Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 89: Mørkt stof

Vi tager endnu en runde med universelt stof! Hvad sker der i rummet lige for tiden?1: 3I/Atlas2: Sten fra Mars3: Temporary Moon4: Sattelite made out of wood5: Starship 6: Store tal7: Enhederne meter og sekund-----------------------------------1:  3I/AtlasNASA deler første fotos af 3I/ATLAS: Ikke rumvæsenerhttps://videnskab.dk/rummet/nasa-deler-foerste-fotos-af-3i-atlas-ikke-rumvaesener/NASA press release 19.11.25:ESA:https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/12/Comet_3I_ATLAS_shows_activity_in_Juice_navigation_camera_teaserESA - Comet 3I/ATLAS shows activity in Juice navigation camera teaserDuring November 2025, ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) used five of its science instruments to observe 3I/ATLAS. The instruments collected information about how the comet is behaving and what it is made of.In addition, Juice snapped the comet with its onboard Navigation Camera (NavCam), designed not as a high-resolution science camera, but to help Juice navigate Jupiter’s icy moons following arrival in 2031.Though the data from the science instruments won’t arrive on Earth until February 2026, our Juice team couldn’t wait that long. They decided to try downloading just a quarter of a single NavCam image to see what was in store for them. The very clearly visible comet, surrounded by signs of activity, surprised them.Not only do we clearly see the glowing halo of gas surrounding the comet known as its coma, we also see a hint of two tails. The comet’s ‘plasma tail’ – made up of electrically charged gas, stretches out towards the top of the frame. We may also be able to see a fainter ‘dust tail’ – made up of tiny solid particles – stretching to the lower left of the frame.The image was taken on 2 November 2025, during Juice’s first slot for observing 3I/ATLAS. It was two days before Juice’s closest approach to the comet, which occurred on 4 November at a distance of about 66 million km.We expect to receive the data from the five scientific instruments switched on during the observations – JANUS, MAJIS, UVS, SWI and PEP – on 18 and 20 February 2026. The delay is because Juice is currently using its main high-gain antenna as a heat shield to protect it from the Sun, leaving its smaller medium-gain antenna to send data back to Earth at a much lower rate.Though Juice was further from 3I/ATLAS than our Mars orbiters were back in October, it observed 3I/ATLAS just after the comet’s closest approach to the Sun, meaning that it was in a more active state. We expect to see clearer signs of this activity in the data from the science instruments. This includes not only images from JANUS – Juice’s high-resolution optical camera – but also spectrometry data from MAJIS and UVS, composition data from SWI, and particle data from PEP.ESA - ESA’s ExoMars and Mars Express observe comet 3I/ATLASWe have an update on 3I/ATLAS! Until September, figuring out the location and trajectory of 3I/ATLAS relied on Earth-based telescopes. Then between 1 and 7 October, our ExoMars TGO turned its eyes towards the interstellar comet from its orbit around Mars. The comet passed relatively close to Mars, approaching to about 29 million km during its closest phase on 3 October.The Mars probe observed the comet from a new viewing angle. The triangulation of its data with data from Earth helped to make the comet’s predicted path much more accurate. The result was an impressive ten-fold leap in accuracy, reducing the uncertainty of the object’s location.Because 3I/ATLAS is passing through our Solar System fast, travelling with speeds up to 250 000 km/h, it will soon vanish into interstellar space, never to return.The comet is currently being observed with our Juice spacecraft. Though Juice is farther from 3I/ATLAS than the Mars orbiters were last month, it is seeing the comet just after its closest approach to the Sun, when it is in a more active state. We don’t expect to receive data from Juice’s observations until February 2026. Komet Kalender:--------------2: Sten fra Mars:https://www.sciencealert.com/curiosity-cracked-open-a-rock-on-mars-and-revealed-a-big-surpriseCuriosity Cracked Open a Rock on Mars And Revealed a Big Surprise : ScienceAlerthttps://phys.org/news/2025-12-evidence-driven-climate-mars-jezero.htmlEvidence of rain-driven climate on Mars found in bleached rocks scattered in Jezero crater--------------------------3: Temporary MoonEarth currently has a temporary moon, an asteroid designated 2025 PN7, that is in a quasi-satellite orbit. It is not permanently bound to Earth like the main Moon, but rather shares Earth's orbit around the Sun, occasionally entering our planet's gravitational influence for several decades before drifting away again. Earth has had other temporary "mini-moons" in the past, and this is not expected to be the last. About 2025 PN7 : Size: The asteroid is between 18 to 36 meters wide, or about the size of a building.    Orbit: It orbits the Sun but has been temporarily captured by Earth's gravity and is expected to remain a quasi-moon until about 2083.Distance: It does not get as close as the regular Moon, swinging between 4 and 17 million kilometers away from Earth (Moon is 384400 km away, so between 10 and 44 Lunar distances)2025 PN7 - Wikipedia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_PN7---------------------------4: Satelite made out of wood:https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/ESA_flying_payloads_on_wooden_satellite----------------------------------5: Starship A: can get us really fast to Uranus:https://phys.org/news/2025-10-starship-uranus.html—————-B: Starship og kapløb med Kinahttps://videnskab.dk/rummet/starship-10-opsendt-med-succes-alligevel-faar-usa-svaert-ved-at-naa-til-maanen-foer-kina/ ældre artikel:https://videnskab.dk/rummet/spacex-raketten-starship-10-er-eksploderet-faar-store-konsekvenser-for-amerikansk-maanelanding/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev----6: Store talFor at forstå store tal er det nogen gange meget godt at omregne det til noget andet. 1 * 10^6 sekunder = 11.5 dage1 * 10^9 sekunder= 31.7 år1 * 10^12 sekunder = 31 710 årSå kan vi måske forstå hvor meget forskel der er på en millonær og en millardær. Trillionær burde ikke eksistere. -----------------7: Enhederne meter og sekund Generelt kom jeg til at tænke på enheder. Meter:  Historical definition:Historically, a meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator along the Prime Meridian.In 1960 the metre was thus defined in the SI system as equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red line in the spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum.It is currently defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in \(1/299,792,458\) of a second.Second:A second is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the time it takes for a cesium-133 atom to undergo 9,192,631,770 hyperfine transitions in its ground state when oscillating at a specific microwave frequency.This precise atomic definition provides a universal standard for time, making it a fixed and consistent unit for the entire world, unlike older definitions based on Earth's rotation which can fluctuate. A second can also refer to an ordinal number meaning "after first" The old definition of a second was  of a mean solar day. This definition was used until the mid-20th century, when it was replaced because the Earth's rotation is not constant, making the length of a solar day slightly variable. An earlier, less formal definition was based on dividing the hour into 60 parts, each of which was called a "minute," and then dividing that into 60 parts to get a "second," as the ancient Babylonians originally did(Rabbit hole: The Babylonian number system was a sexagesimal (base-60) system that used only two symbols: a vertical wedge for one (1) and a corner wedge for ten (10). It was a positional system where the value of a symbol depended on its position, with each place representing a power of 60, similar to how our base-10 system uses powers of 10. The system lacked a true zero for a placeholder initially, creating ambiguity, but later added a symbol for this purpose.  )Min pointe: Vores m og s var (er) defineret efter jorden og vores omløb. Enheden m/s er derfor Jordens enhed.Lysets hastighed i vacuum er en universel konstant, men en Alien vil 100% have en anden enhed end os. Også selvom at vi har fundet bedre naturkonstanter til at definere m og s ud fra.

Vi tager lige en status på klimaet, her Oktober 2025.1: Ocean Warming2: Koralrev3:Tipping Points4: Permafrost i Rusland5: Hvad gør vi med den CO2 vi indfanger?6: Fuel Cells / Green Hydrogen plant7: Kelp Farming in Norway------------------------------------------------1 : Ocean warming : https://www.sciencealert.com/ocean-warming-threatens-microbe-that-makes-nearly-a-third-of-earths-oxygenJeff Berardelli (meterolog USA):It's hard to overstate just how off the charts warm the Pacific is right now. The swath of the basin from California to Japan (a HUGE area) from 25N to 60N is ~3F (1.6C) above normal. To put it into math terms that is 6 Sigma/ standard deviations above the mean. I won't bother calculating the chances of this happening against the late 20th century climate - let alone the pre-industrial climate - because the numbers would show it simply could never happen without global warming.So let's talk about why this is happening. Since the last El Nino a couple of years ago the ocean has been rearranging its warm/cool water, as it typically does as a normal part of it's natural oscillation. (This summer a record ridge/ heat dome was parked over the N Pacific).But each next time this configuration lines up (warm north Pacific/ cool tropical Pacific) it piles on a higher and higher baseline temperature over time due to greenhouse warming, air pollution reduction, and the feedbacks (clouds & direct insolation) of both. So we end up with the bottom chart which shows the standardized anomaly (departure from normal) is sloping upward at a very unnatural and alarming rate.2: Koralrevhttps://www.dr.dk/nyheder/viden/klima/ny-rapport-det-er-saa-godt-som-uundgaaeligt-verdens-koralrev-kollapserhttps://videnskab.dk/naturvidenskab/oejenaabner-genopretning-af-koraller-kan-ikke-redde-verdens-rev/3: Tipping Pointshttps://videnskab.dk/naturvidenskab/tipping-points-lyder-skraemmende-men-der-er-haab-endnu/4: Permafrost i Rusland:https://videnskab.dk/naturvidenskab/klimabombe-i-rusland-danske-forskere-advarer-om-alvorlig-mangel-paa-videnOgså:Eksploderende Methan gas i Siberien:https://www.sciencealert.com/mysterious-giant-exploding-craters-in-siberia-may-finally-be-explained5:Hvad gør vi med den CO2 vi indfangerhttps://videnskab.dk/teknologi/hvad-goer-vi-med-den-co2-vi-fanger/Vi sender noget af den tilbage til oliefelterne vi har tømt i de danske farvande. Kilde: Royalt halløj----------------------------6: Tysklands største Hydrogen fabrik:Germany's largest commercial renewable hydrogen factory is the 10 MW plant in Schwäbisch Gmünd, opened by Lhyfe in October 2025. The facility can produce up to 4 tons of renewable hydrogen per day and is Lhyfe's largest outside of France. While it's the largest operational commercial plant, there are larger-scale projects planned for the future in Germany, such as a 130 MW plant planned for Prenzlau by ENERTRAG. https://engineerine.com/largest-green-hydrogen-plant/https://www.lhyfe.com/press/lhyfe-inaugurates-germanys-largest-commercial-renewable-hydrogen-production-site-in-baden-wurttemberg-to-distribute-rfnbo-certified-hydrogen-to-a-range-of-players/A green hydrogen factory is good for the climate because it can be produced using renewable energy, with zero greenhouse gas emissions, and can replace fossil fuels in sectors that are hard to electrify, like heavy industry. When used in a fuel cell, hydrogen only releases water vapor and warm air, making it a clean energy carrier that can also store and deliver renewable energy. #Hydrogen Fuel Cell makes electricity directly. They also produce water vapor, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions.-------------------------7: Kelp farming in Norwayhttps://www.dnv.com/news/2024/new-seaweed-farm-off-the-norwegian-coast-seeks-to-remove-co2-from-the-atmosphere-252006/--------------------------------8: State of Climate Action 2025:https://www.wri.org/research/state-climate-action-2025" It finds that recent progress toward 1.5°C-aligned targets has largely failed to materialize at the required pace and scale and highlights where action must accelerate this decade to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, scale up carbon removal and increase climate finance."" Although more than three-quarters of indicators are heading in the right direction, progress is alarmingly inadequate, exposing communities, economies and ecosystems to unacceptable risks. Global efforts across 29 indicators are “well off track,” such that at least a twofold—and for most, more than a fourfold—acceleration will be required this decade to keep the 1.5°C limit within reach. "Getting on track for 2030 and staying on track for 2035 demands an enormous acceleration of efforts across every sector. The world must, for example:Phase out coal more than ten times faster — equivalent to retiring nearly 360 average-sized coal-fired power plants each year and halting all projects in the pipeline.Reduce deforestation nine times faster. Current levels are far too high — roughly equivalent to permanently losing nearly 22 football (soccer) fields of forest every minute in 2024.Expand rapid transit networks five times faster — equivalent to building at least 1,400 km (870 miles) of light rail, metro and bus lanes annually.Lower consumption of beef, lamb and goat meat in high-consuming regions five times faster — equivalent to reducing consumption by 2 or fewer servings per week in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand.Scale technological carbon dioxide removal more than ten times faster — equivalent to building nine of the largest direct air capture facilities currently under construction each month.Increase climate finance by nearly $1 trillion annually — equivalent to roughly two-thirds of public fossil fuel finance in 2023. 

Idag tager vi et langt og “unscripted” tilløb til lidt om kometer, som var det vi egentlig havde forberedt. Men vi kom igang ude på et helt andet spor. Så hvis du sidder og KUN er interesseret i det om kometer, så kan du skippe frem til 33:50, hvor vi kommer ind på kometer på nattehimlen.Inden da taler vi om Karina’s ansøgning om tysk statsborgerskab, de oplysninger myndighederne kræver, hvor mon disse oplysninger ender henne? - og vi kommer ind på Deep State og masseovervågning i det hele taget.Her er Karinas forberedte noter til dagens afsnit:

I dette afsnit taler vi om de nyeste opdagelser på Mars. Man har set leopard-prikker. Disse prikker kan normalt være tegn på mikroskopisk liv, eller ihvertfald tegn på at der har været liv. I en eller anden form…Og så er NASA underlagt kyniske besparelser, hvis disse gennemføres i den amerikanske kongres. Hvilken betydning får dette eventuelt?Her er Karina’s noter til dagens afsnit.liv på Mars:https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-says-mars-rover-discovered-potential-biosignature-last-year/Perseverence rover er placeret i en udtørret flod, fordi man mente at der der ville være størst chance for at finde tegn på liv. Se billedet af leopardpletterne. Der har man fundet organisk kemi (carbon / Oxygen / Hydrogen forbindelser) og mineraler (Jern og Sulfat), som her på Jorden har en mikrobiologisk oprindelse. Andre ikke biologiske processer der kunne lave disse mineraler:-Høj temperatur. Men de kemiske analyser viser at dette er/var et lav temperatur miljø-Syre baseret miljø, men det tyder det ikke på at det var fra de andre kemiske ting.Den bedste forklaring er lige nu at det er biologisk oprindelse, som er omkring fire milliarder år gamle.Videnskabelig artikel lægger op til diskussion:»Men fordi det er på Mars, hvor der jo ikke kendes liv i dag, kan vi ikke med 100 procent sikkerhed sige, at dette er et bevis på tidligere liv på Mars. Men vi kan sige, at vi ikke har kunnet finde andre forklaringer på vores data, end at der har været liv på Mars,«Vi vil gerne have prøver tilbage til Jorden for at analysere. Kan der være liv på Mars i dag? Måske har det udviklet sig efter forholdene eller gravet sig ned til bedre forhold da overfladen på Mars blev for barsk.En anden artikel fra 2023 om fund a carbon molekyler. https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-detect-intriguing-new-signals-of-organic-molecules-on-mars----------------------------------------Er Mars geologisk gold?https://www.sciencealert.com/colossal-discovery-on-mars-could-drive-surging-magma-under-the-surfaceMars has shown very convincing signs of being geologically dead, inside and out. Its relatively old surface – seeming to lack recent volcanic resurfacing and tectonic motion – and absence of a global magnetic field have been held up as reasons to think there's little else but firm, motionless rock all the way down to the core.Recent observations have poked significant holes in the notion of a completely dead Mars. There was a meteorite from Mars that made its way to Earth that showed signs of mantle convection as recently as around half a billion years ago for example.Then satellite photos revealed evidence of volcanic surface deposits as young as 50,000 years old in a fissure system called the Cerberus Fossae.And then Mars InSight, a lander monitoring the Mars interior since November 2018, revealed significant ongoing seismic activity consistent with volcanism.There have been a few other odd observations. The local gravity field of the Elysium Planitia, for example, is unusually strong, consistent with some sort of subsurface activity.Så der er mulgivis magma / flydende sten under overfladen.-------------------------------------------Lad os få et overblik over NASA's Mars aktivitet:https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/Last thing to land was Perserverence, which was in 30.07.2020 (5 years!)----------------------------------------------https://videnskab.dk/rummet/10-ting-du-ikke-vidste-om-mars/1. Disse rumsonder og rovere er i spil2. Sådan holdes kontakten med Mars3. Vejret på Mars følges tæt4. Mars-atmosfæren blæser væk5. Mars har flere ozonlag6. Der er vand på Mars7. Metan er et mysterium8. Mars har polarlys9. Mars kan følges live10. Vi aner ikke, hvordan Mars' måner opstodhttps://www.sciencealert.com/giant-asteroid-unleashed-a-devastating-martian-megatsunami-evidence-suggests

1: I3 / ATLASHer er også en animation af kometens bane:https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/comets/3i-atlas/Tættest på Solen 120 mio. km (lige inden for Mars' bane) d.30.10. Vi (Jorden) er på den modsatte side a Solen fra kometen. Solen skygger ikke for kometen, for den har en bane som er 5° fra Ecliptica (vores planet bane-plan)JWST / WEBB Observations of I3/ATLAS: Min gamle kontor makker i Belfast: Martin CordinerHan har også lavet en times langt interview her på Youtube (Engelsk):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxLqswSKmOsSammensætning: Ret meget CO2 i forhold the H2OCO2 går fra fast form (is) til gas form (luft) ved lavere temperaturer end H2O, så det kan være at det ændrer sig som kometen bliver varmet op.CO også til stede, men CO går på gas form allerede ved 20° Kelvin.Alder: 7-14 milliarder år (universet er ~13.8). Man kan ikke sige med sikkerhed, før at man har en fysisk prøve fra den og kan kigge på isotoperne (de har henfaldstider som kan hjælpe til at datere ting). Denne alder er bestemt ud fra dens bevægelse, som er blevet simuleret af en gruppe fra Oxford: https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/news/third-ever-detection-interstellar-objectDenne analyse peger på at kometen kan tilhøre en gruppe stjerner i vores mælkevej som er meget gamle.Form: Først troet at være ~20 km.  Det er fordi den er så lysstærk. Det er nu blevet nedjusteret til ~3kmDen havde tidligere en aflang klump gas der blev kastet ud i Solens retning. Det var ikke en hale i den forstand, men mere en ujævn optøning. Den har nu en normal hale der peger væk fra solen.https://www.esa.int/esearch?q=I3%2FATLAShttps://www.sciencealert.com/4-powerful-telescopes-agree-interstellar-comet-3i-atlas-really-is-bizarre------------------Nej det er ikke ALIENS.I gamle dage fyldte man huller i viden med Gud (dette kaldes "God of the Gaps"). I dag er det Aliens. -------------------------------------2 : Gamma glimt:https://www.eso.org/public/denmark/news/eso2514/?langNormale Gamma glimt er et lys glimt der strækker sig over tid. Vi skynder os at pege teleskoperne hen mod glimtet for at observere hvorfra det kommer og få det sidste af lysglimtets lyskurve med. Vi har observeret gamma glimt i omkring 50 år. Et glimt varer omkring Millisekunder til et par minutter. De opstår blandt andet når tunge stjerner dør ved voldsomme eksplosioner, eller når de flås i stykker af sorte huller.GRB 250702B varede omkring en dag. (100-1000 gange længere end normalt)"Vigtigere er det, at gammaglimt aldrig gentager sig, fordi det, som forårsager dem er en ødelæggende katastrofe," siger Matrin-Carrillo. Medforfatter Albert Sneppen fra Niels Bohr Institutet tilføjer: "Vi ser nu en sådan ødelæggende begivenheder gentage sig, og endnu mere bemærkelsesværdigt gør den det tilsyneladende periodisk. En serie kosmiske ødelæggelser, som gentager sig med en periode på hvert 47ende minut. Periodiciteten er også spændende, fordi den måske peger på en kredsløbsperiode - og det peger så igen i retning af en hvid dværg, som bliver revet itu af et intermediært tungt sort hul (En slags begivenhed, som vi aldrig har set før).""Vi er stadig ikke klar over, hvad årsagen til dette her var, men vi har taget et stort skridt fremad imod at forstå det her meget usædvanlige og spændende forløb," siger Martin-Carrillo. Observationerne gav kun en nogenlunde position for GRBen, i retning af vores galakses plan, hvor det vrimler med stjerner. Opfølgende observationer med VLT kunne da placere lyskilden til at være i en anden galakse.------------------------------------- 3: Black Hole Starhttps://www.livescience.com/space/black-holes/the-james-webb-telescope-may-have-discovered-a-brand-new-class-of-cosmic-object-the-black-hole-starMed James Webb space telescope har man observeret små røde prikker. De er fra da uninverset kun var 1.8 Milliarder år gammelt og lyset har altså været undervejs næsten 12 milliarder år.Der har været flere teorier om hvad det kunne være, men de har ikke været tilstrækkelige. Den nyeste forklaring er at de er Sort hul Stjerner. This newly hypothesized object would essentially be a black hole feeding so rapidly that it lights up the thick cocoon of gas surrounding it, making it glow like a star. A black hole star can be thought of as a hot object wrapped inside an ultra thick blanket."We are not sure yet how they evolve into the black hole population that we see today," de Graaff noted. "Because the number of little red dots decreases toward later cosmic times, it must be a short-lived phase." Next, the team will use JWST to study brighter little red dots to understand the detailed structure of black hole stars.If little red dots are, in fact, black hole stars, it could solve another puzzle. If black hole stars could grow at extremely rapid rates, it could explain the emergence of supermassive black holes very early in the universe.-------------------4: Is the internet deteriorating?"While precise figures vary by study and methodology, recent data from early-to-mid 2025 suggests that AI-generated content makes up a significant portion of the internet, with some sources estimating over 30-40% of text on active webpages and even projecting that nearly half of all content could be AI-generated. Some experts and reports predict that the percentage is rapidly growing and could reach 90% of all online content by 2026 or mid-2025. " ————-5: Kig efter Stjerneskud 21.10Den kraftigste sværm Orioniderne, som peaker 21. oktober, skyldes støvkorn og småsten efterladt af Halleys Komet.Orioniderne giver typisk knapt halvt så mange stjerneskud som Perseiderne, men da deres maksimum i år falder sammen med nymåne, vil jeg faktisk vurdere chancerne for at se stjerneskud til at være lige så gode.--------------Attachments areaPreview YouTube video 3I/ATLAS Update: JWST Reveals Its Composition | with Martin Cordiner

En lidt længere sommer special, hvor vi dykker ned i noget der måske kan være lidt sværere at slå to streger under. Facit er ikke så eksakt!Her er Karinas noter til dagens afsnit: Empati Definition:The ability to imagine oneself as another person is a sophisticated process. However, the basic capacity to recognize emotions in others may be innate[5] and may be achieved unconsciously. Empathy is not all-or-nothing; rather, a person can be more or less empathic toward another and empirical research supports a variety of interventions that are able to improve empathyFrom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmpathyMan kan skelne mellem Empati: Evnen til at forstå og dele andre følelser. At sætte sig selv i en anden persons sted. Man føler det samme som dem man har empati med. (Man kan ikke have empati med sig selv).Medfølelse: At man føler med nogen (man føler ikke det samme. Ens medfølelse er rettet mod en person og de følelser de har).Sympati: At man har sympati for nogen. Der er meget konflikt i disse definitioner, jeg tror heller ikke at der er hårde linier imellem de forskellige begreber.Fælles er at man forstår et andet menneske.Evnen til Empati er indfødt i os. Mirror Neurons:Er ikke nogen bestemte neuroner.Når man laver en handling, så lyser bestemte steder i hjernen op. Når man ser nogen andre gøre disse samme handlinger, så lyser disse steder i hjernen igen op. Det er en spejling og disse neuroner kaldes spejl-neuroner. Dette ses både i dyr og mennesker. Selve dettte system bunder nok i hvordan vi lærer fra andre. We model the people around us and other people model from us. Den sociale Hjerne:We are wired to see faces. We are looking for social connection / social safety.Social Pain - feels like physical painSocial good feelings - activate pleasure paths in the brain=> which gives us social sensitivity. Hvad er Empati biokemisk set?The neurobiology of empathy involves a complex interplay of brain regions and neurotransmitters, notably oxytocin, which enhances social cognition and empathy. Mirror neurons, found in the premotor and parietal cortices, are also crucial for understanding and sharing actions and emotions with others. Empathy is linked to various brain areas, including the limbic system, and involves both positive and negative emotionsKey aspects of the neurochemistry of empathy:Oxytocin:This neuropeptide is a "morality molecule" that promotes social bonding, love, and empathy.Mirror Neurons:These specialized neurons fire when we perform an action or when we observe someone else performing the same action, contributing to our understanding of others' intentions and actions.Limbic System:This area of the brain, responsible for emotions and bonding, plays a significant role in empathy.Prefrontal Cortex:Areas like the dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex are involved in cognitive empathy, allowing us to understand and interpret others' mental states.Other Neurotransmitters:While oxytocin is prominent, other neurotransmitters and hormones, like cortisol, also influence social interactions and empathy.Genetics:A small percentage of the variation in empathy between individuals is due to genetic factors-------------------------------------Degeres of EmpatyMan kan være mere eller mindre empatisk over for andre. Ofte har vi et Bias, som hindrer os i at føle med alle.BIASESEmpathy is triggered-If something is right in front of us-If something is familiar to us / family-If something resonates with past experiences... These we call bright spots. We all have blind spots. Extending Empathy (growing your empathy) is giving attention and focus to blind spots.-People you tend to avoid => often because they are difficult to understand/empathize with, because they and their experiences are different from you. => More effort needed to understand and the brain/ppl are lazy. Empaty Gap:An empathy gap, sometimes referred to as an empathy bias, is a breakdown or reduction in empathy (the ability to recognize, understand, and share another's thoughts and feelings) where it might otherwise be expected to occur. Empathy gaps may occur due to a failure in the process of empathizing[1] or as a consequence of stable personality characteristics,[2][3][4] and may reflect either a lack of ability or motivation to empathize.Empathy gaps can be interpersonal (toward others) or intrapersonal (toward the self, e.g. when predicting one's own future preferences). A great deal of social psychological research has focused on intergroup empathy gaps, their underlying psychological and neural mechanisms, and their implications for downstream behavior (e.g. prejudice toward outgroup members).Film/Bøger er Empathy machines! There are 2 separate sets of empathy networks in the brain1) Feeling: Mirroring emotions and reading emotions. Imagine intensely what is being felt. (zooming in - can be overwhelming)2) Thinking: Mentalizing the though of another. Why are there these feelings? (zooming out - distancing your emotions by factualizing)--------------------------------------------------EVERYTHING STARTS WITH ATTENTION / OPMÆRKSOMHED!Uden det kan man slet ikke starte empatien.Less empathy in the world, perhaps because we give our attention away to our phones. ------------------------------------Empathy is what enables you to understand another point of view. A polarized society has a lack of empathy. —————————————-Selvom vi med rette ser empati som et personlighedstræk, er det også en evne, der kan blive aktiveret gennem sociale oplevelser. Når vi identificerer os med en gruppe ofre, fornemmer vi et 'vi', der knytter os til medlemmerne af gruppen.Vi ved, at både empati og identifikation med en anden gruppe fremmer positive relationer til andre.https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/kan-man-blive-mere-empatisk-af-at-besoege-mindesmaerker-for-folkedrab/"Vi fandt, at undervisningen om holocaust og turen til Auschwitz øgede elevernes tendens til at identificere sig med og tage jødernes perspektiv sammenlignet med de elever, der ikke deltog.Begge grupper udviste dog lige stor empatisk bekymring."--------------------------------------------------Psykopater og mangel på empati.Et forsøg med Psykopater og alm. mennesker: Deres hjerner scannet mens at de så nogen komme til skade. Alm. menneskers hjerner lyste op i bestemte områder. Psykopaters hjerne lyste meget mindre (mindre områder og mindre intenst).Så gentog de forsøget og bad test personerne om at prøve at føle med dem de så. Viola. Begge gruppers hjerner lyste lige meget op. Måske er psykopati når man har valgt ikke at føle empati-Nævnt i denne video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP_kNs198Zg—————————————- https://www.sciencealert.com/how-psychopaths-process-pain-could-explain-their-lack-of-empathy:Research has shown that lower levels of empathy for other people can be influenced by a higher tolerance for pain. If someone does not understand the feelings of pain the same way as other people, they probably don't understand the pain that other people may be experiencing.Also, a 2020 review showed that the brain networks used in processing pain are also used to process empathy. This could mean that if people higher in psychopathy don't feel as much pain themselves, their perceptions of other people's pain could also be reduced via this shared network.Just because you show higher psychopathic traits does not necessarily mean you are going to be the lead character of your own true crime documentary, though. In fact, recent research, including a 2022 study, noted psychopathic traits can be positive and help people regulate their emotions.Surgeons and other medical professionals show high levels of psychopathic traits, particularly the stress immunity part of the personality trait.Perhaps this is what allows medical professionals high in psychopathic traits to stay calm under pressure, allowing them to make quick, rational decisions without being overwhelmed by stresshttps://videnskab.dk/krop-sundhed/skanninger-afsloerer-hvad-psykopaters-hjerner-har-til-faellesGustave Mark Gilbert QuotesI think I've come close to defining it: a lack of empathy. It's the one characteristic that connects all the defendants. A genuine incapacity to feel with their fellow man. Evil, I think, is the absence of empathy.( 1950 book The Psychology of Dictatorship)

Vi tager lige en runde med aktuelle ting.Her er noterne til dagens afsnit: 1) New extrasolar visitor:https://www.newscientist.com/article/2486670-interstellar-visitor-spotted-hurtling-through-the-solar-system/?fbclid=IwQ0xDSwLS5l9leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHkk0FthW0V8ZKJOQpfw33F4HI7OSwKLYU1SKT0ARiZCsQfRJnilcjVD9y4ZZ_aem_HEYTiPj13HNaYypRxtavXQhttps://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Planetary_Defence/ESA_tracks_rare_interstellar_comet?fbclid=IwQ0xDSwLYI0dleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHkqIJm7ADrax4AUwrmjKHhoMXQIKAuZKdGoaMo4YZksSrag5eyWWuMmCarfk_aem_fJEJVHQK0VRlQBm5MtJp-Ahttps://videnskab.dk/rummet/komet-fra-fjern-stjerne-er-paa-vej-gennem-vores-solsystem/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev--------------------------------------------------2) DK går forrest med copyright af fjæs mm. https://www.euronews.com/next/2025/06/30/denmark-fights-back-against-deepfakes-with-copyright-protection-what-other-laws-exist-in-e------------------------------------------------3) NASA budget cut:https://www.space.com/space-exploration/every-living-former-nasa-science-chief-opposes-trumps-proposed-budget-cuts-in-letter-to-congresshttps://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/tavse-danske-forskere-mister-millioner-af-dollars-fra-amerikansk-fond/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev----------------------4) Nyt observatorium i Chilehttps://videnskab.dk/rummet/imponerende-nu-kan-du-se-de-foerste-vilde-billeder-taget-af-verdens-mest-kraftfulde-digitale-kamera/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev------------------------5) WEBB ser exoplanet:https://videnskab.dk/rummet/webb-teleskopet-fanger-det-foerste-aegte-billede-af-en-ny-exoplanet/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev---------------6) SETI search for non human intelligence research into wales to understand what to look for in space?https://www.seti.org/press-release/whaleseti-curious-humpback-whales-approach-humans-and-blow-bubble-smoke-rings-----------------------------7) Spækhuggere i gang med sociale experimenter med mennesker:https://videnskab.dk/naturvidenskab/venlig-gestus-spaekhuggere-deler-bytte-med-mennesker/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev

Vi fortsætter vores meget spændende tema om liv andre steder i universet, med vores gæst Uffe Gråe Jørgensen. Husk også at lytte til afsnit 106, hvor Uffe også var med! Vi kommer ind på det Uffe kigger efter, når han og kollegaerne spejder efter tegn på biologisk liv i universet. Vi kommer også ind på muligheden for “ikke-biologisk” liv, altså teknologisk liv. Hvad er nu det for noget?Og vi taler lidt om, hvor langt videnskaben er nået, og hvordan vi hele tiden mindes om hvor lidt vi faktisk ved.

I dagens afsnit følger vi op på forrige afsnit, og taler om potentielt liv på exoplaneter. Og så har vi tid til en række andre spændende emner, som planet X/planet nummer 9, rumarkitektur, nedfaldende rumskrald og meget mere. Herunder at jorden har fået en sort boks!Her er Karina’s notater til dagens afnsiot:1:Tegn på liv på Exoplanet K2-18b (?)K2-18b er en Exoplanet der kredser om stjernen K2-18, som er en rød dværg stjerne (124 lysår væk i stjernebilledet Løven). Den blev opdaget fordi den passerer foran sin stjerne i vores synsvinkel. K2-18b er i den beboelige zone omkring stjernen med et omløb på 33 dage. Den får cirka lige så meget lys fra sin stjerne som Jorden får fra solen. K2-18b har en radius der er 2.6 gange så stor som jordens radius og 8.6 gange tungere. Den er den første exoplanet som vi har undersøgt atmosfæren af. Det kann man ved at se på dens stjernes lys når det passerer igennem planetens atmosfære.Tidligere observationer med først Rumteleskopet Hubble og senere James Webb havde allerede afsløret, at K2-18 b har en atmosfære, der bl.a. indeholder vanddamp samt de kulstofholdige molekyler kuldioxid og metan – sidstnævnte populært kaldet naturgas. Ud fra disse resultater havde forskerne vurderet, at K2-18 b er en såkaldt hycean-planet – en planet med en atmosfære der er rig på hydrogen (brint) og har et globalt ocean af vand. Allerede de tidligere observationer med James Webb havde antydet forekomsten af DMS i atmosfæren på K2-18 b, men først med yderligere observationer er forskerne nu mere sikre i deres sag. De påpeger dog selv nødvendigheden af at foretage yderligere observationer med James Webb for at forekomsten af DMS og/eller DMDS kan definitivt bekræftes.DMS / DMDS:Det handler konkret om svovlforbindelserne dimethylsulfid (DMS) og/eller dimethyldisulfid (DMDS). Her på Jorden frembringes DMS og DMDS kun af levende organismer – primært mikrober som planteplankton i havet. Det er dog vigtigt at sige, at det på det foreliggende grundlag ikke kan bekræftes, at gasserne i K2-18 bs atmosfære er af biologisk oprindelse.Abiotisk oprindelse er også mulig!*****  OPDATERING d. 3. maj 2025:En uafhængig analyse af James Webb-observationerne af K2-18 b ser ikke klare tegn på svovlgasserne DMS og/eller DMDS i planetens atmosfære. Yderligere observationer med James Webb er nødvendige for at afgøre om gasserne, der kan ses som et tegn på liv (en såkaldt biosignatur), er til stede på K2-18 b.Kilde:https://arxiv.org/html/2504.15916v1#bib.bib7 En anden dybere artikel:https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evidence-biosignatures-k2-18b-flimsy/The problem with the detection:The “detection” of DMS in the near-infrared portion of the spectrum was very, very flimsy: at only 1-sigma significance, which means there’s greater than a ~30% chance that the detection is a fluke. In all sub-field of physics and astronomy, a “1-sigma detection” is known as a non-detection; there is no meaningful signal seen here.While DMS on Earth may primarily arise from biological production mechanisms, it is found all throughout the Universe and, in those environments, is produced entirely by non-biological means. It’s been found in the interstellar medium, including in the galactic center’s large molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. It’s been produced abiotically in the laboratory right here on Earth (including since 1995) by simple processes, and can be made photochemically elsewhere in the Universe. And it’s been found on comets as well, including on the famous comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, which was the target of ESA’s Rosetta mission.Hvad kan man egentlig med JWST?En artikel har undersøgt JWST's nøjagtighed og mener ikke at det teleskop er i stand til at give definitivt bevis for noget som dette. “Characterizing rocky or sub-Neptune-size exoplanets with JWST is an intricate task, and moves us away from the notion of finding a definitive “silver bullet” biosignature gas. Indeed, JWST results necessitate us to allow “parallel interpretations” that will perhaps not be resolved until the next generation of observatories.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12946--------------------------------------------2: Hvornår er det okay at trykke på 'BIG NEWS' knappen?Back in 2021, the astrobiology community held a workshop on standards of evidence for biosignatures, which led to a community report discussing responsible standards of evidence and quantifying seven different levels of confidence for announcing biosignatures, with the lowest-confidence levels going to detections that cannot discriminate between different scenarios and mid-confidence levels going to definitive detections that cannot rule out abiotic pathways. To announce “we’ve found a biosignature” would require multiple, independent, unambiguous signatures of molecules that cannot be produced abiotically at all.Kilde:  https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.1429317. April: I en Astronom Facebook gruppe:" This is an appeal. I am very sorry to bring this up in these difficult times, but I think that this latest astronomy news on extraterrestrial life goes very far beyond what in my opinion is responsible science communication. You could argue that this generates excitement in the public that is very much needed, but I think it is very damaging in the long run. Our colleagues from other fields will not take us serious anymore if we go on like this. We are doing fantastic stuff, also the group that has pushed this news. We don’t need this, also not now."Og så blev der ellers diskuteret!Hvad jeg mener: Hvis man får opmærksomhed får man funding. Men når man overvurderer et resultat, så skader det troværdigheden. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3: Planet X eller Planet 9.Vi har måske fået vores første rigtige glimt af Planet Nine! Eksperter siger, at et mystisk objekt, som netop er blevet opdaget i to infrarøde himmelundersøgelser, er det hidtil stærkeste bevis for Planet 9. Planet 9 blev første gang foreslået i 2016 for at forklare de mærkelige baner for islegemer uden for Neptun, og man mener, at den er en massiv, fjern verden - måske mere end ti gange Jordens masse - som lurer langt uden for Pluto. Nu har astronomer under ledelse af Terry Long Phan fra National Tsing Hua University identificeret et svagt objekt i data fra rumteleskoperne IRAS (1983) og AKARI (2006), som ser ud til at have bevæget sig lige akkurat nok til at antyde, at den kredser om solen fra omkring 700 astronomiske enheder væk - ca. 65 milliarder kilometer. Baseret på dens infrarøde lysstyrke ville denne kandidat være mere massiv end Neptun og kan befinde sig i et vildt langstrakt kredsløb, der tager tusindvis af år at fuldføre.Selv om objektets identitet endnu ikke er bekræftet, skiller denne opdagelse sig ud, fordi den er synlig i begge datasæt - noget, som tidligere Planet Nine-kandidater manglede. Der er planlagt opfølgende observationer ved hjælp af kraftige teleskoper som Dark Energy Camera i Chile. Hvis den er ægte, kan Planet Nine give en hidtil uset indsigt i vores solsystems tidlige dage, herunder muligheden for, at den blev dannet nær de gigantiske planeter og blev kastet udad - eller blev indfanget fra et helt andet stjernesystem. Med næste generations observatorier som Vera C. Rubin-observatoriet og Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, der kommer online, siger astronomerne, at Planet Nines skjulesteder hurtigt forsvinder.https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.17288https://videnskab.dk/rummet/hvor-taet-er-vi-paa-at-finde-planet-9/Bedste billede er sandkorn på en højtaler, der lægger sig i mønstre alt efter resonans frekvens af lyden der bliver afspillet. På samme måde hiver og trækker de store ydre planeter i de mindre objekter (planeter, asteroider, kometer) i solsystemet. Disse resonanser kan have afgørende for dannelse af liv som Uffe var inde på. De kan nemlig være afgørende for hvornår det sidste store bombardament skete.

Denne gang med gæst Uffe Gråe Jørgensen, hvor vi snakker om sandsynligheden for at finde liv i rummet. Vi når desværre ikke ret meget af det vi havde tænkt at snakke om, fordi Uffe er en dygtig formidler af dette spørgsmål, og vi kommer i dybden med mange af udfordringerne og ikke mindst den almindelige opfattelse af, at vi da ikke kan være så unikke. Men Uffe’s forklaring på hvorfor vi måske er det, rykker ved opfattelsen.Følg med - det er spændende og vi har allerede aftalt at vi tager samtalen op igen på et senere tidspunkt!