Demystifying Gödel's Theorem: What It Actually Says

Gödel’s incompleteness theorem is one of the most misunderstood ideas in science and philosophy. This video cuts through the hype, correcting major misconceptions from pop-science icons and revealing what Gödel actually proved and what he didn’t. If you think his theorem limits human knowledge, think again. The people referenced are Neil deGrasse Tyson, Veritasium, Michio Kaku, and Deepak Chopra. Correction: Veritasium says "everything" not "anything." My foolish verbal flub is corrected in the captions, and the argumentation remains the same. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Links Mentioned: •⁠ ⁠Scott Aaronson | How Much Math Is Knowable?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VplMHWSZf5c •⁠ ⁠The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis (paper): https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.24.12.556 •⁠ ⁠The Gettier Problem: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/#GettProb •⁠ ⁠Jennifer Nagel on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWZVMZ9Tm7Q •⁠ ⁠Gödel’s First Incompleteness Theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Formally_Undecidable_Propositions_of_Principia_Mathematica_and_Related_Systems •⁠ ⁠Roger Penrose on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGm505TFMbU •⁠ ⁠Curt talks with Penrose for IAI: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQM0OtxvZ-Y •⁠ ⁠Bertrand Russell’s Comments: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Russell,_Whitehead_-_Principia_Mathematica,_vol._I,_1910.djvu/84 •⁠ ⁠Gregory Chaitin on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMPnrNL3zsE •⁠ ⁠Chaitin on the ‘Rise and Fall of Academia’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoEuav8G6sY •⁠ ⁠Curt and Neil Tyson Debate Physics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye9OkJih3-U •⁠ ⁠Gödel’s Completeness Theorem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_completeness_theorem •⁠ ⁠Latham Boyle on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyLeeEFKk04 •⁠ ⁠Gabriele Carcassi on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIQ7CaQX8EI •⁠ ⁠Gabriele Carcassi’s YouTube Channel (Live): https://www.youtube.com/@AssumptionsofPhysicsResearch •⁠ ⁠Robinson Arithmetic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_arithmetic •⁠ ⁠Algorithmic Information Theory (book): https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521616042 •⁠ ⁠The Paris-Harrington Theorem: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Paris-HarringtonTheorem.html •⁠ ⁠Curt’s Substack: The Mathematics of Self: https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/the-mathematics-of-self-why-you-can •⁠ ⁠The Church-Turing Thesis: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/ •⁠ ⁠Curt’s Substack: The Most Profound Theorem in Logic You Haven't Heard Of: https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/infinity-its-many-models-and-lowenheim Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What if gravity is not fundamental but emerges from quantum entanglement? In this episode, physicist Ted Jacobson reveals how Einstein’s equations can be derived from thermodynamic principles of the quantum vacuum, reshaping our understanding of space, time, and gravity itself. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 01:11 The Journey into Physics 04:26 Spirituality and Physics 06:29 Connecting Gravity and Thermodynamics 09:22 The Concept of Rindler Horizons 13:12 The Nature of Quantum Vacuum 20:53 The Duality of Quantum Fields 32:59 Understanding the Equation of State 35:05 Exploring Local Rindler Horizons 47:15 Holographic Duality and Space-Time Emergence 58:19 The Metric and Quantum Fields 59:58 Extensions and Comparisons in Gravity 1:26:26 The Nature of Black Hole Physics 1:31:04 Comparing Theories Links Mentioned:: •⁠ ⁠Ted’s published papers: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QyHAXo8AAAAJ&hl=en •⁠ ⁠Claudia de Rham on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve_Mpd6dGv8 •⁠ ⁠Neil Turok on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNZCa1pVE20 •⁠ ⁠Bisognano–Wichmann theorem: https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Bisognano-Wichmann+theorem •⁠ ⁠Scott Aaronson and Jacob Barandes on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rbC3XZr9-c •⁠ ⁠Stephen Wolfram on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YRlQQw0d-4 •⁠ ⁠Ruth Kastner on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BsHh3_vCMQ •⁠ ⁠Jacob Barandes on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaS1usLeXQM •⁠ ⁠Leonard Susskind on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2p_Hlm6aCok •⁠ ⁠Ted’s talk on black holes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYt2Rm_dXf4 •⁠ ⁠Ted Jacobson: Diffeomorphism invariance and the black hole information paradox: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6kdHge-NNY •⁠ ⁠Bose–Einstein condensate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate •⁠ ⁠Holographic Thought Experiments (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/0808.2845 •⁠ ⁠Peter Woit and Joseph Conlon on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAaXk_WoQqQ •⁠ ⁠Chiara Marletto on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uey_mUy1vN0 •⁠ ⁠Entanglement Equilibrium and the Einstein Equation (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04753 •⁠ ⁠Ivette Fuentes on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUj2TcZSlZc •⁠ ⁠Unitarity and Holography in Gravitational Physics (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/0808.2842 •⁠ ⁠The dominant model of the universe is cracking (Economist article): https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/06/19/the-dominant-model-of-the-universe-is-creaking •⁠ ⁠Suvrat Raju’s published papers: https://www.suvratraju.net/publications •⁠ ⁠Mark Van Raamsdonk’s published papers: https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=k8LsA4YAAAAJ&hl=en •⁠ ⁠Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu–Takayanagi_conjecture Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What if quantum mechanics is not fundamental? What if time itself is an illusion? In this new episode, physicist Julian Barbour returns to share his most radical ideas yet. He proposes that the universe is built purely from ratios, that time is not fundamental, and that quantum mechanics might be replaced entirely without the need for wave functions or Planck’s constant. This may be the simplest vision of reality ever proposed. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Videos Mentioned: Julian’s previous appearance on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bprxrGaf0Os Neil Turok on TOE (Big Bang): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUp9x44N3uE Neil Turok on TOE (Black Holes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNZCa1pVE20 Debunking “All Possible Paths”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcY3ZtgYis0 John Vervaeke on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVj1KYGyesI Jacob Barandes & Scott Aaronson on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rbC3XZr9-c The Dark History of Anti-Gravity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBA3RUxkZdc Peter Woit on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTSeqsCgxj8 Books Mentioned: The Monadology – G.W. Leibniz: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1546527664 The Janus Point – Julian Barbour: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/0465095461 Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat – Carnot: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/1514873974 Lucretius: On the Nature of Things: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/0393341364 Heisenberg and the Interpretation of QM: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/1107403510 Quantum Mechanics for Cosmologists: https://books.google.ca/books?id=qou0iiLPjyoC&pg=PA99 Faraday, Maxwell, and the EM Field: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/1616149426 The Feeling of Life Itself – Christof Koch: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B08BTCX4BM Articles Mentioned: Time’s Arrow and Simultaneity (Barbour): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.14179 On the Moving Force of Heat (Clausius): https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/2559_Therm_Stat_Mech/docs/Clausius%20Moving%20Force%20heat%201851.pdf On the Motions and Collisions of Elastic Spheres (Maxwell): http://www.alternativaverde.it/stel/documenti/Maxwell/1860/Maxwell%20%281860%29%20-%20Illustrations%20of%20the%20dynamical%20theory%20of%20gases.pdf Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (Wikipedia): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann_distribution Identification of a Gravitational Arrow of Time: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.0917 The Nature of Time: https://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.3489 The Solution to the Problem of Time in Shape Dynamics: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.6264 CPT-Symmetric Universe: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08928 Mach’s Principle and Dynamical Theories (JSTOR): https://www.jstor.org/stable/2397395 Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 01:35 Consciousness and the Nature of Reality 3:23 The Nature of Time and Change 7:01 The Role of Variety in Existence 9:23 Understanding Entropy and Temperature 36:10 Revisiting the Second Law of Thermodynamics 41:33 The Illusion of Entropy in the Universe 46:11 Rethinking the Past Hypothesis 55:03 Complexity, Order, and Newton's Influence 1:02:33 Evidence Beyond Quantum Mechanics 1:16:04 Age and Structure of the Universe 1:18:53 Open Universe and Ratios 1:20:15 Fundamental Particles and Ratios 1:24:20 Emergence of Structure in Age 1:27:11 Shapes and Their Explanations 1:32:54 Life and Variety in the Universe 1:44:27 Consciousness and Perception of Structure 1:57:22 Geometry, Experience, and Forces 2:09:27 The Role of Consciousness in Shape Dynamics Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

I've been working on this project assiduously and secretly since last year. It's been several months in the making, with several rewrites and several re-edits. It's finally ready to be released, thus shadow dropping it now. It's a 3-hour iceberg on Eric Weinstein's Geometric Unity. I work on understanding and explaining different Theories of Everything for a living, and this one is unlike any other you've seen. This iceberg covers the graduate-level math, but it also constantly provides explainers aimed at different levels for those who are uninitiated with physics and differential geometry. Enjoy. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Huel: Try Huel with 15% OFF + Free Gift for New Customers today using my code theoriesofeverything at https://huel.com/theoriesofeverything . Fuel your best performance with Huel today! What really happens when you fall into a black hole? Physicist Neil Turok unveils a radical theory: there is no inside—only a mirror. You meet your antimatter twin, and annihilation follows. No multiverse. No extra dimensions. No information loss. Just elegant math and CPT symmetry. This is the simplest—and most profound—explanation of black holes to date. It rewrites what we thought we knew about the universe itself. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 04:14 The Paradox of Information Loss 11:04 CPT Symmetry and Its Implications 19:09 Stuckelberg's Insights on Antiparticles 29:34 The Black Mirror Solution Explained 41:21 Dramatic Encounters at the Horizon 51:51 The Unexpected Nature of the Metric 59:46 Exploring Quantum Effects in Black Holes 1:05:04 Black Hole Entropy and Observations 1:10:13 The Universe: Superposed and Entangled 1:15:15 The Economist's Insights 1:15:29 Quantum Mechanics and Classicality 1:20:35 Simplicity in Cosmology 1:21:58 The DESE Experiment and Dark Energy 1:26:40 The Cosmological Constant Dilemma 1:31:13 The Bet on Cosmological Theories 1:32:06 The UFO Debate with Neil deGrasse Tyson 1:34:52 The Nature of Time and Understanding 1:36:44 Spinning Galaxies and Cosmic Alignment 1:38:44 Understanding the Black Hole Model 1:41:59 The Mirror Universe Concept 1:49:41 Dimension Zero Scalars in Physics 1:55:15 Solving the Hierarchy Problem 1:56:46 The Future of Physics 2:14:06 Advice for Young Physicists Links Mentioned: - On the analytic extension of regular rotating black holes (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.11322 - Comment (2) on “Quantum Transfiguration of Kruskal Black Holes” (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.04650 - Black Mirrors: CPT-Symmetric Alternatives to Black Holes (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.09558 - Path integral formulation (Wiki): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation#Feynman's_interpretation - The dominant model of the universe is creaking (article): https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/06/19/the-dominant-model-of-the-universe-is-creaking - Particle Creation by Black Holes (paper): https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=-AEEg5AAAAAJ&citation_for_view=-AEEg5AAAAAJ:maZDTaKrznsC - The distribution of galaxy rotation in JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.18781 - Cancelling the vacuum energy and Weyl anomaly in the standard model with dimension-zero scalar fields (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.06258 - Gravitational entropy and the flatness, homogeneity and isotropy puzzles (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.07279 - Radiative Mass Mechanism: Addressing the Flavour Hierarchy and Strong CP Puzzle (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.13385 Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today we are joined by philosopher Jennifer Nagel for a take-no-prisoners look at universal skepticism—philosophy’s greatest deception. We unpack why doubt itself is the ultimate illusion, how knowledge is primitive instant recognition, and what this means for self, free will & consciousness. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 01:28 The Nature of Knowledge 10:58 Philosophers and the Skeptical Mindset 16:57 Types of Skepticism 22:27 Exploring Knowledge Attribution 29:51 The Illusion of Knowledge 34:16 Knowing Without Knowing 38:10 Writing About Knowledge 46:10 Analyzing Knowledge 55:08 The Gettier Problem and Its Challenges 1:01:10 The Functionality of Knowledge 1:11:23 Collaborative Understanding of Knowledge 2:10:00 Understanding and Consciousness 2:26:32 Truth and Its Nature 2:32:16 Superposition and Contradictions 2:32:19 Conclusion Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Links Mentioned: - Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction (book): https://www.amazon.com/Knowledge-Very-Short-Introduction-Introductions/dp/019966126X - Knowledge and its Limits (book): https://www.amazon.ca/Knowledge-its-Limits-Timothy-Williamson/dp/019925656X - Very Short Introductions (series): https://www.google.com/search?q=a+very+short+introduction+to+series&sca_esv=3da4db664be6b3a1&ei=ypX6Z6flHsDniLMP2v2QkQk&ved=0ahUKEwin8oSB9tKMAxXAM2IAHdo-JJIQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=a+very+short+introduction+to+series&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiI2EgdmVyeSBzaG9ydCBpbnRyb2R1Y3Rpb24gdG8gc2VyaWVzMgUQABiABDILEAAYgAQYhgMYigUyCxAAGIAEGIYDGIoFMgsQABiABBiGAxiKBTIIEAAYogQYiQUyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBDIFEAAY7wVIqBRQxAtYwBBwAXgAkAEAmAFZoAGtAqoBATS4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgSgAocCwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICDRAuGIAEGLADGEMYigXCAg0QABiABBiwAxhDGIoFwgIPEAAYgAQYQxiKBRhGGPsBwgIbEAAYgAQYQxiKBRhGGPsBGJcFGIwFGN0E2AEBwgIGEAAYBxgemAMAiAYBkAYKugYGCAEQARgTkgcBNKAHph6yBwEzuAf_AQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#wgvs=e - Time: A Very Short Introduction (book): https://www.amazon.ca/Time-Short-Introduction-Jenann-Ismael/dp/0198832664 - Laplace meets Godel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB3tS7j7nNU - Flexible Goals (paper): https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cogs.13195 - The Legend of the Justified True Belief Analysis (paper): https://philpapers.org/archive/DUTTLO-3.pdf - Lay Denial of Knowledge for Justified True Beliefs (paper): https://philpapers.org/archive/NAGLDO - TOE’s Consciousness Iceberg: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDjnEiys98o - Matt Segal on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeTm4fSXpbM - Curt reads Plato’s Cave: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PurNlwnxwfY - David Bentley Hart on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEAgVvW9i10 - Donald Hoffman on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmieNQH7Q4w&t=1s - Iain McGilchrist on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-SgOwc6Pe4&t=6326s&ab_channel=CurtJaimungal - Geoffrey Hinton on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_DUft-BdIE - John Vervaeke on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVj1KYGyesI&t=1s - Wolfgang Smith on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vp18_L_y_30 - Polymath’s Ai panel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abzXzPBW4_s - Donald Hoffman and Philip Goff on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmaIBxkqcT4 - Robert Sapolsky on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0IqA1hYKY8&pp=ygUUY3VydCByb2JlcnQgc2Fwb2xza3k%3D - Curt debunks the “all possible paths” myth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcY3ZtgYis0&t=46s Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Links Mentioned: - Original Substack article: https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/particles-dont-take-all-possible - Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics (article): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/the-interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics?utm_source=publication-search - Jacob Barandes on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrUvtqr4wOs - Tim Maudlin on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU1bs5o3nss - Sean Carroll on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AoRxtYZrZo - Eva Miranda on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XyMepn-AZo - Mithuna’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/@LookingGlassUniverse - Mithuna Yoganathan on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2ct0zv_M-I - Defining light (article): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/well-technically - What is energy, actually? (article): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/what-is-energy-actually - TOE’s String Theory Iceberg: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4PdPnQuwjY - Paper on Bell’s Theorem: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.17521 - Veritasium’s YouTube : https://www.youtube.com/@veritasium Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today we are joined by physicist and philosopher Emily Adlam for her first appearance on Theories of Everything to challenge one of the deepest assumptions in science: that time flows. In this thought-provoking conversation, Adlam presents her “all-at-once” view of physics, where the universe is more like a completed Sudoku puzzle than a film playing forward. We explore the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, the role of the observer, the illusion of causality, and why these foundational questions demand both philosophical clarity and scientific precision. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Links Mentioned: •⁠ ⁠Emily’s profile: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emily-Adlam •⁠ ⁠Spooky Action at a Temporal Distance (paper): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7512241/pdf/entropy-20-00041.pdf •⁠ ⁠Quantum Field Theory and the Limits of Reductionism (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.20457 •⁠ ⁠Two Roads of Retrocausality (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.12934 •⁠ ⁠Taxonomy for Physics Beyond Quantum Mechanics (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.12293 •⁠ ⁠Strong Determinism (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.02886 •⁠ ⁠Carlo Rovelli on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF4SAketEHY •⁠ ⁠Stephen Wolfram on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YRlQQw0d-4 •⁠ ⁠Emily interviewed about Nonlocality: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iR7aPlZg7dE&ab_channel=GeorgeMusser •⁠ ⁠Tim Palmer on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlklA6jsS8A •⁠ ⁠Tim Maudlin on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU1bs5o3nss •⁠ ⁠Algorithmic Randomness and Probabilistic Laws (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.01411 •⁠ ⁠Governing Without a Fundamental Direction of Time (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.09226 •⁠ ⁠Matt Segal on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeTm4fSXpbM •⁠ ⁠Jacob Barandes on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oWip00iXbo&list=PLZ7ikzmc6zlN6E8KrxcYCWQIHg2tfkqvR&index=33 •⁠ ⁠Sabine Hossenfelder on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3y-Z0pgupg&t=1s •⁠ ⁠Bernardo Kastrup and Sabine on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJmBmopxc1k&t=755s&ab_channel=CurtJaimungal •⁠ ⁠Sean Carroll on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AoRxtYZrZo Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 00:56 Observers in Quantum Mechanics 02:15 The Measurement Problem 06:23 Dogmas in Quantum Foundations 08:24 Causation and Its Philosophical Implications 09:12 The Arrow of Time and Its Mysteries 10:28 Exploring Coarse Graining and Reductionism 13:21 Non-Locality: Temporal vs. Spatial 16:06 The Nature of Non-Locality 19:34 Temporal Non-Locality and Its Implications 21:51 Retrocausality: The All-at-Once Perspective 26:25 The Measurement Problem and All-at-Once Framework 28:24 Observer-Centric Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 31:29 Probabilities in Physics 32:51 The Process Matrix and Causal Structures 38:33 Foundations of Physics and Philosophy 1:05:16 The Emergence of Space-Time 1:08:11 Exploring Correlations in Physical Parameters 1:10:44 Epistemology of the Measurement Problem 1:13:26 Lessons in Patience and Persistence Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Head on over to https://ver.so and use coupon code TOE at checkout to save 15% on your first order. As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Today we are joined by theoretical physicist Claudia de Rham for her return appearance on Theories of Everything with Curt Jaimungal to discuss the possibility that gravity itself has mass. In this mind-bending conversation, she explores how this idea challenges long-held assumptions in general relativity and opens the door to a new understanding of dark energy and the structure of the universe. We also dive into the frontiers of cosmology, quantum gravity, and what it means to question the foundations of physics. Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Links Mentioned: •⁠ ⁠The Beauty of Falling (Claudia’s book): https://amzn.to/4i4Z9cx •⁠ ⁠Claudia’s published papers: https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/c.de-rham/publications •⁠ ⁠Claudia’s first appearance on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve_Mpd6dGv8&t=83s&ab_channel=CurtJaimungal •⁠ ⁠Carlo Rovelli on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF4SAketEHY •⁠ ⁠Curt’s Substack article on energy: https://curtjaimungal.substack.com/p/what-is-energy-actually •⁠ ⁠Neil Turok on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUp9x44N3uE •⁠ ⁠Tim Palmer on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlklA6jsS8A •⁠ ⁠DESI article on The Economist: https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/06/19/the-dominant-model-of-the-universe-is-creaking •⁠ ⁠String Theory Iceberg on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4PdPnQuwjY •⁠ ⁠Leonard Susskind on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2p_Hlm6aCok •⁠ ⁠Chiara Marletto and Vlatko Vedral on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uey_mUy1vN0 •⁠ ⁠TOE’s telling of “The Dark History of Anti-Gravity”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBA3RUxkZdc •⁠ ⁠Positive Signs in Massive Gravity (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/1601.04068 Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction 01:20 - Claudia's Approach 09:11 - Claudia's Motivation 14:45 - Dark Energy 23:35 - Causality 27:19 - Other Approaches 45:10 - New Physics 50:47 - Dark Energy (continued) 57:36 - Quantum Gravity / String Theory 01:14:10 - Gravitons & Photons 01:21:44 - Symmetry 01:30:25 - Double Slit Experiment 01:50:15 - Cosmology 01:54:45 - Massive Graviton 02:00:10 - Conclusion Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe What if you had a thousand doctors working for you 24/7, at virtually no cost? In this episode of Theories of Everything, a panel of leading AI and medical experts explores how “medical swarms” of intelligent agents could revolutionize healthcare, making personalized, concierge-level treatment accessible to all. This isn’t science fiction, it’s the near future and it will change everyone’s life. Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Links Mentioned: •⁠ ⁠Ekkolapto: https://www.ekkolapto.org/polymath •⁠ ⁠Ekkolapto’s Longevity Hackathon: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLy5dPSW_KkniuHpoLwlzkYcxhxn50Mn0T •⁠ ⁠William Hahn’s lab: https://mpcrlab.com/ •⁠ ⁠Michael Levin’s presentation at ekkolapto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Exdz2HKP7u0 •⁠ ⁠Gil Blander’s InsideTracker (website): https://blog.insidetracker.com/ •⁠ ⁠Dan Elton’s website: https://www.moreisdifferent.com/ •⁠ ⁠FAU’s Sandbox: https://www.fau.edu/sandbox/ •⁠ ⁠Will Hahn on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xr4R7eh5f_M&t=1s •⁠ ⁠Will Hahn’s in-person interview on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fkg0uTA3qU •⁠ ⁠Michael Levin on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8iFtaltX-s •⁠ ⁠Stephen Wolfram on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YRlQQw0d-4 •⁠ ⁠Neil Turok’s lecture on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gwhqmPqRl4&list=PLZ7ikzmc6zlOYgTu7P4nfjYkv3mkikyBa&index=13 •⁠ ⁠Robin Hanson on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEomfUU4PDs •⁠ Tyler Goldstein (YouTube): http://www.youtube.com/@theoryofeveryone GO TO THIS MAN'S YOUTUBE CHANNEL. HE HELPED WITH THE CAMERA WORK IMPROMPTU AND ALSO HAS A FANTASTIC CHANNEL ANALYZING THEORIES. THANK YOU, TYLER! •⁠ ⁠Joscha Bach on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MNBxfrmfmI •⁠ ⁠Manolis Kellis on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g56lxZwnaqg •⁠ ⁠Geoffrey Hinton on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_DUft-BdIE Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 4:43 A New Approach to Healthcare 5:33 AI in Medical Imaging 7:40 Cognitive Models 11:09 Education in Medicine 23:02 Exploring the Boundaries of AI 32:04 The Future of AI in Medicine 37:20 Swarming Agents 41:49 The Ethics of AI in Healthcare 45:17 AI into Clinical Practice 55:58 Preparing for an AI-Driven Future 1:15:03 The Human Element in Medicine 1:17:19 Emotional Intelligence in AI 1:20:11 Unified Theory in Medicine 1:21:31 Conclusion Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices