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Today, Craig is going to take a look at the First Amendment and your right to freedom of religion. We’ll examine some significant Supreme Court decisions and talk about how they’ve affected our interpretations of the law with respect to stuff like animal sacrifice and prayer in schools. As you’ll see, there aren’t always clearly defined, or bright-line, rules in approaching legal questions. Sometimes tests have to be developed to account for the ever-changing nature of the law and it’s applications - so we’re talk about some of those too. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudiosSupport is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.orgAll attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 2.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcodeWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC...Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We continue our look at philosophical reasoning by introducing two more types: induction and abduction. Hank explains their strengths and weaknesses, as well as counterarguments and the Socratic method. --Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/--Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudiosCrash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse--Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC...Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Much has been written about what exactly caused World War I. As befits a true global war, the reality is that there isn't a single cause. There aren't even three causes. There are a vast array of causes. Today we'll get into just a few of those causes, including the complex system of alliances in Europe, the myriad military conflicts that played out in the years and decades leading up to the war, and the event that many point to as the beginning: the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Sources-Hunt, Lynn. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019.-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World Since 1900. 2nd ed. London; Bloomsbury, 2020.Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Efrain R. Pedroza, Matthew Curls, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore--Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

There’s a lot going on under the sea, and we’re not talking about singing crabs! From hydrothermal vents to trenches so deep you could fit Mount Everest inside them with room to spare. Come with us as we explore marine geology, the science of “what the heck is going on with the ocean floor?"Introduction: Deep Sea Life 00:00Oceanography 0:44The Ocean Floor 1:51Hydrothermal Vents & Trenches 4:20Ocean Currents 7:48Review & Credits 10:12Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7 ***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Language is everywhere. Linguistics is the study of language, but what does that even mean? In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we'll begin talking about some of the features and levels of structure of language, and introduce some of the other topics we'll be covering throughout this series.Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/***Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Catherine Conroy, Patty Laqua, Leonora Rossé Muñoz, Stephen Saar, John Lee, Phil Simmons, Alexander Thomson, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Ron Lin, Jonathan Zbikowski. Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Prestemon, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Justin Zingsheim, Andrei Krishkevich, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks, Sam Buck--Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today we’re going to talk about climate change which is when there is a change in the average weather patterns in a region over a long period of time - these changes can be natural or human-caused. We’ll discuss the main driving forces of climate change in the past and show you how what’s happening now is unlike anything in the past. Global warming, or when there is an increase in the average surface temperature of the planet, has been well-documented since the Industrial Revolution, and scientists have concluded that there is a 95% probability that human activities like burning fossil fuels, industrialization, modern agriculture, and deforestation have caused most of this most recent warming. And while individual actions do matter in helping to curb the disastrous implications of a warming planet, it’s also up to us to hold corporations and governments responsible for the policies and the large-scale emissions that play a disproportionate role in impacting our atmosphere and climate. Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Laura Damon, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids#CrashCourse #Geography #Climate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Last week we covered multiple star systems, but what if we added thousands or even millions of stars to the mix? A star cluster. There are different kinds of clusters, though. Open clusters contain hundreds or thousands of stars held together by gravity. They’re young and evaporate over time, their stars let loose to roam space freely. Globular clusters, on the other hand, are larger, have hundreds of thousands of stars, and are more spherical. They’re very old, a significant fraction of the age of the Universe itself, and that means their stars have less heavy elements in them, are redder, and probably don’t have planets (though we’re not really sure).Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--Chapters:Introduction: Star Clusters 00:00Determining the Age of Star Clusters 2:04Open Clusters Evaporate 3:23The Pleiades Star Cluster 4:27Globular Clusters 5:50Review 9:25--PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudiosFollow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomerWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse--PHOTOS/VIDEOSMagellanic gemstone in the southern sky [NGC 290] http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0603c/ [credit: European Space Agency & NASA]Extreme star cluster bursts into life in new Hubble image http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0715a/ [credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration]View of a Sun-like star within an open cluster (artist’s impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1321d/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Kornmesser]Motion of stars in Omega Centauri http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017a/ [credit: NASA, ESA, J. Anderson and R. van der Marel (STScI)]47 Tucanae: Probing Extreme Matter Through Observations of Neutron Stars http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2013/47tuc/ [credit: NASA/CXC/Michigan State/A.Steiner et al]Hubble Refines Distance to Pleiades Star Cluster http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/20/image/a/ [credit: NASA, ESA and AURA/Caltech]M45 Pleiades https://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im1116.html [credit: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), Richard Cool (University of Arizona) and WIYN]From the Pleiades to the Hyades http://www.deepskycolors.com/archive/2011/11/06/from-the-Pleiades-to-the-Hyades.html [credit: Rogelio Bernal Andreo]Messier 035 Atlas Image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messier_035_2MASS.jpg [credit: Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation]Globular cluster 47 Tucanae http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1510a/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration]The oldest cluster in its cloud http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1428a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]An unexpected population of young-looking stars http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1244a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]View of a globular cluster (artist’s impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1321c/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Kornmesser]All that glitters http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1449a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA] Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1848, Europe experienced a wave of revolutions. Last week we covered some of the reform movements that presaged these uprisings. This week, we're learning about what the people wanted from the revolutions, who was involved, and how many of those goals were accomplished. We'll look at revolutions in the Austrian Empire, Hungary, Italy, the German States, and the region formerly known as Poland. Sources: -Johann Nepomuk Höfel (1788-1964)-'the first uncensored newspaper are sold in street of Vienna after the revolution of 1848'-watercolour Wien-Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien -Hunt, Lynn et al. The Challenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from 1320 to the Global Age. Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1995.-Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. -Smith, Bonnie G. Changing Lives: Women in European History Since 1700. Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1989.-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017.Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore--Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids#crashcourse #history #europeanhistory Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hank teaches us why water is one of the most fascinating and important substances in the universe.Review:Re-watch = 00:00Introduction = 00:42Molecular structure & hydrogen bonds = 01:38Cohesion & surface tension = 02:46Adhesion = 03:31Hydrophilic substances = 04:42Hydrophobic substances = 05:14Henry Cavendish = 05:49Ice Density = 07:45Heat Capacity = 09:10Citations:http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/youthdevelopment/components/0328-02.htmlhttp://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.htmlhttp://www.hometrainingtools.com/properties-water-science-teaching-tip/a/1274/http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o7.htmhttp://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/chemistry/biography/cavendish.htmhttp://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/HenryCavendish.htmlhttp://www.nndb.com/people/030/000083778/http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ca-Ch/Cavendish-Henry.htmlCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Only a couple of decades after the end of the First World War--which was supposed to be the War that Ended All Wars--another, bigger, farther-flung, more destructive, and deadlier war began. Today, you'll learn about how the war in Europe progressed, from the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and the invasion of Poland, to the Western and Eastern fronts, to VE Day and the atom bombs used in Japan. Sources-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.-Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941. New York: Penguin, 2017.-Mazower, Mark. Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe. New York: Penguin, 2008.-Overy, Richard. Russia’s War: A History of the Soviet Effort, 1941-1945. New York: Penguin, 1998.-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.-Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Hitler between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010. Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Jon & Jennifer Smith, David Noe, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Efrain R. Pedroza, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, Timothy J Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, Haixiang N/A Liu, Nathan Taylor, Avi Yashchin, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon, Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, Jirat--Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids#crashcourse #europeanhistory #worldwarii Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices