomoneJulian TyackeJustin AshMathewMatthew O'ConnorSyed AnsarTimothy McCullochGamma Ray Burst SupportersA GAdrian HatchAdrien MolyneuxAlecZeroAndreas NautschAngela PriggeBradley JenkinsBrandon labonteBrian BlanchardCraig StonahaDan WarrenDaniel LyonsDavid BethalaDFaulkDouglas CantrellEric KieblerFrederic SimonGeoffrey ShortGraydon GossGreg SmithJohn FunaiJohn RobinsonJonathan NesfederJosh ThomasJustin WatersKevin LeeKevin WarneKyle HoferMalte UblMichael ConroyNick VirtueNick WrightNickolas Andrew FreemanPatrick SuttonPaul RoseProtius ProtiusRobert IlardiScott GossettSean WarniahaShane CalimlimSipke SchoorstraSteve BradshawTatiana VorovchenkoTim StephaniTonyfaceTybie FitzhughYurii KonovaliukRandall Sylvia#space #quantummechanics #astrophysics Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more visit: https://hensonshaving.com/pbs and use code spacetime to get 100 blades for free with your purchase of a Henson Razor. Add both products to your cart for the code to take effect! There are lots of reasons to search for planets around other stars—exoplanets. A big one is to find other places in the universe that might harbor life. We only know of one such planet so far: Earth. And so we get particularly excited when we find Earth-mass planets at the right distance from their star to sustain liquid water—also critical for life as we know it. We’ve found lots of those “habitable” worlds. But we also don’t know what factors are really critical to the initial development of life. Maybe star type? We get even more excited if that Earth-mass at the right distance from a Sun-type star. We’ve found a few of those too, and we can infer that there are lots more. Check out the Black Friday Sale at the Space Time Merch Store https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements! https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: https://search.pbsspacetime.com/ Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer Directed by Andrew Kornhaber Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios. This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content. © 2025 PBS. All rights reserved. End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By: Big Bang Alexander Tamas David Paryente Juan Benet Kenneth See Mark Rosenthal Morgan Hough Peter Barrett Santiago Tj Steyn Vinnie Falco Supernova Ethan Cohen Glenn Sugden Grace Biaelcki Mark Heising Stephen Wilcox Tristan Lucian Claudius Aurelius Tyacke Hypernova Alex Kern Ben Delo Cal Stephens chuck zegar David Giltinan Dean Galvin Donal Botkin Gregory Forfa Jesse Cid Dyer John R. Slavik Justin Lloyd Kenneth See Massimiliano Pala Michael Tidwell Mike Purvis Paul Stehr-Green Scott Gorlick Scott Gray Spencer Jones Stephen Saslow Thomas Mouton Zachary Haberman Антон Кочков Daniel Muzquiz Gamma Ray Burst Aaron Pinto Adrien Molyneux Almog Cohen Anthony Leon Arko Provo Mukherjee Ayden Miller Ben McIntosh Bradley Jenkins Bradley Ulis Brandon Lattin Brian Cook Bryan White Chris Liao Christopher Wade Chuck Lukaszewski Collin Dutrow Craig Falls Craig Stonaha Dan Warren Daniel Donahue Daniel Jennings Daron Woods Darrell Stewart David Johnston Doyle Vann Eric Kiebler Eric Raschke Eric Schrenker Faraz Khan Frederic Simon Harsh Khandhadia Ian Williams Isaac Suttell James Trimmier Jeb Campbell Jeremy Soller Jerry Thomas jim bartosh John Anderson John De Witt John Funai John H. Austin, Jr. John591 Joseph Salomone Junaid Ali Kacper Cieśla Kane Holbrook Keith Pasko Kent Durham Koen Wilde Kyle Atkinson Marcelo Garcia Marion Lang Mark Daniel Cohen Mark Delagasse Matt Kaprocki Matthew Johnson Michael Barton Michael Clark Michael Lev Michael Purcell Nathaniel Bennett Nick Hoffenstoffer III Nicolas Katsantonis Paul Wood Rad Antonov Reuben Brewer Richard Steenbergen Robert DeChellis Ross Story Russell Moore SamSword Sandhya Devi Satwik Pani Sean Owen Shane Calimlim SilentGnome Sound Reason Steffen Bendel Steven Giallourakis Terje Vold Thomas Dougherty Tomaz Lovsin Tybie Fitzhugh Vlad Shipulin William Flinn WILLIAM HAY III ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime We have no idea what dark matter is, other than it’s some source of gravity that is completely invisible but exerts way more pull that all of the regular matter. More than all of the stars, all of the gas, all of the black holes…unless dark matter is black holes, then black holes are most of everything. Dark matter constitutes 80% or so of the mass in the universe, which means even our Milky Way galaxy is mostly a vast ball of dark matter that happens to have attracted a relative sprinkling of baryons—atoms in the form of gas, which lit up as starry glitter spinning in the middle of this invisible gravitational well. Check out the Space Time Merch Store https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements! https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: https://search.pbsspacetime.com/ Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Taha Dawoodbhoy & Matt O'Dowd Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria Directed by Andrew Kornhaber Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell Spacetime is produced by Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios. This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content. © 2023 PBS. All rights reserved. End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By: Big Bang Supporters Bryce Fort Peter Barrett David Neumann Sean Maddox Alexander Tamas Morgan Hough Juan Benet Vinnie Falco Fabrice Eap Mark Rosenthal Quasar Supporters Glenn Sugden Alex Kern Ethan Cohen Stephen Wilcox Christina Oegren Mark Heising Hypernova Supporters Stephen Spidle Chris Webb Ivari Tölp Zachary Wilson Kenneth See Gregory Forfa Kirk Honour Joe Moreira Bradley Voorhees Marc Armstrong Scott Gorlick Paul Stehr-Green Ben Delo Scott Gray Антон Кочков Robert Ilardi John R. Slavik Donal Botkin John Pollock Edmund Fokschaner Chuck Zegar Jordan Young Daniel Muzquiz Gamma Ray Burst Robin Bayley Piotr Sarnicki Massimiliano Pala Thomas Nielson Joe Pavlovic Ryan McGaughy Chuck Lukaszewski Edward Hodapp Cole Combs Andrea Galvagni Jerry Thomas Nikhil Sharma Ryan Moser John Anderson David Giltinan Scott Hannum Bradley Ulis Craig Falls Vivaan Vaka Kane Holbrook Ross Story Teng Guo Mason Dillon Matt Langford Harsh Khandhadia Thomas Tarler Susan Albee Frank Walker Matt Quinn Michael Lev Terje Vold James Trimmier Jeremy Soller Andre Stechert Paul Wood Kent Durham Ramon Nogueira Paul Suchy Ellis Hall John H. Austin, Jr. Diana S Poljar Faraz Khan Almog Cohen Daniel Jennings Cameron Sampson Jeremy Reed David Johnston Michael Barton Andrew Mann Isaac Suttell Bleys Goodson Robert Walter Mark Delagasse Mark Daniel Cohen Nickolas Andrew Freeman Shane Calimlim Tybie Fitzhugh Eric Kiebler Craig Stonaha Graydon Goss Frederic Simon Dmitri McGuiness John Robinson Jim Hudson Alex Gan David Barnholdt David Neal John Funai Bradley Jenkins Jiri Borkovec Vlad Shipulin Cody Brumfield Thomas Dougherty King Zeckendorff Dan Warren Patrick Sutton John Griffith Dean Faulk Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACEUploaded 29-11-17The future of science is you.You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeGet your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBiTweet at us! @pbsspacetimeFacebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetimeEmail us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] comComment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetimeHelp translate our videos!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7gPrevious Episode:Suicide Space Robots | Space Timehttps://youtu.be/_x2nL6ukJDgThe professional astronomer or astrophysicist is a pretty recent phenomenon. In the past, astronomy was often performed by nobility and extremely enthusiastic amateurs. Take William Herschel: by trade a classically trained musician, but as an amateur astronomer he discovered Uranus and was the first to observe binary star systems, among other things. Although it seems like the scientific exploration of our universe is now in the hands of full-time career astro-professionals, a ton of really valuable science is still done by people with proper day jobs. Today I want to talk about some of the stunning contributions still being made by citizen scientists, and the contributions YOU can make.Links to citizen science programs:JunoCam: www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocamAAVSO: www.aavso.orgZooniverse: www.zooniverse.orgGalaxy Zoo www.galaxyzoo.orgBackyard Worlds: backyardworlds.orgSeti@Home: setiathome.berkeley.eduEinstein@Home einsteinathome.orgMilkyWay@Home milkyway.cs.rpi.edu/milkywayHosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Drew Rosen and Matt O'DowdProduced by Rusty WardGraphics by Kurt RossAssistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike PetrowMade by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big BangBITISMCoolAsCatsDavid NicklasQuasarTambe BarsbayMayank M. MehrotaMars YenturMark RosenthalDean FuquaY2Justin LloydHypernovaEdmund FokschanerMax LevineMatthew O’ConnorEugene LawsonBarry HatfieldMartha HuntJoseph SalomoneChuck ZegarCraig PetersonJordan YoungRatfeastJohn HofmannThanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Mechanically CrypticDenys IvanovNick VirtueAlexey EromenkoNicholas RoseScott GossettMark DykstraChris HicksMark VasilePatrick MurraySultan AlkhulaifiAlex SetoMichal-Peanut KarmiErik SteinDaniel LyonsKevin WarneJJ BagnellJ RejcAmy JieAvi GoldfingerJohn PettitShannan CatalanoFlorian StiglmayrYubo DuBenoit Pagé-GuitardNathan LenizJessica FraleyLoro LukicBrandon LabonteDavid CraneGreg Weiss Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Check Out our NEW MERCH Store! For 15% Off Use the Code: PBS https://crowdmade.com/collections/pbsspacetime Principle of Indifference Proof: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qsYNMb6OK3ZbJADE0jDXWsjp6OtijPBS/view?usp=sharing Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime The mystery of what happens when we go from a superposition to a definite state is known as the Measurement Problem, and it’s arguably the most mysterious outstanding problem in physics. The different interpretations of quantum mechanics are really about solving the measurement problem. But Many Worlds offers one thing that the other interpretations do not: there’s no collapse of the wavefunction - which might be the key to solving the measurement problem? Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements! https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: https://search.pbsspacetime.com/ Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Taha Dawoodbhoy & Matt O'Dowd Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria Directed by Andrew Kornhaber Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell Spacetime is produced by Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios. This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content. © 2023 PBS. All rights reserved. End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By: Big Bang Sponsors Bryce Fort Peter Barrett David Neumann Sean Maddox Alexander Tamas Morgan Hough Juan Benet Vinnie Falco Fabrice Eap Mark Rosenthal Quasar Sponsors Glenn Sugden Alex Kern Ethan Cohen Stephen Wilcox Mark Heising Hypernova Sponsors Stephen Spidle Chris Webb David Giltinan Ivari Tölp Zachary Wilson Kenneth See Gregory Forfa Bradley Voorhees Scott Gorlick Paul Stehr-Green Ben Delo Scott Gray Антон Кочков Robert Ilardi John R. Slavik Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner chuck zegar Jordan Young Daniel Muzquiz Gamma Ray Burst Supporters Tomaz Lovsin Anthony Leon Billy Holland Leonardo Schulthais Senna Lori Ferris James Sadler Dennis Van Hoof Koen Wilde Nicolas Katsantonis Piotr Sarnicki Massimiliano Pala Thomas Nielson Joe Pavlovic Justin Lloyd Chuck Lukaszewski Cole B Combs Andrea Galvagni Jerry Thomas Nikhil Sharma Ryan Moser John Anderson Scott Hannum Bradley Ulis Craig Falls Kane Holbrook Ross Story Teng Guo Mason Dillon Harsh Khandhadia Susan Albee Matt Quinn Michael Lev Terje Vold James Trimmier Jeremy Soller Paul Wood Joe Moreira Kent Durham Jim Bartosh Ramon Nogueira John H. Austin, Jr. Diana S Poljar Faraz Khan Almog Cohen Daniel Jennings Russ Creech Jeremy Reed David Johnston Michael Barton Isaac Suttell Oliver Flanagan Bleys Goodson Mark Delagasse Mark Daniel Cohen Shane Calimlim Tybie Fitzhugh Eric Kiebler Craig Stonaha Frederic Simon John Robinson Jim Hudson Alex Gan David Barnholdt John Funai Bradley Jenkins Vlad Shipulin Cody Brumfield Thomas Dougherty King Zeckendorff Dan Warren Joseph Salomone Patrick Sutton Dean Faulk Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices