Lex Fridman Podcast

Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude's character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Claude: https://claude.ai Anthropic's X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI Anthropic's Website: https://anthropic.com Dario's X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei Dario's Website: https://darioamodei.com Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace Chris's X: https://x.com/ch402 Chris's Blog: https://colah.github.io Amanda's X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell Amanda's Website: https://askell.io SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (10:19) - Scaling laws (19:25) - Limits of LLM scaling (27:51) - Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta (33:14) - Claude (36:50) - Opus 3.5 (41:36) - Sonnet 3.5 (44:56) - Claude 4.0 (49:07) - Criticism of Claude (1:01:54) - AI Safety Levels (1:12:42) - ASL-3 and ASL-4 (1:16:46) - Computer use (1:26:41) - Government regulation of AI (1:45:30) - Hiring a great team (1:54:19) - Post-training (1:59:45) - Constitutional AI (2:05:11) - Machines of Loving Grace (2:24:17) - AGI timeline (2:36:52) - Programming (2:43:52) - Meaning of life (2:49:58) - Amanda Askell - Philosophy (2:52:26) - Programming advice for non-technical people (2:56:15) - Talking to Claude (3:12:47) - Prompt engineering (3:21:21) - Post-training (3:26:00) - Constitutional AI (3:30:53) - System prompts (3:37:00) - Is Claude getting dumber? (3:49:02) - Character training (3:50:01) - Nature of truth (3:54:38) - Optimal rate of failure (4:01:49) - AI consciousness (4:16:20) - AGI (4:24:58) - Chris Olah - Mechanistic Interpretability (4:29:49) - Features, Circuits, Universality (4:47:23) - Superposition (4:58:22) - Monosemanticity (5:05:14) - Scaling Monosemanticity (5:14:02) - Macroscopic behavior of neural networks (5:18:56) - Beauty of neural networks

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Rick's Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence Rick's Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (09:04) - KGB and CIA (23:21) - Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD (38:53) - CIA spies vs KGB spies (45:29) - Assassinations and mind control (52:23) - Jeffrey Epstein (59:15) - Bohemian Grove (1:11:09) - Occultism (1:22:20) - Nazi party and Thule society (2:02:38) - Protocols of the Elders of Zion (2:35:43) - Charles Manson (3:02:30) - Zodiac Killer (3:13:24) - Illuminati (3:20:48) - Secret societies PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep450-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/bernie-sanders-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Bernie's Website: https://berniesanders.com Bernie's X: https://x.com/BernieSanders Bernie's Instagram: https://instagram.com/berniesanders Bernie's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@BernieSanders Bernie's Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders Bernie's Books: It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3 Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4 Our Revolution: https://amzn.to/40cIbnf Outsider in the White House: https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex Saily: An eSIM for international travel. Go to https://saily.com/lex Ground News: Unbiased news source. Go to https://groundnews.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (08:51) - MLK Jr (11:43) - Corruption in politics (23:00) - Healthcare in US (31:33) - 2016 election (37:32) - Barack Obama (43:26) - Capitalism (51:35) - Response to attacks (56:32) - AOC and progressive politics (1:04:24) - Mortality (1:06:30) - Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series "Ancient Apocalypse", the 2nd season of which has just been released. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep449-sc See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Graham's Website: https://grahamhancock.com/ Ancient Apocalypse (Season 2): https://netflix.com/title/81211003 Graham's YouTube: https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom Graham's X: https://x.com/Graham__Hancock Graham's Facebook: https://facebook.com/Author.GrahamHancock Fingerprints of the Gods (book): https://amzn.to/4eM3QXC SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Riverside: Platform for recording podcasts and videos from everywhere. Go to https://creators.riverside.fm/LEX LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (09:58) - Lost Ice Age civilization (17:03) - Göbekli Tepe (29:07) - Early humans (34:07) - Astronomical symbolism (45:36) - Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (1:03:55) - The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza (1:24:29) - Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest (1:33:49) - Response to critics (1:57:56) - Panspermia (2:05:22) - Shamanism (2:29:22) - How the Great Pyramid was built (2:36:41) - Mortality PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep448-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jordan-peterson-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Peterson Academy: https://petersonacademy.com Jordan's X: https://x.com/jordanbpeterson Jordan's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson Jordan's Website: https://jordanbpeterson.com Jordan's Books: We Who Wrestle with God: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a Beyond Order: https://amzn.to/3T4LRBw 12 Rules for Life: https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF Maps of Meaning: https://amzn.to/3A1Ods2 SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex Ground News: Unbiased news source. Go to https://groundnews.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (07:07) - Nietzsche (14:48) - Power and propaganda (19:54) - Nazism (24:54) - Religion (41:18) - Communism (47:03) - Hero myth (49:12) - Belief in God (59:24) - Advice for young people (1:12:02) - Sex (1:32:00) - Good and evil (1:44:46) - Psychopathy (1:58:15) - Hardship (2:10:31) - Pain and gratitude (2:21:32) - Truth PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep447-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/cursor-team-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Cursor Website: https://cursor.com Cursor on X: https://x.com/cursor_ai Anysphere Website: https://anysphere.inc/ Aman's X: https://x.com/amanrsanger Aman's Website: https://amansanger.com/ Arvid's X: https://x.com/ArVID220u Arvid's Website: https://arvid.xyz/ Michael's Website: https://mntruell.com/ Michael's LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN Sualeh's X: https://x.com/sualehasif996 Sualeh's Website: https://sualehasif.me/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (09:25) - Code editor basics (11:35) - GitHub Copilot (18:53) - Cursor (25:20) - Cursor Tab (31:35) - Code diff (39:46) - ML details (45:20) - GPT vs Claude (51:54) - Prompt engineering (59:20) - AI agents (1:13:18) - Running code in background (1:17:57) - Debugging (1:23:25) - Dangerous code (1:34:35) - Branching file systems (1:37:47) - Scaling challenges (1:51:58) - Context (1:57:05) - OpenAI o1 (2:08:27) - Synthetic data (2:12:14) - RLHF vs RLAIF (2:14:01) - Fields Medal for AI (2:16:43) - Scaling laws (2:25:32) - The future of programming PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep446-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/ed-barnhart-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Ed's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast Ed's Website: https://archaeoed.com/ Maya Exploration Center: https://mayaexploration.org Ed's Lectures on The Great Courses: https://thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart Ed's Lectures on Audible: https://adbl.co/4dBavTZ 2025 Mayan Calendar: https://mayan-calendar.com/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (08:59) - Lost civilizations (16:04) - Hunter-gatherers (19:36) - First humans in the Americas (29:28) - South America (34:57) - Pyramids (42:01) - Religion (55:05) - Shamanism (57:02) - Ayahuasca (1:03:15) - Lost City of Z (1:08:09) - Graham Hancock (1:15:11) - Uncontacted tribes (1:21:12) - Maya civilization (1:37:00) - Mayan calendar (1:52:17) - Flood myths (2:20:46) - Aztecs (2:38:12) - Inca Empire (2:56:13) - Early humans in North America (3:02:10) - Columbus (3:06:46) - Vikings (3:10:55) - Aliens (3:15:23) - Earth in 10,000 years (3:31:33) - Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Vivek Ramaswamy is a conservative politician, entrepreneur, and author of many books on politics, including his latest titled Truths: The Future of America First. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep445-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/vivek-ramaswamy-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Truths (new book): https://amzn.to/3XPgZJF Vivek's X: https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy Vivek's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@VivekGRamaswamy Vivek's Instagram: https://instagram.com/vivekgramaswamy Vivek's Facebook: https://facebook.com/VivekGRamaswamy Vivek's Rumble: https://rumble.com/VivekRamaswamy Vivek's LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4e5g0uv Vivek's other books: Woke, Inc.: https://amzn.to/4eqiDqs Nation of Victims: https://amzn.to/3Tu4259 Capitalist Punishment: https://amzn.to/3XOwi5c SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Saily: An eSIM for international travel. Go to https://saily.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex Ground News: Unbiased news source. Go to https://groundnews.com/lex Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (12:50) - Conservatism (16:06) - Progressivism (21:41) - DEI (26:33) - Bureaucracy (33:25) - Government efficiency (48:34) - Education (1:02:59) - Military Industrial Complex (1:25:18) - Illegal immigration (1:46:53) - Donald Trump (2:08:18) - War in Ukraine (2:19:31) - China (2:30:42) - Will Vivek run in 2028? (2:42:21) - Approach to debates PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Vejas Liulevicius is a historian specializing in Germany and Eastern Europe, who has lectured extensively on Marxism and the rise, the reign, and the fall of Communism. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep444-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/vejas-liulevicius-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Vejas's Courses: https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/vejas-gabriel-liulevicius Vejas's Books: https://amzn.to/4e3R1rz Vejas's Audible: https://adbl.co/4esRrHt SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (08:48) - Marxism (36:33) - Anarchism (51:30) - The Communist Manifesto (1:00:29) - Communism in the Soviet Union (1:20:23) - Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin (1:30:11) - Stalin (1:37:26) - Holodomor (1:51:16) - The Great Terror (2:04:17) - Totalitarianism (2:15:19) - Response to Darryl Cooper (2:30:27) - Nazis vs Communists in Germany (2:36:50) - Mao (2:41:57) - Great Leap Forward (2:48:58) - China after Mao (2:54:30) - North Korea (2:58:34) - Communism in US (3:06:04) - Russia after Soviet Union (3:17:35) - Advice for Lex (3:25:17) - Book recommendations (3:28:16) - Advice for young people (3:35:08) - Hope PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Gregory Aldrete is a historian specializing in ancient Rome and military history. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep443-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/gregory-aldrete-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Gregory's Website: https://gregorysaldrete.com/ Gregory's Books: https://amzn.to/3z6NiKC Gregory's Great Courses Plus: https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/gregory-s-aldrete Gregory's Audible: https://adbl.co/4e72oP0 SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex ExpressVPN: Fast & secure VPN. Go to https://expressvpn.com/lexpod OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (08:38) - Ancient world (22:34) - Three phases of Roman history (25:24) - Rome's expansion (37:04) - Punic wars (45:36) - Conquering Greece (47:14) - Scipio vs Hannibal (50:21) - Heavy infantry vs Cavalry (53:57) - Armor (1:06:48) - Alexander the Great (1:12:49) - Roman law (1:22:29) - Slavery (1:30:09) - Fall of the Roman Republic (1:33:54) - Julius Caesar (1:38:33) - Octavian's rise (1:48:25) - Cleopatra (1:56:47) - Augustus (2:24:57) - Religion in Rome (2:49:03) - Emperors (2:56:10) - Marcus Aurelius (3:02:21) - Taxes (3:05:29) - Fall of the Roman Empire (3:22:41) - Decisive battles (3:46:51) - Hope PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips