Non-bleed TXVs and Hard Starts - Short #257

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about non-bleed TXVs and whether they need hard starts. A non-bleed (hard shutoff) TXV is a metering device that shuts off during the off cycle; it closes shut when there is no superheat. This strategy prevents refrigerant migration, especially in cases where we have long line sets. Liquid refrigerant stays in the condenser and is kept out of the evaporator, suction line, and compressor crankcase. When we have a non-bleed TXV, the compressor may have a hard time starting under the conditions created by the hard shutoff TXV (high head pressure, low suction pressure). Reciprocating compressors are more likely to have this problem than a scroll or rotary compressor. If you have a short line set, 230+ voltage, and a scroll compressor, you probably won't need a hard start kit. You may need a hard start kit if you have a reciprocating compressor, a longer line set, or 208V power.  The OEM will recommend a hard start kit that is suitable for the equipment. Aftermarket hard start kits are okay if a compressor is old and struggling, but they're not the preferred option and should be as close to the OEM's recommendation as possible. Hard start kits typically consist of a start capacitor and a potential relay. Positive-temperature coefficient resistors (PTCRs) also exist, and these have a resistor that heats up and eventually takes them out of the circuit. Hard start kits should not be added to inverter-driven equipment and are not meant to compensate for voltage drop issues; they can cause more harm than good if they're used when they're not necessary or not used correctly.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this essential episode, Bryan sits down with Jeff and Tom from Copeland to dive deep into the world of scroll compressors and the critical topic of refrigerant compatibility. As the HVAC industry navigates new refrigerant standards and regulations, understanding how compressors are specifically designed and optimized for different refrigerants has never been more important. The conversation begins with a comprehensive overview of refrigerant classifications, focusing on the A1, A2L, and A3 categories that technicians are encountering in the field. Jeff and Tom dispel common misconceptions, particularly around A2L refrigerants and their relationship to propane (R-290), clarifying that A2L refrigerants like R-454B and R-32 do not contain propane despite widespread confusion in the industry. They explain how regulatory pressures around Global Warming Potential (GWP) limits are driving the transition to these new refrigerants, with targets under 700 GWP for air conditioning applications. The technical discussion covers the fundamental operating principles of scroll compressors and why they've become the dominant technology in HVAC applications. With over 200 million scroll compressors sold by Copeland, the technology has proven its reliability and efficiency. However, the guests emphasize a crucial point that many in the industry overlook: each compressor is specifically optimized for particular refrigerants. This isn't just about basic compatibility – it's about precision engineering to meet efficiency requirements and ensure long-term reliability. The scroll geometry, oil viscosity, and internal components are all carefully matched to each refrigerant's unique properties. Safety takes center stage throughout the discussion, with both guests stressing that while A2L refrigerants are "mildly flammable," they require heightened safety practices that were previously considered best practices but are now mandatory. This includes nitrogen purging during brazing, proper evacuation procedures, comprehensive leak testing, and thorough documentation. The conversation also touches on the practical challenges contractors have faced, including refrigerant availability issues, while maintaining the importance of following proper procedures regardless of supply chain difficulties. Topics Covered: Refrigerant Classifications: A1 (non-flammable), A2L (slightly flammable), and A3 (flammable) categories and their safety implications Compressor Optimization: How scroll compressors are specifically engineered for each refrigerant, including R-454B and R-32 applications New Compressor Naming Conventions: Introduction of "Y" series compressors for A2L and A3 refrigerants, replacing the traditional "Z" series Oil Viscosity Requirements: Different POE oil specifications (32 vs 46 viscosity) for various refrigerants and temperature conditions Safety Protocols: Enhanced safety requirements for A2L refrigerants, including mandatory nitrogen purging and leak testing procedures Glide Characteristics: Understanding temperature glide in R-454B (2.4 degrees) versus single-component R-32 Refrigeration Applications: Multi-refrigerant capability in commercial refrigeration compressors and natural refrigerant trends Service Compressor Strategy: LX series compressors designed to cover multiple R-410A applications for aftermarket needs Regulatory Timeline: Upcoming January 1, 2026 GWP limits for supermarket refrigeration systems Tools and Resources: Copeland Mobile app for compressor selection, cross-referencing, and technical specifications Training Importance: Critical need for enhanced technician education and OEM-specific training programs   Visit the EPA's website to stay up to date on the latest HFC phasedown rulings and information at https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction.  Keep up with Copeland at https://www.copeland.com/ and on their Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains how leaky ducts can lead to sweaty, uncomfortable houses. Moisture issues are common all across humid and "green-grass" climates in the United States. Hot, unconditioned attics and crawl spaces also often have high dew points, which can cause moisture problems in those spaces. Plants also release moisture, so agricultural communities also have those special considerations. There are several HVAC and building design factors that can prevent or worsen growth from moisture problems. Duct leakage is one of those factors. Return and supply leaks can cause moisture to enter the ductwork. Return leaks suck in air from around the leak. Supply leaks create a pressure differential that can cause mechanically-driven infiltration (MAD-AIR); when a supply duct leak puts the attic under positive pressure, somewhere else has to go under negative pressure. There are lots of gaps and cracks around boots and can lights, which provides pathways for hot, moist air to seep into the envelope. Longer runtimes and keeping the fan on will worsen these conditions. We need to control the source of moisture and then seal the ducts and boots before we focus on the equipment. Visual inspections at the connections and boots will go a long way, but there are also plenty of tools for testing duct leakage, especially by Retrotec and TEC. You can also measure house pressure to the outdoors with the air handler running and all the doors closed, but that's a qualitative measurement that has a lot of other variables to consider.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

_*]:min-w-0 !gap-3.5"> In this insightful episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with successful small business owner Matt Bruner to discuss how to build and maintain a thriving HVAC business without the typical stress and overwhelming challenges that many entrepreneurs face. Matt, who has been running his own HVAC company for about two and a half years, shares his refreshingly honest perspective on small business ownership and debunks many of the common myths about entrepreneurial stress. Matt's journey from technician to business owner offers a compelling alternative to the traditional "grow fast or fail" mentality that pervades much of the business world. His approach centers on building a business aligned with personal values, particularly the desire to maintain work-life balance while still delivering excellent technical service. Rather than focusing on rapid expansion, fancy equipment, or impressive marketing, Matt chose to start lean, borrow minimal money (only $10,000 from his father for a van down payment), and grow organically while keeping overhead low and stress manageable. The conversation delves deep into the financial discipline required for successful business ownership, emphasizing the critical importance of separating personal and business finances, understanding your true hourly costs, and charging appropriately from day one. Matt candidly discusses his learning curve with business finances, from initially relying on advice from online communities to eventually working with a business coach and reading key books like "Profit First" to truly understand the numbers behind his operation. Both hosts stress that financial literacy isn't optional for business owners—it's a learnable skill that requires dedication but isn't as intimidating as many people believe. Throughout the discussion, both Bryan and Matt emphasize that there's no single "right" way to build a successful contracting business. While some entrepreneurs thrive on rapid growth, multiple locations, and eventual private equity buyouts, others find fulfillment in staying small, maintaining direct customer relationships, and focusing on technical excellence. The key is knowing yourself, understanding your values, and building a business structure that supports your personal and professional goals rather than chasing someone else's definition of success. Topics Covered Personality traits that support successful small business ownership - The importance of being naturally critical, curious, and willing to take control of your destiny Financial discipline and money management - Separating personal and business finances, understanding billable hours vs. total work time, and charging appropriately from the start Starting lean and avoiding debt - Matt's approach of borrowing minimal money, using magnets instead of van wraps, and subcontracting initially to build capital The learning curve of business finances - Books and resources that helped Matt understand accounting basics, profit margins, and business financial planning Work-life balance in business ownership - How to build a business that serves your lifestyle goals rather than consuming your entire life Choosing your business model - The difference between lifestyle businesses and growth-focused companies, and why both approaches can be successful Technical work vs. business management - Balancing hands-on HVAC work with administrative tasks and knowing when to delegate or systematize Pricing strategies and customer relationships - How proper pricing from the beginning actually reduces customer complaints and builds a sustainable business model Common mistakes to avoid - Poor financial decisions, mixing personal and business expenses, undercharging, and chasing other people's business models Building systems and staying organized - Using checklists, scheduling business development time, and creating processes to prevent important tasks from falling through the cracks Partnership considerations - The challenges and benefits of starting a business with partners or family members versus going solo Long-term sustainability - How to avoid burnout, maintain quality standards, and build a business you can operate for decades   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this business and building-oriented short podcast episode, Bryan discusses the limitations and downsides of intentionality. He also talks about the differences between people who act, think, and work quickly and those who are a bit slower, more detailed, and more methodical; there are upsides and downsides to both. People often talk about being intentional, but those intentions have little impact on the world unless they lead to action. Intentionality feels productive, but it doesn't make a difference unless the execution piece is also there. Likewise, skills come from action, not aspiration. Books and podcasts are tools that support efforts to improve, but you can't improve skills without practicing.  There is also the career paradox: we expect people, especially kids, to know what they want to do when they grow up. Their answers aren't backed by any real-life experience. People do the same as adults; we expect them to know what they truly want to do when they haven't necessarily been challenged (or physically made something real or fixed something with their hands). In many of these cases, opportunism and trying new things out, even if it means messing up or being criticized, are more important than intentionality. It helps to think of opportunism in terms of "hat" decisions, "hairstyle" decisions, and "tattoo" decisions. "Hat" decisions are things you can try out without consequences; be opportunistic. "Hairstyle" decisions have longer-lasting effects and require a bit more intentionality, but it's still good to make some of these decisions. "Tattoo" decisions have lasting effects and require intentionality. Intentionality is most useful when we have the experience already; act first and reflect later.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

_*]:min-w-0 !gap-3.5"> In this fascinating episode, Bryan welcomes back longtime friend and nuclear industry veteran Bill Nowicki to discuss a recently released document from DHS and NUSTL that provides new recommendations for HVAC operations during nuclear events. Bill brings over 40 years of nuclear experience, starting as a 19-year-old Navy nuclear operator (after being deemed "not ready for the grill" at Friendly's restaurant) and progressing through various roles, including lead engineer on critical control systems at nuclear facilities. Bill shares his journey from nuclear plant evaluator to leadership trainer, now working internationally to help nuclear professionals develop their skills. His current podcast, "The Nuclear Leader," continues this mission alongside his passion project, "Navigating Mental Illness: Parent Stories." Bill provides an accessible explanation of nuclear reactor operations, using the analogy that "contamination is the poop and radiation is the smell" to help listeners understand the difference between radioactive material and radiation itself. He walks through the three-barrier system in nuclear plants: fuel cladding, reactor coolant system, and containment structures. The discussion covers how fission works, the controlled chain reaction process, and what happens when these systems fail, using examples from Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima to illustrate different failure modes. The episode explores the current nuclear renaissance driven by AI data centers and industrial companies seeking clean baseload power. Bill explains how private industry is now directly funding nuclear projects, bypassing traditional utility structures, with companies like Microsoft and ExxonMobil investing billions in new nuclear facilities. This represents a dramatic shift from the post-Three Mile Island era when nuclear construction essentially stopped in the United States. The core discussion focuses on updated emergency guidance that reverses previous recommendations. Instead of the old "shelter in place and shut off your AC" advice, the new guidance suggests keeping HVAC systems running while eliminating outdoor air intake. This approach recognizes that modern, well-sealed buildings with high-efficiency filtration can provide better protection by maintaining positive pressure and filtering recirculated air rather than allowing uncontrolled infiltration. Bill and Bryan discuss how building characteristics dramatically affect the best response strategy. High-performance homes with tight construction, MERV 13+ filters, and controlled ventilation systems offer significant advantages, requiring only the ability to shut off outdoor air intake. Conversely, older, leaky buildings may still benefit from complete system shutdown to prevent contamination circulation. The conversation highlights how lessons learned during COVID-19 about airborne contamination and filtration directly apply to nuclear emergency preparedness, emphasizing the importance of case-by-case analysis rather than one-size-fits-all approaches. Topics Covered Nuclear industry career paths - From Navy nuclear training to civilian plant operations and leadership roles Basic nuclear physics - Fission process, chain reactions, and the difference between contamination and radiation Nuclear plant safety systems - Three-barrier containment approach and historical accident analysis Current nuclear renaissance - AI-driven power demand and private industry investment in new reactors Emergency preparedness evolution - How COVID-19 research influenced nuclear emergency HVAC guidance Building performance factors - Impact of construction quality, filtration, and ventilation design on safety HVAC system modifications - Importance of outdoor air shutoff capability and high-efficiency filtration Case-by-case response strategies - Why building characteristics determine optimal emergency procedures Podcasting journey - Early days of niche podcasting and building communities around specialized topics Leadership development - International nuclear industry training and professional development Personal stories - Navy submarine experiences and nuclear plant operational challenges   Here is the full document from the DHS: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2425/ML24250A059.pdf Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode about a bigger-picture topic, Bryan talks about making stuff real. He talks about how to make ideas, businesses, podcasts, and other large projects come to life based on his experiences with HVAC School, Kalos, and several other current and past projects.  Understanding yourself and the thing you want to do is the first key to making things real. You need to be able to speak intelligently about a topic (without sounding pretentious); mastery isn't always the goal, but you need to have some level of understanding of the general topic and your own strengths and weaknesses. Starting a business requires you to acquire at least a working knowledge of software, compliance, insurance, licenses, and other items related to that particular business. You also want to avoid relying solely on someone else's vision or advice for your project.  Then, curiosity and exploration are key; you need to get practice and immerse yourself in the work to get an understanding of the process and your strengths and weaknesses. It's okay if your work doesn't look good; you just need experience, not affirmation, early on.  Hiring good people also matters; these people don't need to be perfect, but they need to be growth-oriented and reliable. You'll also likely work with people who are poor fits before finding the right person for your business or project. When you have the right people on your team, you need to be consistent, communicate clearly, pay well and on time, and provide plenty of meaningful work.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

_*]:min-w-0 !gap-3.5"> In this comprehensive discussion, Bryan sits down with Brad Cooper, an experienced HVAC instructor from Arkansas, and JD Kelly, a trade school graduate, to tackle one of the most pressing questions in the HVAC industry: Is trade school worth it? Rather than offering a simple yes or no answer, the trio dives deep into the nuanced factors that determine whether trade school provides real value for aspiring HVAC technicians. The conversation begins with Brad's unique perspective as both a field technician with over 20 years of experience and a current instructor who transitioned to teaching five years ago. His father's business background and the common frustration of having to "go behind people and fix stuff" motivated Brad to enter education, believing that proper training from the start could eliminate many field problems. JD brings the student perspective, having attended trade school while working full-time, which gives him insight into both the challenges and benefits of formal HVAC education. A significant portion of the discussion focuses on what to look for when evaluating trade schools. The guests emphasize that the investment in laboratory equipment and facilities often reflects the school's commitment to the program - you can tell immediately upon walking into a lab whether the institution truly prioritizes HVAC education. They stress the importance of accreditation, particularly from organizations like HVAC Excellence, which provides regular oversight and ensures schools meet industry standards. The conversation reveals that accreditation isn't just about having a certificate on the wall; it represents a school's willingness to submit to external scrutiny and maintain educational quality. The discussion also addresses the critical balance between theoretical knowledge and practical application. All three speakers agree that the most valuable trade school experiences combine classroom learning with real-world field exposure through partnerships with local contractors, apprenticeship programs, or internship opportunities. They emphasize that instructor quality matters more than having the latest equipment - a humble, field-experienced teacher who can adapt to different student skill levels and learning styles proves far more valuable than someone with extensive theoretical knowledge but limited practical experience. Topics Covered School Evaluation Criteria Laboratory equipment quality and investment levels Accreditation importance (particularly HVAC Excellence) Modern tools vs. traditional equipment balance Manufacturer partnerships and industry connections Instructor Qualifications Field experience vs. teaching credentials Importance of humility and adaptability Managing diverse skill levels in the classroom Storytelling and practical application methods Program Length and Structure Comparison of certificate programs vs. associate degrees Benefits of two-year programs for comprehensive learning Integration of on-the-job training and apprenticeships Realistic expectations for different program lengths Hands-On Learning Importance of repetition and practical experience Managing consumable materials and budget constraints Real-world equipment exposure vs. lab simulations Peer mentoring and collaborative learning approaches Student Readiness and Expectations Managing diverse student backgrounds and skill levels Realistic employer expectations for graduates The value of combining school with field experience Personal responsibility in education and continuous learning Industry Connections Importance of school-contractor partnerships Field trip opportunities and manufacturer relationships Bridging the gap between classroom and real-world application The role of apprenticeships in comprehensive training   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan breaks down the differences between split-phase and 3-phase power in HVAC systems. Split-phase is a form of single-phase power, and it's common in residential HVAC. Three-phase power is more common in commercial and industrial applications. Single-phase power uses only one of the three phases of power produced by the power company. When there is a neutral and two sides of 120V power, that is split-phase power. Transformers on power poles for residential service only have one line going into them (and only one sine wave). That power gets stepped down to ~240V. Most household appliances and electronics we use are rated for 120V or 240V power. However, we use split-phase power by tapping the center of the transformer secondary; there are two 120V halves. We can see the "differences" between split-phase and single-phase power with an oscilloscope. These halves may look like two different sine waves if we use neutral as a reference, but an oscilloscope will only show one 240V sine wave from leg to leg (without neutral). Therefore, split-phase power really is just single-phase power with a center reference point, and split-phase power doesn't matter to the HVAC unit. We get three-phase power when all three phases of power come in from the utility, not just one. Each individual phase is 120V, and all three can make up 208V power because the phases are 120 degrees out of phase.     Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

_*]:min-w-0 !gap-3.5"> In this episode from the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium, Brynn Cooksey, a home performance contractor from Michigan and technical training business owner, reveals how indoor air quality (IAQ) testing transformed his contracting business from a commodity service into a profitable specialty. Cooksey shares his proven methodology for turning IAQ into an "instant profit center" by implementing systematic testing on every service call. Cooksey opens with a striking reality check: according to the EPA, Americans spend 90% of their time indoors, yet indoor air quality is 2-5 times worse than outdoor air. This presents a massive opportunity for HVAC contractors, as he explains that consumers are already spending $10 billion annually on air quality products at big box stores - but they're treating symptoms rather than addressing root causes. His approach involves educating contractors on how to position themselves as the solution providers rather than letting customers self-diagnose with retail products. The presentation dives deep into six critical IAQ parameters that every contractor should measure: particles (especially dangerous PM 2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, humidity, and temperature. Cooksey emphasizes his "test in, implement solution, test out" methodology, demonstrating how this systematic approach not only ensures customer satisfaction but also provides concrete proof of value delivered. He shares real-world examples, including a dramatic case where routine IAQ testing during a water heater service call revealed a cracked heat exchanger that could have been life-threatening. The episode concludes with extensive coverage of ventilation strategies, which Cooksey calls the "silver bullet" for IAQ improvement. He walks through the differences between supply-only, exhaust-only, and balanced ventilation systems, strongly advocating for Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) as the optimal solution. His practical approach includes using DOE's free REDCalc tool for proper ventilation sizing and emphasizes the importance of controlled ventilation over relying on natural air leakage - debunking the myth that "houses need to breathe." Topics Covered The IAQ Business Case: How testing indoor air quality on every service call creates new revenue streams and differentiates contractors in a commoditized market Six Critical IAQ Parameters: Detailed explanation of particles (PM 2.5), VOCs, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, humidity, and temperature - what they are, how to measure them, and health impacts Systematic Testing Methodology: The "test in, implement solution, test out" approach that provides measurable results and customer proof of value Particle Control Strategies: Source control, enhanced filtration (MERV 13-16), duct cleaning benefits, and duct sealing with Aeroseal technology Chemical and VOC Management: Understanding formaldehyde and benzene sources, proper storage techniques, and why PCO devices aren't recommended Carbon Monoxide Detection: The life-saving importance of testing every home, understanding chronic vs. acute exposure, and why standard CO detectors aren't sufficient Ventilation as the Silver Bullet: Comprehensive coverage of supply-only, exhaust-only, and balanced ventilation strategies, with strong emphasis on ERV systems Practical Implementation Tools: Using DOE's REDCalc tool for ventilation sizing, integrating IAQ testing into service calls, and customer communication strategies Real-World Case Studies: Multiple examples of IAQ testing uncovering dangerous conditions, from cracked heat exchangers to improper combustion appliance installation Building Science Integration: How IAQ testing leads to broader building performance improvements, including duct sealing, insulation, and equipment sizing corrections   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android