Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson Three - Understanding, delineating, and forming nouns of the First and Second Declension (Masc. & Fem.)

My links:My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolutionSend me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerlyTikTok: ⁠https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc⁠Email: ⁠[email protected]⁠Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@MrConnerly In ancient Greek mythology, Phaethon was the son of the sun god Helios. One day, he begged his father to let him drive the chariot of the sun across the sky. Despite Helios' warnings, Phaethon insisted, and Helios reluctantly gave in. However, Phaethon was unable to control the fiery horses, and the sun chariot veered dangerously close to the earth, causing chaos and destruction. To prevent further disaster, Zeus struck Phaethon with a lightning bolt, sending him crashing to his death.The myth of Phaethon and the sun chariot serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of hubris and the importance of respecting authority. Phaethon's reckless desire for power and glory ultimately led to his downfall, and his death serves as a warning to those who would seek to defy the natural order of things.In the modern world, this myth is particularly relevant in the context of environmentalism. Just as Phaethon's actions threatened the stability of the universe, humanity's reckless exploitation of the earth's resources threatens the delicate balance of our ecosystem. The myth of Phaethon reminds us of the importance of humility and respect for the natural world, and the consequences of our actions if we fail to heed these lessons.In conclusion, the myth of Phaethon and the sun chariot is a timeless tale that continues to resonate with audiences today. Its moral implications serve as a warning against the dangers of pride and arrogance, and its associations with the modern world remind us of the importance of environmental responsibility. As we continue to face new challenges and struggles, the myth of Phaethon provides us with a powerful reminder of the potential consequences of our actions and the importance of humility and respect.

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My links:My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolutionSend me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerlyTikTok: ⁠https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc⁠Email: ⁠[email protected]⁠Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@MrConnerly Where the first declension includes mostly feminine nouns with -a- at the end of their base, second declension includes mostly masculine and neuter nouns with -o- at the end of their base. The second declension has different forms from the first declension but the uses of the cases are the same. However, there’s another important distinction between first and second declension: the -o- at the end of the base in second declension is weak and it doesn’t show up as -o- as often as the -a- shows up in first declension. The second-declension -o- can appear as -u-, as in the nominative singular (-us) or the accusative singular (-um) or it can appear as -i- as in the genitive singular and nominative plural (-i) and the dative and ablative plural (-is). Here are the endings for second declension masculine, beginning with the singular. The nominative singular: -us or in some cases -er. We’ll discuss that in a second. The genitive singular: -i Dative: -o Accusative: -um Ablative: -oand an irregular vocative: -ě In the plural the endings are: -i -orum -is-os-is. The vocative is regular here in the plural. It’s identical to the nominative -i. 

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I do not own any right to the story read... This myth adaptation comes form James Baldwin's "Old Greek Stories" - How Fire Was Given to Men.Let me know what you think! Email: ⁠[email protected]⁠- ⁠[email protected] ⁠Website: ⁠https://latininlaymansarhetoricrevolution.wordpress.com/

There are five essential grammatical terms that are used in reference to verbs. They are  Mood  tense  Voice  Person Number. You should become familiar with these terms as soon as you can.  The mood of the verb indicates how the speaker feels about the action. Does the speaker feel that what’s being said is a fact, a command, or is there something uncertain about it in the speaker’s mind? Mood can also show that the verb is inside complicated grammar.  Tense is the grammatical term used to indicate when the action of the verb is happening.  Voice is the term used to indicate whether the subject of the verb is acting or being acted upon.  Person is the grammatical term which indicates the nature of the subject. Is it I, you, he/she/it, we, you plural, or where I grew up, y’all, or they?  And finally, number says whether the subject is singular or plural, that is, one person or many.  Another important grammatical term concerning Latin verbs is conjugation. Conjugation has two meanings in Latin.  It’s the process of joining a personal ending onto the base of a verb to form a full Latin verb form,  And it’s the term used to refer to one of the five categories of Latin verbs which are distinguished from each other by the vowels found at the end of their base (/a/, /ē/, /ě/, /ī/, /ĭ/).  Now let’s look at how to form a Latin verb. Latin verbs in the present tense consist of three elements:  the verb base the thematic vowel and a personal ending.  The verb base conveys the verb’s meaning. For instance, am- conveys the sense of “love”; laud-, “praise”; duc-, “lead.”  The thematic vowel signals which conjugation or category the verb belongs to. -a- is the thematic vowel for first conjugation; -ē- is the thematic vowel for second conjugation. Later we’ll learn that -ě- signals third conjugation and -i- signals fourth and third-io. A verb belongs to one conjugation and that’s all. Which conjugation has to be memorized with each verb.  Finally, the personal ending indicates the person and number of the verb, that is, who’s doing the action of the verb. Person signals whether it is first, second or third person, and number signals whether it is singular or plural. The person and number of the subject and verb must agree, in other words, must be the same. Personal endings are attached only to finite verbs.  These are verbs with personal endings, as opposed to “infinitives,” which are verbs that have no endings. Finally, finite verbs serve as the main verbs of sentences and clauses.  Latin verb endings carry important grammatical information.  First, they show person: first, second or third.  First person signifies “me” or “my group.” In English first person is represented by the pronouns “I” or “we.”  Second person represents the person to whom the speaker is talking. “You” is used in standard English to indicate both the singular and plural, but where I come from there’s a very useful second-person plural form of “you,” “y’all.” So, we’re gonna use “y’all” in this class when we mean second person plural, ‘cause that’s a good thing to know. Like how many of you all there are out there? And if y’all don’t like it, y’all can just learn to live with it.  And finally, third person, the person or persons over there, represented in English by “he,” “she,” or “it,” and in the plural, “they.”  Latin verb endings also show number, that is singular or plural. The singular pronouns are “I,” “you,” “he,” “she” and “it,” and the plural pronouns are “we,” “y’all,” and “they.” The Latin personal endings which are used at the end of Latin verbs to indicate person and number are as follows: -o (sometimes -m) meaning “I,” -s meaning “you,” -t meaning “he, she, it,” -mus meaning “we,” -tis meaning “you” or “y’all,” and -nt meaning “they.” 

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There are three important rules to remember in this chapter: (1) the imperfect tense shows incomplete ─ that is, unfinished, repeated, or habitual ─ action in the past; (2) the sign for the imperfect tense in Latin is -ba-; (3) the ablative of time shows a point in time and uses no preposition.This is the shortest chapter and, assuming you’ve done your work in the past, the easiest lesson we’ll cover in all of beginning Latin. Since we’ve already incorporated the imperfect tense in earlier chapters, there’s nothing new to learn here. Here are the imperfect-tense endings in Latin. I’m sure ─ or at least I hope ─ you remember them. Adding these endings to a verb base creates a sense of “was doing, used to do, kept on doing.” Remember, please do not use “did” to translate the imperfect yet. Here is a chart showing one verb belonging to each of the four-and-a half conjugations in the imperfect tense.The ablative of point in time. Latin uses the ablative case without a preposition to express the specific point in time at which an event occurred, for instance, tempore illo, “at that time,” or horis paucis, “in a few hours.” To indicate the same, English uses “in, within, on, at.” We’ll later learn that the accusative case is used also without a preposition to express duration of time, for example, tempus illud, “for ─ meaning ‘for the duration of’ ─ that time.” The relationship between the ablative and the accusative here is comparable to the relationship in verbs between the perfect and the imperfect tense: a completed action (a point in time) versus an ongoing action(duration of time). Expressed geometrically, it is the same relationship between a point and an open-ended line segment.And that’s it. That’s the end of the grammar for this chapter. How beautiful is life! My links:My patreon: ⁠patreon.com/user?u=103280827⁠TikTok: ⁠https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc⁠Email: ⁠[email protected]⁠

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My links:My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolutionSend me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerlyTikTok: ⁠https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc⁠Email: ⁠[email protected]⁠Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@MrConnerly "Pathos" is a Greek word that means "suffering" or "experience." Here are some words that are derived from it:Empathy: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Etymologically, "empathy" comes from the Greek "empatheia," which means "passion" or "state of emotion."Pathetic: evoking feelings of pity, sadness, or sorrow. Etymologically, "pathetic" comes from the Greek "pathetikos," which means "capable of feeling."Pathology: the study of diseases and their effects. Etymologically, "pathology" comes from the Greek "pathologia," which means "study of suffering."Apathy: lack of interest, enthusiasm, or emotion. Etymologically, "apathy" comes from the Greek "apatheia," which means "freedom from suffering."Sympathy: feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune. Etymologically, "sympathy" comes from the Greek "sympatheia," which means "feeling with someone else."Antipathy: a strong feeling of dislike or aversion towards someone or something. Comes from the Greek roots "anti" (against) and "pathos."Pathetic fallacy: a literary device in which inanimate objects are given human emotions or characteristics to reflect the mood of a scene. Comes from the Greek roots "pathos" and "phallos" (deception).Empathetic: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Comes from the Greek roots "em" (in) and "pathos."Pathogen: a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. Comes from the Greek roots "pathos" and "gen" (to produce).Pathognomonic: a symptom or sign that is characteristic of a particular disease. Comes from the Greek roots "pathos" and "gnomon" (indicator).Sympathetic: showing or feeling concern for someone else's suffering. Comes from the Greek roots "syn" (together) and "pathos."Apathetic: showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern. Comes from the Greek roots "a" (not) and "pathos."