Lower Body Musculature | Described and Etymologized
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1. **Gluteus Maximus**
- **Scientific Term:** Gluteus maximus
- **Etymology:** Latin "glūteus" (buttocks), "maximus" (largest)
- **Function:** Main extensor of the hip joint; involved in hip abduction and external rotation.
2. **Gluteus Medius**
- **Scientific Term:** Gluteus medius
- **Etymology:** Latin "glūteus" (buttocks), "medius" (middle)
- **Function:** Hip abduction and stabilization of the pelvis during walking.
3. **Gluteus Minimus**
- **Scientific Term:** Gluteus minimus
- **Etymology:** Latin "glūteus" (buttocks), "minimus" (smallest)
- **Function:** Hip abduction and medial rotation of the thigh.
4. **Piriformis**
- **Scientific Term:** Piriformis
- **Etymology:** Latin "piriformis" (pear-shaped)
- **Function:** Hip external rotation and abduction; helps stabilize the sacroiliac joint.
5. **Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)**
- **Scientific Term:** Tensor fasciae latae
- **Etymology:** Latin "tensor" (to stretch), "fasciae" (band), "latae" (wide)
- **Function:** Hip abduction and medial rotation; stabilizes the hip and knee joints.
6. **Quadriceps Femoris Group**
- **Scientific Term:** Quadriceps femoris
- **Etymology:** Latin "quadriceps" (four-headed), "femoris" (of the thigh)
- **Function:** Knee extension; helps in hip flexion and stabilization.
- **Rectus Femoris**
- **Function:** Extends the knee and flexes the hip.
- **Vastus Lateralis**
- **Function:** Extends the knee; stabilizes the patella.
- **Vastus Medialis**
- **Function:** Extends the knee; helps stabilize the patella.
- **Vastus Intermedius**
- **Function:** Extends the knee.
7. **Hamstring Group**
- **Scientific Term:** Hamstrings
- **Etymology:** Old English "ham" (back of the knee), "string" (muscle or tendon)
- **Function:** Knee flexion and hip extension.
- **Biceps Femoris**
- **Function:** Flexes knee joint and laterally rotates leg.
- **Semimembranosus**
- **Function:** Flexes knee joint and medially rotates leg.
- **Semitendinosus**
- **Function:** Flexes knee joint and medially rotates leg.
8. **Adductor Group**
- **Scientific Term:** Adductors
- **Etymology:** Latin "adductor" (to bring towards)
- **Function:** Hip adduction; stabilizes the hip joint.
- **Adductor Magnus**
- **Function:** Powerful hip adductor; assists in hip extension.
- **Adductor Longus**
- **Function:** Hip adduction; assists in hip flexion.
- **Adductor Brevis**
- **Function:** Hip adduction.
- **Gracilis**
- **Function:** Hip adduction and assists in knee flexion.
9. **Iliopsoas**
- **Scientific Term:** Iliopsoas
- **Etymology:** Greek "ilio-" (of the ilium), "psoas" (muscle of the loin)
- **Function:** Hip flexion; stabilizes the trunk and spine.
- **Iliacus**
- **Function:** Assists in hip flexion and stabilization.
- **Psoas Major**
- **Function:** Flexes hip joint and stabilizes lumbar spine.
10. **Quadratus Lumborum**
- **Scientific Term:** Quadratus lumborum
- **Etymology:** Latin "quadratus" (square), "lumborum" (of the loins)
- **Function:** Lateral flexion of the trunk; stabilizes the spine and pelvis.
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