106. Eugenie Reich (Part 2): The legalities of scientific fraud, why fraudsters rarely go to prison, and what whistleblowers are allowed to do

This is the 2nd part of my interview with Eugenie Reich, who is a lawyer who defends scientific whistleblowers, and a former investigative science journalist. We talk about her transition from journalism to law, and discuss the legal aspects of scientific fraud: why fraudsters rarely go to prison, what whistleblowers are legally allowed to do, how and when to seek legal advice, and much more. Obviously, none of this is legal advice, but hopefully it provides some useful pointers.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: How Eugenie went from science journalist to being a lawyer and defending whistleblowers0:13:15: Why do most people who commit scientific fraud not go to prison?0:32:36: What are whistleblowers allowed to do?0:48:24: What if I get sued for reporting scientific misconduct?0:56:32: How do fraudsters try to intimidate whistleblowers?1:01:24: What if I can't afford legal help?1:06:18: Eugenie's plans for the futurePodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtEugenie's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/reich-webTwitter: https://geni.us/reich-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksWoo-Suk Hwang affair: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_affairTheranos: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheranosCassava: https://www.science.org/content/article/company-misled-investors-possible-alzheimer-s-drug-sec-chargesEric Poehlman: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_PoehlmanLuk van Parijs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_Van_ParijsThe Scientific Integrity Fund: https://scientificintegrityfund.org/Reich (2009). Plastic fantastic: How the biggest fraud in physics shook the scientific world.Reich (2011). Fraud case we might have seen coming. Nature News.

Eugenie Reich is an attorney who defends scientific whistleblowers, and a former investigative science journalist. We talk about her previous work as a science journalist, in particular her book Plastic Fantastic about one of the biggest fraud cases in physics, the case of Jan-Hendrik Schön. We'd planned to also discuss Eugenie's current work as an attorney, but spent all our time on the Schön case. Eugenie kindly agreed to do another interview, in which we cover the legal aspects of fraud, which will be the next episode (#106).BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: One of the biggest fraud cases in physics/all of science0:05:47: How and why Eugenie started writing about the Schön case0:09:26: Why did Schön commit fraud?0:19:30: Schön's PhD: he never saved any original data0:30:05: Bell Labs vs. Schön's PhD lab: long-term revolutions vs. short-term applications0:36:42: Schön's first work at Bell Labs was 'unpublishable'0:41:42: How to get away with fraud: pretend you collected data in another lab0:47:45: Bertram Batlogg and the role of the supervisors of fraudsters0:56:20: How the bursting of the Dot-Com Bubble and 9/11 may (indirectly) have exacerbated Schön's fraud1:01:09: How to use your colleagues' ideas to commit better fraud1:05:05: How Schön's fraud unraveled1:13:45: What is Schön doing now?1:18:11: A book or paper more people should read1:20:20: Something Eugenie wishes she'd learnt sooner1:22:58: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtEugenie's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/reich-webTwitter: https://geni.us/reich-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksEpisode with Simine Vazire: https://geni.us/bjks-vazireEpisode with Elisabeth Bik: https://geni.us/bjks-bikBell Labs (2002). The Schon report: https://media-bell-labs-com.s3.amazonaws.com/pages/20170403_1709/misconduct-revew-report-lucent.pdfReich (2009). Plastic fantastic: How the biggest fraud in physics shook the scientific world.Shapin & Schaffer (1985). Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life.

James (Mac) Shine is a PI and fellow at the University of Sydney. We talk about his background in sports, using fMRI to integrate various parts of neuroscience, collaboration, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Mac's sporting background0:07:46: Overview of Mac's review in Nature (w/ Emily Finn and Russell Poldrack)0:14:03: The role of great editors in improving scientists and their work0:32:53: Connecting different levels of description0:40:07: Integration and specialisation0:48:49: You can scan any animal with fMRI - but they're usually anaesthetised0:54:13: The transfer from human fMRI to animal electrophysiology1:01:53: N=1 studies and layer-fMRI in clinical neuroscience1:16:17: Collaboration and building a multidisciplinary lab1:26:52: The magic formula in science: annoyance, excitement, and a constructive mindset1:34:51: Writing grants as a test to oneself, and the art of reframing1:41:52: A book or paper more people should read1:43:37: Something Mac wishes he'd learnt sooner1:45:43: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtMac's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/shine-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/shine-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/shine-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksOHMB interview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucDj_94ovaUBoyden, ... & Deisseroth (2005). Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nature Neuroscience.Finn, Poldrack & Shine (2023). Functional neuroimaging as a catalyst for integrated neuroscience. Nature.Friston, ... (2017). Active inference: a process theory. Neural Computation.Munn, ... Larkum & Shine (2023). A thalamocortical substrate for integrated information via critical synchronous bursting. PNAS.Newbold, ... & Dosenbach (2020). Plasticity and spontaneous activity pulses in disused human brain circuits. Neuron.Pezzulo & Cisek (2016). Navigating the affordance landscape: feedback control as a process model of behavior and cognition. TiCS.Poldrack, ... (2015). Long-term neural and physiological phenotyping of a single human. Nature Communications.Rao & Ballard (1999). Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects. Nature Neuroscience.Shine, ... (2011). Visual misperceptions and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: dysfunction of attentional control networks?. Movement Disorders.Shine, ... & Poldrack (2016). The dynamics of functional brain networks: integrated network states during cognitive task performance. Neuron.Shine, ... & Poldrack (2016). Temporal metastates are associated with differential patterns of time-resolved connectivity, network topology, and attention. PNAS.Shine & Poldrack (2018). Principles of dynamic network reconfiguration across diverse brain states. NeuroImage.

Brandon Brown is a professor at University of California Riverside, where he studies global health and ethics. He also writes career columns for Nature and Science, which we talk about: negotiations in academia, his sabbatical, his life owning and working a farm, different types of grants and contributions in academia, and much moreBJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Brandon's path to becoming a scientist0:20:39: Start discussing Brandon's career columns in Nature0:32:17: Grant applications: small vs. big0:41:36: Postdoc-phase: is my plan crazy?0:55:32: Different types of contribution/recognition in academia1:09:22: Negotiation in academia1:22:47: Contributing to team science1:30:30: Sabbaticals1:39:19: Brandon's farm1:48:15: A book or paper more people should read1:49:33: Something Brandon wishes he'd learnt sooner1:51:43: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtBrandon's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/brown-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/brown-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/brown-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksCAMP: https://www.campstatewide.org/truEvolution: https://www.truevolution.org/Brandon's columns (most of which we discussed):https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02390-whttps://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03184-8https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00381-5https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.364.6447.1306https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.372.6548.1358Coelho (1988). The Alchemist.

Soledad Gonzalo Cogno is a group leader at the Kavli Institute for Science Neuroscience in Trondheim. We talk about how she went from studying physics in Argentina to working on the brain in Norway, the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to neuroscience, why researchers should give their research animals a nice life, mentorship, and discuss her recent Nature paper on ultraslow oscillatory sequences in medial entorhinal cortex.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Studying physics in Argentina0:12:30: The advantages of a physics background - interdisciplinarity in neuroscience0:27:31: How Soledad ended up in Trondheim0:32:46: Rodent heaven in Norway0:36:19: Start discussing Soledad's paper on ultraslow oscillatory sequences1:03:12: So what do those ultraslow oscillatory sequences do?1:16:18: A book or paper more people should read1:22:30: Something Soledad wishes she'd learnt sooner1:30:51: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtSoledad's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/gonzalo_cogno-webTwitter: https://geni.us/gonzalo_cogno-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesEpisode about Ramon y Cajal: https://geni.us/bjks-ehrlichBrun, Solstad, Kjelstrup, Fyhn, Witter, Moser & Moser (2008). Progressive increase in grid scale from dorsal to ventral medial entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus.Constantinou, Gonzalo Cogno, Elijah, Kropff, Gigg, Samengo & Montemurro (2016). Bursting neurons in the hippocampal formation encode features of LFP rhythms. Frontiers in computational neuroscience.Dayan & Abbott (2005). Theoretical neuroscience: computational and mathematical modeling of neural systems.Gonzalo Cogno, Obenhaus, Lautrup, Jacobsen, Clopath, Andersson, ... & Moser (2024). Minute-scale oscillatory sequences in medial entorhinal cortex. Nature.Hastie, Tibshirani & Friedman (2009). The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction.Kropff, Carmichael, Moser & Moser (2015). Speed cells in the medial entorhinal cortex. Nature.MacKay (2003). Information theory, inference and learning algorithms.

Julie Old is as Associate Professor at Western Sydney University. We talk about her experiences and research with wombats, various aspects of wombat behavior, conservation efforts, challenges such as sarcoptic mange and roadkill, the Northern hairy-nosed wombat's critically endangered status and efforts to translocate them safely, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: How Julie got into working with wombats0:03:14: What are wombats?0:11:40: How Julie started researching wombats0:15:34: Sarcoptic mange in wombats0:25:22: Saving the critically endangered Northern hairy-nosed wombat0:36:00: How to prevent wombats from becoming roadkill0:41:46: How do I know a wombat was there without seeing the wombat directly?0:44:11: What research could I do on wombats and (social) decision-making?0:47:51: How do wombats navigate in burrows?0:52:42: How the Australian wildfires in 19/20 affected wombats0:55:41: WomSAT0:59:29: The Wombat Foundation1:01:06: How to translocate a population of wombats1:08:35: A book or paper more people should read1:10:53: Something Julie wishes she'd learnt sooner1:12:11: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtJulie's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/old-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/old-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/old-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences & linksThe scientific park: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest_National_ParkThe Wombat Foundation: https://www.wombatfoundation.com.au/WomSAT: https://www.womsat.org.au/womsat/French & Whatley (2002). Diary of a Wombat.Mayadunnage, Stannard, West & Old (2024). Spatial and temporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in wombats using the citizen science tool, WomSAT. Integrative Zoology.Old, Hunter & Wolfenden (2018). Who utilises bare-nosed wombat burrows?. Australian Zoologist.Old, Sengupta, Naraya, & Wolfenden (2018). Sarcoptic mange in wombats—A review and future research directions. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.Old & Deane (2003). The detection of mature T‐and B‐cells during development of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Journal of Anatomy.Old & Deane (2000). Development of the immune system and immunological protection in marsupial pouch young. Developmental & Comparative Immunology.Park (1962). The Adventures of the Muddle-headed Wombat.Stannard, Wynan, Wynan, Dixon Mayadunnage & Old (2021). Can virtual fences reduce wombat road mortalities?. Ecological Engineering.Strahan's mammals of Australia (2023).Woodford (2002). The secret life of wombats.

Tom Chivers is a journalist who writes a lot about science and applied statistics. We talk about his new book on Bayesian statistics, the biography of Thomas Bayes, the history of probability theory, how Bayes can help with the replication crisis, how Tom became a journalist, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Tom's book about Bayes & Bayesian statistics relates to many of my previous episodes and much of my own research0:03:12: A brief biography of Thomas Bayes (about whom very little is known)0:11:00: The history of probability theory 0:36:23: Bayesian songs0:43:17: Bayes & the replication crisis0:57:27: How Tom got into science journalism1:08:32: A book or paper more people should read1:10:05: Something Tom wishes he'd learnt sooner1:14:36: Advice for PhD students/postdocs/people in a transition periodPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtTom's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/chivers-webTwitter: https://geni.us/chivers-twtPodcast: https://geni.us/chivers-podBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksEpisode with Stuart Ritchie: https://geni.us/bjks-ritchieScott Alexander: https://www.astralcodexten.com/Bayes (1731). Divine benevolence, or an attempt to prove that the principal end of the divine providence and government is the happiness of his creatures. Being an answer to a pamphlet entitled Divine Rectitude or an inquiry concerning the moral perfections of the deity with a refutation of the notions therein advanced concerning beauty and order, the reason of punishment and the necessity of a state of trial antecedent to perfect happiness.Bayes (1763). An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.Bellhouse (2004). The Reverend Thomas Bayes, FRS: a biography to celebrate the tercentenary of his birth. Project Euclid.Bem (2011). Feeling the future: experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect. Journal of personality and social psychology.Chivers (2024). Everything is Predictable: How Bayesian Statistics Explain Our World.Chivers & Chivers (2021). How to read numbers: A guide to statistics in the news (and knowing when to trust them).Chivers (2019). The Rationalist's Guide to the Galaxy: Superintelligent AI and the Geeks Who Are Trying to Save Humanity's Future.Clarke [not Black, as Tom said] (2020). Piranesi.Goldacre (2009). Bad science.Goldacre (2014). Bad pharma: how drug companies mislead doctors and harm patients.Simmons, Nelson & Simonsohn (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science.

Laura Luebbert just finished her PhD in computational biology and will soon be a postdoc with Pardis Sabeti, to hunt some viruses. We talk about how she got into biology, how she created a widely-used software project (gget) with no prior coding experience, her recent reports when she discovered questionable data in key papers about honeybee dances, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Why Laura studied biology in Leiden/the Netherlands (and the importance of early scientific training)0:13:41: How Laura ended up doing a PhD at Caltech with Lior Pachter (and how to choose one project if you're interested in many things)0:22:00: gget: Developing and maintaining a software tool with no prior programming experience0:54:07: Laura's future postdoc (with Pardis Sabeti): global virus-hunter0:59:34: Finding and reporting questionable data in published papers about honeybee dances1:36:43: A book or paper more people should read1:38:55: Something Laura wishes she'd learnt sooner1:40:38: Advice for PhD students/postdocs1:44:02: Bonus: should I learn Catalan?Podcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtLaura's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/luebbert-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/luebbert-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/luebbert-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksEpisode with Jessica Polka: https://geni.us/bjks-polkaEpisode with Elisabeth Bik: https://geni.us/bjks-bikEpisode with Joe Hilgard: https://geni.us/bjks-hilgardPrototype fund Germany: https://prototypefund.de/en/PubPeer: https://pubpeer.com/Aaronovitch (2014-). Rivers of London series.Frisch (1927). Aus dem Leben der Bienen.Luebbert, Sullivan, Carilli, Hjörleifsson, Winnett, Chari & Pachter (2023). Efficient and accurate detection of viral sequences at single-cell resolution reveals putative novel viruses perturbing host gene expression. bioRxiv.Luebbert & Pachter (2023). Efficient querying of genomic reference databases with gget. Bioinformatics.Luebbert & Pachter (2024). The miscalibration of the honeybee odometer. arXiv.https://liorpachter.wordpress.com/2024/07/02/the-journal-of-scientific-integrity/

Laura Wesseldijk works at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics in Frankfurt at the Behavioral Genetics unit in collaboration with the Department of Psychiatry at Amsterdam UMC. We talk about her research on the genetics of music and mental health, methods in behavioural genetics, the role of large samples, the importance of twins for behavioural genetics, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Did Beethoven have bad genetics for music - or are there problems with applying (some) genetic methods to individuals?0:11:51: Different methods in behavioural genetics0:24:20: Gene x environment interactions and the difficulty of disentangling them0:30:30: 23andMe in genetics research0:37:26: Can you ask an interesting question if you need millions of people to have done a measurement?0:42:08: How to measure musicality (at scale)0:47:56: Geneticists really love twins0:50:41: Do critical periods in music exist?1:03:30: How Laura got interested in the genetics of music1:12:07: A book or paper more people should read1:16:17: Something Laura wishes she'd learnt sooner1:17:49: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtLaura's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/wesseldijk-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/wesseldijk-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/wesseldijk-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesBegg, ... & Krause (2023). Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven. Current Biology.Harden (2021). The genetic lottery: Why DNA matters for social equality.Hjelmborg, ... & Kaprio, J. (2017). Lung cancer, genetic predisposition and smoking: the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer. Thorax.Rutherford (2020). How to argue with a racist: History, science, race and reality.Rutherford (2022). Control: the dark history and troubling present of eugenics.Ullén, Mosing, Holm, Eriksson & Madison (2014). Psychometric properties and heritability of a new online test for musicality, the Swedish Musical Discrimination Test. Personality and Individual Differences.Wesseldijk, Ullén & Mosing (2019). The effects of playing music on mental health outcomes. Scientific reports.Wesseldijk, Mosing & Ullén (2021). Why is an early start of training related to musical skills in adulthood? A genetically informative study. Psychological Science.Wesseldijk, Ullén & Mosing (2023). Music and genetics. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.Wesseldijk, Abdellaoui, Gordon, Ullén & Mosing (2022). Using a polygenic score in a family design to understand genetic influences on musicality. Scientific reports.Wesseldijk, ... & Fisher (2024). Notes from Beethoven’s genome. Current Biology.

Arne Ekstrom is a professor of psychology at the University of Arizona, where he studies spatial navigation and memory. We talk about how he got into psychology, his unusual path to getting a PhD, his work on using single-cells recordings from people, the relationship between memory and spatial navigation, why he uses multiple methods, and much more.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: How Arne ended up studying psychology and neuroscience0:06:23: Arne's route to a PhD recording single-cells in humans (via political activism in Central America)0:20:18: The state of using VR-like tasks in the early 2000s0:24:32: The status of spatial navigation research in the early 2000s0:29:45: Collecting data from unusual populations0:33:59: Why record from amygdala for a spatial navigation task?0:41:35: Combining memory and navigation in hippocampus1:02:04: Should I use one method or many?1:11:29: A book or paper more people should read1:13:51: Something Arne wishes he'd learnt sooner1:14:51: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtArne's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/ekstrom-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/ekstrom-scholarBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences & linksEpisode with Lynn Nadel: https://geni.us/bjks-nadelEpisode with Nanthia Suthana: https://geni.us/bjks-suthana Episode with Nikolai Axmacher: https://geni.us/bjks-axmacherEpisode with Nachum Ulanovsky: https://geni.us/bjks-ulanovskyArgyropoulos ... & Butler (2019). Network-wide abnormalities explain memory variability in hippocampal amnesia. Elife.Ekstrom, .. & Fried (2003). Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation. Nature.Ekstrom ... & Kahana (2005). Human hippocampal theta activity during virtual navigation. Hippocampus.Ekstrom ... & Bookheimer (2009). Correlation between BOLD fMRI and theta-band local field potentials in the human hippocampal area. J neurophys.Ekstrom ... & Starrett (2017). Interacting networks of brain regions underlie human spatial navigation: a review and novel synthesis of the literature. J neurophys.Ekstrom & Ranganath (2018). Space, time, and episodic memory: The hippocampus is all over the cognitive map. Hippocampus.Hassabis ... & Maguire (2009). Decoding neuronal ensembles in the human hippocampus. Current Biology.Iaria & Burles (2016). Developmental topographical disorientation. TiCS.Kunz ... & Axmacher (2015). Reduced grid-cell–like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Science.Logothetis ... & Oeltermann (2001). Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature.Watrous ... & Ekstrom (2013). Frequency-specific network connectivity increases underlie accurate spatiotemporal memory retrieval. Nat Neuro.Zhang & Ekstrom (2013). Human neural systems underlying rigid and flexible forms of allocentric spatial representation. Human brain mapping.