Determining if you're FRAIL (or "Pre-Frail") and What to do About it

Frailty isn’t just something that happens “later”; it’s a gradual loss of resilience that can begin much earlier than most people think. Katy Bowman and Dr. Jeannette Loram unpack what frailty and pre-frailty mean biologically. They explore the five key hallmarks used to identify frailty, including walking speed and grip strength, and how a large proportion of people in their 30s and 40s already fall on the spectrum of pre-frailty.The conversation also explores the muscle–gut connection, explaining how frailty is influenced by exercise, diet, and the health of your microbiome. Katy and Jeannette also discuss the potential for rapid-onset frailty linked to the use of GLP-1 medications.Most importantly, frailty can be reversed and this episode focuses on what you can do. From simple ways to improve resilience through movement, nutrition, and rest, to understanding how your attitude toward aging might influence your resilienceEnhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:00 – Intro + Sponsors  01:30 – What Is Frailty (and Pre-Frailty)  03:00 – The 5 Hallmarks of Frailty  10:50 – How Pre-Frailty Can Start in Your 30s  12:40 – Muscle–Gut Connection & the Microbiome  19:40 – Exercise as “Fuel” for Your Microbiome  27:30 – Supplementation and the Psychology of Change  29:50 – GLP-1 Medication & Rapid-Onset Frailty  42:20 – Listener Question: Finding Glute Strength (Sponsored by Peluva)Resources and Books Mentioned:Joyspan by Kerry Burnight Frailty Sets In Far Earlier Than You’d Expect But You Can Reverse It, by David Cox in the New Scientist Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 biobank participants by Hanlon et al 2018Evidence For The Contribution Of Gut Microbiota To Age-Related Anabolic Resistance by Watson et al 2021Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults With Type-2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study by Ren et al 2025Connect, Move & Learn:Join Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!Made Possible By Our Wonderful Sponsors:.My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNAIkaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sittingPeluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 10% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENTSmart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

Inspired by a moving letter from a parent of an adult son with autism, biomechanist Katy Bowman and biologist Dr. Jeannette Loram explore the relationship between movement, health, and quality of life for people with disabilities.They are joined by Kristina Montgomery, a special education teacher at a school for children and young adults affected by autism, and a behavior analyst working with Essential for Living, a curriculum designed for those with learning difficulties. Through her work, Kristina teaches an event-based approach to learning—one that moves away from abstract, isolated skills and instead “stacks” goals within meaningful, naturally occurring events. This approach supports not only skill development, but also health, social inclusion, and caregiver sustainability.Together, they discuss the importance of choosing activities that are meaningful to the learner both in the moment and for future independence, and the shift from instructing a task to modeling it alongside the student. Kristina also shares how powerful movement stacking has been in her work, improving both the happiness and wellbeing of the people she supports.This episode is a powerful reminder that movement truly is for every body, and that by embedding it into daily life, caregiving, parenting, and teaching can become more sustainable, and joyful for everyone involved.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:00 – A Letter from a Parent of an Autistic Son04:50 – Movement & Disability: Movement is for Every Body07:57 – Podcast Sponsors09:44 – Introduction to Kristina Montgomery14:00 – Essential for Living: Life Skills Curriculum15:58 – What Are Functional Life Skills?19:45 – Movement, Health, and Wellness in Special Education23:05 – What and Why is Movement Stacking?37:00 – Designing Environments to Promote Movement and Education44:12 – Event-Based Teaching Course53:46 – Listener Question: Balance Training with a Sore KneeResources, Books and Courses  Mentioned:Kristina Montgomery Learn more about Kristina and her work in special education and behavior analysis.Event-Based Learning Course (Essential for Living) A practical course on designing special education goals using event-based learning and movement stacking. Includes 20% discount for listeners.Essential for Living: Introduction Course An overview of the Essential for Living curriculum and its core principles. Includes 20% discount for listeners.Grow Wild Book Club – Katy Bowman A free book club for therapists and parents of neurodivergent children.Connect, Move & Learn:Join Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!Made Possible By Our Wonderful Sponsors:Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 10% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENTThoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

We dive into the often-overlooked topic of amenorrhea: the absence of menstruation. Biomechanist Katy Bowman and biologist Dr. Jeannette Loram unpack the science with a focus on Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA) linked to energy deficiency in athletes. They explore how intense training and and sport pressures around leanness or weight can disrupt regular hormonal signals, affecting long-term bone density, cardiovascular health, and performance. They also discuss the original concept of the Female Athlete Triad (low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density) and its evolution into RED-S (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport), a more holistic model encompassing many aspects of health and wellbeing.The conversation expands into evolutionary perspectives, comparing Western menstrual experiences—from menarche to menopause—with those of hunter-gatherer populations like the Hadza, and questioning what “normal” really means. Ultimately, this episode reframes intense athletics as a nuanced practice that must be supported by adequate nutrition and recovery.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:00 – Intro & Sponsors02:45 – What Is Amenorrhea?05:40 – Primary vs Secondary Amenorrhea09:00 – Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA): Energy deficiency and hormonal suppression11:10 – Female Athlete Triad → RED-S: Evolution of understanding in sports science21:30 – The Hadza perspective: menarche to menopause25:25 – Negative consequences of amenorrhea: Bone Health  29:15 – IUD induced amenorrhea 37:00 – Historical and modern timelines for menarche compared to the Hadza 50:45 – Closing thoughts on ancient humans Links & Research Mentioned:Substack article that prompted this episode Dr Jen Gunter’s article on the hormonal IUD and bone health Foraging & Menstruation in the Hadza of Tanzania Comparison between The Female Athlete Triad & RED-SConnect, Move & Learn:Join Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!Made Possible By Our Wonderful Sponsors:Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 10% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENTMovemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

Biomechanist Katy Bowman and biologist Dr. Jeannette Loram explain how just nine minutes of vigorous activity can make a measurable difference for your cardiovascular health. They break down what counts as vigorous exercise, how to gauge it “old skool” without complicated gadgets, and how much is needed based on the movement patterns of the heart-healthy Hadza. Plus, they share nine practical ways to fit short bursts of higher-intensity movement into your day, from running stairs and kitchen dance parties to treading water in a pool.The episode also explores a personal experience related to the menopause transition, including the onset of salt sensitivity, water retention, and hypertension. Katy and Jeannette discuss the link between estrogen and salt management, explaining why the loss of estrogen can make women more susceptible to salt-induced high blood pressure—and what lifestyle shifts can help protect heart health.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:00 — Introduction & Sponsors01:50 — Heart Health and Midlife Movement03:45 — What Counts as Vigorous Exercise?07:00 — How Much Vigorous Do We Actually Need? Insights from the Hadza 12:30 — Nine Minutes of Vigorous Movement: Practical Ideas to fit into your life25:00 — Listener Question: Vigorous Movement in the Pool36:20 — Warming Up for Vigorous Movement Snacks 41:30 — Salt Sensitivity, Menopause & Blood PressureLinks & Research Mentioned:Physical Activity Patterns and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Hunter Gatherers  by Raichlen et al (2017) Lifestyle and Patterns of Physical Activity in Hadza Foragers by Sayre et al (2023)Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality by Stamatakis et al (2022) Postmenopausal Salt Sensitivity and Hypertension by Kim et al (2014)Estrogen negatively regulates the renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by promoting Derlin-1 expression and AMPK activation by Zhang et al (2019) Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in Women by Barris et al (2023)Connect, Move & Learn:Join Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!Made Possible By Our Wonderful Sponsors:Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 10% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENTMy Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

Biomechanist Katy Bowman and biologist Dr. Jeannette Loram explore the prevalence and underlying causes of knee issues, from popping and noisy knees to everyday pain and osteoarthritis. The knee is not just a simple hinge, and Katy explains its anatomy using a helpful “cube” model that includes bones, ligaments, cartilage, and the meniscus. Together, they clarify the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and examine how movement patterns influence the forces and loads placed across the knee joint. Katy and Jeannette share practical strategies for changing knee loading through gait retraining, along with tools to improve muscle strength, stability, and proprioception to help protect ligaments and cartilage. They also discuss why women tend to experience more knee problems due to hormonal and biomechanical factors, and why prehab and post-surgery exercise training play a critical role in achieving better outcomes after knee surgery.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript 00:00 Introduction: The prevalence of knee issues and arthritis 02:00 Why movement and position matter for knee health 04:08 Sponsors: The Dynamic Collective 05:58 The knee as a “cube,” not just a hinge 10:58 Ligaments vs muscles: Why ligaments are seat belts, not brakes 14:20 Cartilage and the knee meniscus: Function and damage 18:00 Changing movement patterns for knee pain: Gait retraining 24:21 Noisy knees explained 26:22 Knee instability: Strength, proprioception, and hypermobility 33:07 Listener question: Why do women have more knee issues? Hormones and Q-angle 46:40 Prehab and post-surgery knee careLinks & Resources Mentioned:The Pelvic List Connect, Move & Learn:Join Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!Made Possible By Our Wonderful Sponsors:Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 15% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENTMy Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

Set yourself up for success: how to create a sustainable movement plan. We walk through their own real-life movement plans to explore the three things every movement plan needs: a clear focus, a small set of daily “ride-or-die” exercises linked to that focus, and movement integrated across the many domains of life—not just exercise.This episode offers a practical, honest look at how to build a sustainable movement plan that actually works, highlighting flexible planning and simple environmental makeovers that reduce resistance and make movement easier to return to—again and again.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:12 Movement Plan Introduction00:45 Resources for Your Movement Plan01:30 Sponsor Acknowledgements02:50 The Three Movement Plan Must-Haves03:50 The First Essential: A Movement Focus You Re-Evaluate06:25 Daily “Ride-or-Die” Exercises10:30 Psychological Flexibility: Why Time Targets Often Backfire19:18 Containers for Movement: Exploring the SLOTH Model20:13 Sleep, Repetitive Positioning, and Supportive Rest23:16 Leisure Activities26:28 Incorporating Movement Into Your Occupation28:55 Transportation and Home Makeovers33:00 Listener Question: Underuse vs. Overuse of Body PartsBooks Mentioned:My Perfect Movement Plan by Katy BowmanLinks & Resources Mentioned: Download a printable Movement Plan Hamstring curls with a ballSide bend on the ball Ball push-upsConnect, Move & Learn:Join Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!Made Possible By Our Wonderful Sponsors:Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 15% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENTThoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

How cold affects muscles, blood flow, and cardiovascular risk—plus practical ways to keep moving safely indoors and out. Biomechanist Katy Bowman and biologist Dr. Jeannette Loram explore how cold air and cold water affect muscle function, blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure during exercise. They unpack how vasoconstriction increases cardiovascular demand, and why activities like snow shoveling and cold-water swimming carry specific risks. The episode also offers practical strategies for continuing to move safely outdoors throughout the winter months.Even when winter keeps many of us indoors, movement doesn’t have to disappear. Karri Bowen-Poole of Smart Playrooms joins Katy to discuss how indoor spaces can be designed to encourage movement for kids, teens, and adults. They share ideas for simple, versatile equipment that supports strength, coordination, and play, explain why visible and aesthetically pleasing setups matter, and describe how rotating movement tools over time helps sustain interest as needs and abilities evolve.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:14 Discussing Cold Weather and Its Impact 01:19 The Dynamic Collective 03:07 Practical Tips for Exercising in Cold Weather 03:43 The Importance of Balance, Slip Training, and Other Winter Exercise Tips 10:45 Cardiovascular System, Cold Weather, and Snow Shoveling 21:52 Cold Water Immersion and Its Effects 29:46 Listener question: Hallux Limitus and Foot Issues 36:02 Introducing Smart Playrooms LINKS & RESOURCES MENTIONEDKaty’s 2025 Advent featuring Venn Designs Air ChairsSmart Playrooms x Move Your DNA equipment picks Smart Playrooms setting up a teen roomSmart Playrooms Sport Court sectionCONNECT, MOVE & LEARNJoin Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!MADE POSSIBLE BY OUR WONDERFUL SPONSORS:Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 15% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENT.Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

As we wrap up 2025, we’re doing a shortened version of our annual recap—part reflection, part intention. Katy and Jeannette share their biggest movement wins, smartest health decisions, and one-word themes for the year, then look ahead to what they’re prioritizing in 2026 (strength, power, simplicity, and efficiency). Then we distill the past year’s episodes into a clear set of movement rules for 2026 including: movement works locally (not just systemically), the 5 S’s of aging (strong, steady, straight, supple, swift) and the reminder that there will always be something else… move anyway.If you only listen to one episode to catch up on the year and set your movement intentions for the next, make it this one.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript06:25 Katy and Jeannette review 2025 and look ahead to 202620:40 The Dynamic Collective22:36 Movement Rule Number One: Movement works locally, not just systemically32:05 Movement Rule Number Two: You should be getting the 5 S's of aging38:46 Movement Rule Number Three: It's not the mode, it's the load43:13 Movement Rule Number Four: The upward climb – why you need to exercise more as you age51:29 Movement Rule Number Five: Hearts are like hip joints, or why you need to do more for your heart than just cardio56:01 Movement Rule Number Six: There will always be something else – move anywayLINKS & RESOURCES MENTIONEDMy Perfect Movement Plan by Katy BowmanI Know I Should Exercise But... by Diana Hill & Katy Bowman CONNECT, MOVE & LEARNJoin Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!MADE POSSIBLE BY OUR WONDERFUL SPONSORS:Venn Design: Beautifully upholstered ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 15% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENT.My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

Katy offers an aging reframe: in middle age, you are not “over the hill”—you are actually at the bottom of a valley, and staying strong and healthy means choosing to go uphill on purpose. Katy and Jeannette unpack the difference between chronological age and biological aging, why modern life may be speeding up the aging process, and how movement and exercise positively influence the cellular “hallmarks of aging.” They explore why exercise needs to increase with age (even when life gets busier and energy feels lower), and how reframing discomfort can make consistency possible—so you can extend not just your lifespan, but your healthspan, too.Katy also speaks with Pack Matthews of Ikaria Design (creator of the Soul Seat) about “active sitting” and why our rest positions matter as we age. Pack shares his personal origin story—using floor-sitting and dynamic postures to counter arthritis. They also preview the upcoming Soul Seat Mini for the smaller people in your life and explore its role in dynamic classrooms.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:03:00 — Flipping the visual: “over the hill” → “in the valley”00:04:00 — The Dynamic Collective00:06:00 — Chronological age vs biological aging & lifespan vs healthspan 00:08:35 — What may be accelerating aging: obesity, diet, sedentary behavior, stress00:12:00 — How “biological age” is measured + hallmarks of aging00:18:00 — Why exercise must increase with age: choosing uphill (progressive overload)00:36:00 — Listener question: handedness across humans, animals, and even plants00:47:00 — Interview: Pack Matthews (Ikaria Design) on the Soul Seat + active sitting LINKS & RESOURCES MENTIONEDHandedness in Animals and PlantsIkaria Design Soul Seat Instagram Soul Seat Facebook CONNECT, MOVE & LEARNMovement Advent 2025: 24 Ball Exercises to Balance Tech StressJoin Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!MADE POSSIBLE BY OUR WONDERFUL SPONSORS:My Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 15% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENT. Venn Design: Stylish ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting—featuring in our 2025 Movement Advent!Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits 

Katy & Jeannette dive into the question: can movement really change your DNA? Using clear analogies—like libraries, recipes, and sticky notes—they unpack what DNA is, how gene expression works, and what we really mean by epigenetics (the “on top of” changes that influence which genes get used). They explore how exercise can turn the “volume up or down” on metabolic genes, pro-inflammatory markers, and stress protein genes, and how many of these changes involve altering the arrangement and access to DNA within your cells.Using another accessible analogy of spider webs, they explore how forces on cells (through mechanotransduction) act as a powerful, non-chemical “nutrient” that can literally move your DNA and alter epigenetics and gene expression. This is why exercise and everyday movement not only have systemic benefits but also site-specific effects—and why the distribution of movement throughout your body matters just as much as how much you move.Enhanced Show Notes and Full Transcript00:00:23 “You can’t change DNA”: Katy’s green-room story with a physician who insists DNA is fixed.00:03:33 What is DNA? Jeanette’s library-and-recipe analogy explaining DNA and gene expression.00:06:11 Genes as volume controls: How exercise turns gene activity up or down rather than rewriting DNA.00:12:02 Chromatin & compacted DNA: Archival library shelves as a metaphor for genes you rarely “reach for.”00:18:54 Mechanotransduction & spider webs: How movement plucks the cell’s “web” and signals the nucleus.00:25:36 Epigenetics explained: Sticky notes, covered keyholes, and how markers sit “on top” of DNA.00:29:28 Epigenetic memory & trained vs. untrained leg study: Why movement has site-specific effects.00:32:17 Listener Question (sponsored by Movemate): Do organs such as the brain, liver, and kidney need specific movements?BOOKS & RESEARCH MENTIONEDMove Your DNA book by Katy Bowman Epigenetic profile of trained vs untrained leg  Walking & blood circulation to the brainPhysical Activity, Gut Motility & ConstipationCONNECT, MOVE & LEARNMovement Advent 2025: 24 Ball Exercises to Balance Tech StressJoin Our Newsletter: Movement Colored GlassesFollow Katy on SubstackTry Katy's Virtual Studio Free for 7 days!MADE POSSIBLE BY OUR WONDERFUL SPONSORS:Movemate: Active standing boards with smoothly articulating wooden slats. Designed to keep you moving without interrupting your focus. Take 15% off until Dec 7th with code MOVEMy Happy Feet: Toe-spacing socks that gently realign toes for comfortable recovery—take 20% off with code MYDNA.Ikaria Design: The Soul Seat® offers height-adjustable, multi-position sitting—get 10% off new chairs and desks with code DNA10.Venn Design: Stylish ball-shaped Air Chairs that encourage dynamic sitting—featuring in our 2025 Movement Advent! Peluva: Five-toe minimalist shoes that move like you do—take 15% off with code NUTRITIOUSMOVEMENT.Smart Playrooms: Beautiful playroom design and movement-rich equipment—save 10% on monkey bars and rock-wall items with code DNA10.Thoughts/questions email us at [email protected] Voice on the Podcast: Read The Credits