How we know that the Earth's climate is changing

Use code coolworlds at https://incogni.com/coolworlds to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.NASA is the primary means through which US astronomy is funded, which in turn leads astronomy globally. But significant cuts to NASA this year are hurting programs across the board, and many worry that the future looks grim for NASA's astronomy programs due to two growing problems on its horizon. Join us as we explore what's happening and what you can do.Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping. Special thanks to Grant Tremblay for useful information in preparing this video.→ Head to www.SaveChandra.org for information on how to save NASA's Chandra telescope→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, M. Sanford, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, K. Yarbrough, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, B. Pearson, S. Thayer, T. Edris, B. Seeley, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, P. Muzyka, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, J. Smallbon, B. Reese, J. Yoder, O. Shabtay, X. Yao, S. Saverys, M. Pittelli, A. Nimmerjahn, C. Seay, D. Johnson, L. Cunningham, M. Morrow, M. Campbell, R. Strain, B. Devermont, Y. Muheim & A. Stark.REFERENCES► NASA budget figures spreadsheet: https://t.co/kt8pE0anCT► Rasmussen, S. 2023, "Has the Last Great Space Observatory Already Launched?", Scientific American: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/has-the-last-great-space-observatory-already-launched/► HST & Beyond Committee Report 1996: https://www.stsci.edu/stsci/org/hst-and-beyond-report.pdf► NASA IRB JWST Report 2018: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/webb_irb_report_and_response_0.pdf?emrc=d3ca32► Reichhardt, T. 2006, "Is the next big thing too big?", Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/440140a► Elvis, M. 2016, "What Can Space Resources do for Astronomy and Planetary Science?", Space Policy, 37, 65: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.01004► Van Belle, G., 2021, "The Scaling Relationship Between Telescope Cost and Aperture Size for VeryLarge Telescopes", Proceedings of the SPIE, 5489, 563: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09605MUSICLicensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.0:00 Hill - A Slowly Lifting Fog3:36 Hill - Unhurried5:58 Chris Zabriskie - Music From Neptune Flux 48:29 Hill - World of Wonder11:18 Falls - Life in Binary15:27 Chris Zabriskie - Music From Neptune Flux 118;24 Joachim Heinrich - Y20:42 Indive - FusionCHAPTERS0:00 Astronomy Funding5:58 Incogni7:18 Crisis Ahead20:42 Outro & Credits#NASA #Astronomy #CoolWorlds Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Our lifespans might feel like a long time by human standards, but to the Earth it's the blink of an eye. Even the entirety of human history represents a tiny slither of the vast chronology for our planet. We often think about geological time when looking back into the past, but today we look ahead. What might happen on our planet in the next billion years?Written and presented by Prof David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas.→ Support our research program: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get Stash here! https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-storeTHANK-YOU to our supporters D. Smith, M. Sloan, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, S. Hannum, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, G. Canterbury, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, J. Alexander, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough & F. Demopoulos.::Music::Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), or with permission from the artist► 00:00 Hill - All Flesh Is as the Grass [https://open.spotify.com/track/1WuMK4qy9tUSGMINoEClxL?si=5635838259b34fa4]► 03:56 Hill - The Great Alchemist [https://open.spotify.com/track/3PAx36jIsKiQMT9CQsRk4G?si=035fc819505445a1]► 07:50 Outside the Sky - Trillions► 11:41 Hill - We Are Unceasing Beings [https://open.spotify.com/track/3TnhawPMycRrPuTnKzNGNN?si=bddf4e61177d48c4]► 14:57 Indive - Halo Drive::Chapters::00:00 A Recurring Dream02:12 The Timescape Ahead04:06 Gyr Evolution06:32 A Technological Future?09:38 What We Leave Behind11:42 Who Are We To Them?13:02 Unidirectional14:57 Outro and credits#GeologicalTime #Earth #Future Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

For billions of years the Sun has been the perpetual, life-giving star in our sky. It's a force of immense power, yet one we take for granted in our every day lives. But like all things, it too must eventually end. Today, we chronicle the future of our home star, its various phases, why this all happens, and the final fate of our Solar System.Written and presented by Prof David Kipping. Edited by Jorge Casas. Thanks to Matt Scoggins for checking the script.→ Support our research program: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get Stash here! https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store→ Check out our podcast over at www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to our supporters D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, B. Pearson, S. Thayer, T. Edris, A. Harrison, B. Seeley, F. Blood, M. O'Brien & P. Muzyka.::References::► Schröder & Smith, 2008, "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited", MNRAS, 386, 155: https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031::Music::Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), or with permission from the artist.► Hill - Pinhole of Light [https://open.spotify.com/track/1gJEKPQETo3GDqUAhVomJD]► Chris Zabriskie - Stories About the World That Once Was► Falls - Ripley ► Hill - Don't Think [https://open.spotify.com/track/1KUcWR8FzkVVKzyq8mJH3O]► Hill - A Slowly Lifting Fog [https://open.spotify.com/track/0GgkyL3y22kFslT6wUsKlt?si=35f82c623b9f486d&nd=1]► Chris Zabriskie - The Ocean's Continue to Rise► Joachim Heinrich - Y► Indive - Fusion::Chapters::00:00 Introduction02:06 The Modern Sun06:41 Leaving the Main Sequence09:49 Sub-Giant Phase12:24 Giant Mode17:05 The Helium Flash19:07 A Second Life20:58 Asymptotic Hell23:25 The White Dwarf Sun25:38 The Bitter End27:54 Outro & Credits#TheSun #DistantFuture #Astronomy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

::More about this Video::► Teachey & Kipping (2017), "HEK VI: On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I": https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08563► Alex's SciAm blog article: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/are-astronomers-on-the-verge-of-finding-an-exomoon/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciam%2Fspace+%28Topic%3A+Space%29► Cool Worlds Lab website: http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu► Columbia University Department of Astronomy: http://www.astro.columbia.edu► Background music by Thomas Bergersen "Final Frontier": http://www.thomasbergersen.com ::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQATabby's Star ► http://bit.ly/TabbysStarScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Use code coolworlds at https://incogni.com/coolworlds to get an exclusive 60% off. Rubin Observatory just came online and one of its main goals is to detect comets and asteroids that could threaten the Earth. But how long will this take? How many threats do we know of so far? And what could we do about it if we discovered one with our name on it? Join us today as we explore just how dangerous the skies can be...Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas.→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to T. Widdowson, D. Smith, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, S. Brownlee, E. West, T. Zajonc, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, M. Sanford, T. Donkin, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, S. Marks, B. Smith, J. Kruger, S. Applegate, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, W. Evans, N. Corwin, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, R. Provost, G. Fullwood, N. De Haan, R. Williams, E. Garland, R. Lovely, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, S. Thayer, T. Edris, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, B. Reese, O. Shabtay, X. Yao, S. Saverys, A. Nimmerjahn, C. Seay, D. Johnson, L. Cunningham, M. Morrow, M. Campbell, B. Devermont, Y. Muheim, A. Stark, C. Caminero, P. Borisoff, A. Donovan, H. Schiff, J. Cos, J. Oliver, B. Kite, C. Hansen, J. Shamp, R. Chaffee, A. Ortiz, B. McMillan, B. Cartmell, J. Bryant, J. Obioma, M. Zeiler, S. Murray, S. Patterson, C. Kennedy, G. Le Saint, W. Ruf, A. Kochkov, B. Langley, D. Ohman, P. Stevenson, T. Ford, T. Tarrants, A. Laroye, I. Venzor, R. Raszka, B. Gaalen, A. Taylor, D. Wedgewood, J. Alley, D. Aron, G. Thomsen, S. Shardool, B. Kingston, A. Phan Le, N. Voyton, N. Offor, A. Huch, J. Morrison & C. Fitzsimmons.MUSICLicensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.0:00 Hill - There Is but One Good [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]4:18 Hill - When Comfort Becomes Uncomfortable [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]7:24 Hill - World of Wonder [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]9:00 Hill - A Flickering Start [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]11:51 Hill - Pinhole of Light [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]16:22 Hill - Bruised Hope [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]20:09 Hill - The Meek [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1hdkvBtRdOW4SPsnxCXOjK]CHAPTERS0:00 Prologue1:13 Populations4:20 NEOs7:24 Incogni9:00 Spaceguard10:15 Oort Cloud12:22 Threat Assessment16:08 Deflection19:44 Insurance22:55 Credits#Asteroid #Rubin #CoolWorlds Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Cool Worlds Lab is trying to find the first exomoon, a moon around a planet outside the Solar System. But, exomoons have been eluding us for a few years now. So why are they so hard to find and what do we know so far? Get up to date with the latest limits and prospects for detection. You can find the latest paper on constraints on exomoons at ::More about this Video::► Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) Project website: www.exomoon.org► HEK Project Twitter feed https://twitter.com/hek_project► Kipping et al. (2012), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): I. Description of a New Observational Project": https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0752► Kipping et al. (2013a), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): II. Analysis of Seven Viable Satellite-Hosting Planet Candidates": https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1853► Kipping et al. (2013b), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): III. The First Search for an Exomoon around a Habitable-Zone Planet": https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.1530► Kipping et al. (2014), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): IV. A Search for Moons around Eight M-Dwarfs" https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.1210► Kipping et al. (2015), "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): V. A Survey of 41 Planetary Candidates for Exomoons": https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05555::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQAScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

NASA's Kepler Mission is now into's eighth year of discovering new planets. This week, NASA held the fourth Kepler Science Conference at NASA Ames with important discoveries being announced there. Here's a rundown of a couple of the stories making the news and some insights into how these results fit into our emerging picture of exoplanets.::More about this Video::► NASA Press Release "Hundreds of New Planet Candidates": https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-releases-kepler-survey-catalog-with-hundreds-of-new-planet-candidates► Petigura et al. (2017), "The California-Kepler Survey. I. High Resolution Spectroscopy of 1305 Stars Hosting Kepler Transiting Planets": https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10400► Johnson et al. (2017), "The California-Kepler Survey. II. Precise Physical Properties of 2025 Kepler Planets and Their Host Stars": https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10402► Fulton et al. (2017), "The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets": https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10375► Cool Worlds Lab website: http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu► Columbia University Department of Astronomy: http://www.astro.columbia.edu► Outro music by Daft Punk "Harder, Better, Stronger, Faster": http://www.daftpunk.com and http://smarturl.it/DaftPunkiTunes::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQATabby's Star ► http://bit.ly/TabbysStarScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

And now time for something completely different. This week I was interviewed for the science documentary show "How the Universe Works" and I decided to film some time lapses of the shooting and give you a little insight into this rather different way of communicating science to our regular style on Cool Worlds. I have no idea when this will air - probably many months away!::More about this Video::► Pioneer TV, "How the Universe Works": http://www.pioneertv.com/programmes/how-the-universe-works-5/► Cool Worlds Lab website: http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu► Columbia University Department of Astronomy: http://www.astro.columbia.edu► Background music by David Cutter Music: https://dcuttermusic.bandcamp.com► Outro music by Daft Punk "Harder, Better, Stronger, Faster": http://www.daftpunk.com and http://smarturl.it/DaftPunkiTunes::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQATabby's Star ► http://bit.ly/TabbysStarScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Use code coolworlds at https://incogni.com/coolworlds to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.The "Great Filter" is a pivotal idea in astrobiology. It may very well explain the Fermi Paradox. Today we explore what it is, some candidates for it's cause, and the shocking consequences it implies with respect to our future detections.Written & presented by David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get merch: https://crowdmade.com/collections/cool-worlds→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to D. Aron, B. Bueche, S. Lee, G. Bylinsky, M. Czirr, C. Fitzgerald, S. Shardool, B. Gaalen, G. Metts, D. Hoffman, M. Simmons, C. Frederick, H. Schiff, D. Stewart, M. Sanford, R. Borbidge, S. Patterson, M. Farabee, M. Elliott, A. Kochkov, B. Cartmell, G. Fullwood, C. Seay, Z. Danielson, J. Bergman, D. Lee, P. Stevenson, S. Brownlee, B. Reese, B. Daniluk, N. Offor, T. Ford, R. Williams, I. Williams, L. Cunningham, N. Haan, K. Howard, C. Bottaccini, C. Souter, A. Nimmerjahn, W. Ruf, G. Belsak, J. Alley, M. OBrien, T. Zajonc, S. Lewis, J. Canning, R. Provost, T. Inc, J. Matters, B. Devermont, B. Kingston, A. Huch, R. Chaffee, M. Hedlund, M. Everest, M. Gillette, V. Popovski, J. Armstrong, D. Daughaday, N. Corwin, S. Murray, C. Fitzsimmons, T. Donkin, C. Kennedy, M. Adler, L. MacFarlane, B. Langley, E. Garland, S. Vystoropskyi, J. Bryant, D. Ervin, M. Morrow, B. McMillan, J. Bassnett, T. Edris, J. Kruger, C. Hansen, L. Schreiner, D. Smith, R. Muriuki, P. Borisoff, B. Ross-Lee, A. Schoen, L. Deacon, I. Venzor, P. Johnston, W. Smith, J. Murphy, R. Lovely & J. Rockett.MUSICLicensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist. You can see all of our past music here: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0Bu2UQlKDb0KaeliLZUOZn0:00 It Wasnt Mine To Begin With - Hill3:18 Dust and Light - Hill4:59 World of Wonder - Hill6:30 Cylinder Four - Chris Zabriskie8:04 First and Last - Hill10:59 Don’t Think - Hill16:36 Cylinder Two - Chris Zabriskie19:29 Cylinder Six - Chris Zabriskie24:31 To Accept the Partings That Must Come - HillCHAPTERS0:00 Teaser0:18 Background5:00 Incogni6:31 Candidates15:45 Tier List19:13 Bostromian Logic26:04 Outro and Credits#GreatFilter #AreWeAlone #CoolWorlds Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Earth-sized planets found in the habitable-zones of low-mass stars are likely to become tidally locked to the star, with one side baked in perpetual sunlight and other trapped in an eternal night. These so-called "Eyeball Earths" turn out to be extremely common and some famous examples include Proxima b and the planets around TRAPPIST-1. Here, we explain why this tidal locking happens and what it means for the potential habitability of these alien worlds.::More about this Video::► "Discovery of a Planet around our Nearest Star: Proxima b" Cool Worlds video by Dr Guillem Anglada: https://youtu.be/59ClESB1AqA► "Proxima b: Transits, Habitability & How to Get There!" Cool Worlds video by Prof Kipping: https://youtu.be/tcc635lNRwY► Gillon et al. (2017), "Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1": http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v542/n7642/full/nature21360.html► Video of zonal winds on a tidally locked planet taken from Merlis & Schneider (2010), "Atmospheric dynamics of Earth-like tidally locked aquaplanets": https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.5117► Leconte et al. (2015), "Asynchronous rotation of Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone of lower-mass stars": http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6222/632► Cool Worlds Lab website: http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu► Columbia University Department of Astronomy: http://www.astro.columbia.edu► Outro music by Daft Punk "Harder, Better, Stronger, Faster": http://www.daftpunk.com and http://smarturl.it/DaftPunkiTunes::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQAScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! ヅ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices