Are we coming up short? Navigating the Global Power Deficit

Global power deficit and solutions   The discussion will address the power deficit we are experiencing and how new demands for power are navigated across different regions.

WASHINGTON, D.C.— At this year’s Data Center World 2025, held earlier this month at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center, the halls were buzzing with what could only be described as industry sensory overload. As hyperscalers, hardware vendors, and infrastructure specialists converged on D.C., the sheer density of innovation underscored a central truth: the data center sector is in the midst of rapid, almost disorienting, expansion. That made it the perfect setting for the latest episode in our ongoing podcast miniseries with Nomad Futurist, aptly titled Nomads at the Frontier. This time, I sat down in person with Nabeel Mahmood, co-founder and board director of the Nomad Futurist Foundation—a rare face-to-face meeting after years of remote collaboration. “Lovely seeing you in person,” Mahmood said. “It’s brilliant to get to spend some quality time at an event that’s really started to hit its stride—especially in terms of content.” Mahmood noted a welcome evolution in conference programming: a shift away from vendor-heavy pitches and toward deeper, mission-driven dialogue about the sector’s true challenges and future trajectory. “Events like these were getting overloaded by vendor speak,” he said. “We need to talk about core challenges, advancements, and what we’re doing to improve and move forward.” A standout example of this renewed focus was a panel on disruptive sustainability, in which Mahmood joined representatives from Microsoft, AWS, and a former longtime lieutenant of Elon Musk’s sustainability operations. “It’s not just about e-cycling or carbon,” Mahmood emphasized. “We have to build muscle memory. We’ve got to do things for the right reasons—and start early.” That starting point, he argued, is education—but not in the traditional sense. Instead, Mahmood called for a multi-layered approach that spans K–12, higher education, and workforce reskilling. “We’ve come out from behind the Wizard of Oz curtain,” he said. “Now we’re in the boardroom. We need to teach people not just how technology works, but why we use it—and how to design platforms with real intention.” Mahmood’s remarks highlighted a growing consensus among forward-thinking leaders: data is no longer a support function. It is foundational. “There is no business, no government, no economy that can operate today—or in the future—without data,” he said. “So let’s measure what we do. That’s the KPI. That’s the minimum threshold.” Drawing a memorable parallel, Mahmood compared this kind of education to swimming lessons. “Sure, you might not swim for 20 years,” he said. “But if you learned as a kid, you’ll still be able to make it back to shore.” Inside-Out Sustainability and Building the Data Center Workforce of Tomorrow As our conversation continued, we circled back to Mahmood’s earlier analogy of swimming as a foundational skill—like technology fluency, it stays with you for life. I joked that I could relate, recalling long-forgotten golf lessons from middle school. “I'm a terrible golfer,” I said. “But I still go out and do it. It’s muscle memory.” “Exactly,” Mahmood replied. “There’s a social element. You’re able to enjoy it. But you still know your handicap—and that’s part of it too. You know your limits.” Limits and possibilities are central to today’s discourse around sustainability, especially as the industry’s most powerful players—the hyperscalers—increasingly self-regulate in the absence of comprehensive mandates. I asked Mahmood whether sustainability had truly become “chapter and verse” for major cloud operators, or if it remained largely aspirational, despite high-profile initiatives. His answer was candid. “Yes and no,” he said. “No one's following a perfect process. There are some who use it for market optics—buying carbon credits and doing carbon accounting to claim carbon neutrality. But there are others genuinely trying to meet their own internal expectations.” The real challenge, Mahmood noted, lies in the absence of uniform metrics and definitions around terms like “circularity” or “carbon neutrality.” In his view, too much of today’s sustainability push is “still monetarily driven… keeping shareholders happy and share value rising.” He laid out two possible futures. “One is that the government forces us to comply—and that could create friction, because the mandates may come from people who don’t understand what our industry really needs. The other is that we educate from within, define our own standards, and eventually shape compliance bodies from the inside out.” Among the more promising developments Mahmood cited was the work of Rob Lawson-Shanks, whose innovations in automated disassembly and robotic circularity are setting a high bar for operational sustainability. “What Rob is doing is amazing,” Mahmood said. “His interest is to give back. But we need thousands of Robs—people who understand how it works and can repurpose that knowledge back into the tech ecosystem.” That call for deeper education led us to the second major theme of our conversation: preparing the next generation of data center professionals. With its hands-on community initiatives, Nomad Futurist is making significant strides in that direction. Mahmood described his foundation as “connective tissue” between industry stakeholders and emerging talent, partnering with organizations like Open Compute, Infrastructure Masons, and the iMasons Climate Accord. Earlier this year, Nomad Futurist launched an online Academy that now features five training modules, with over 200 hours of content development in the pipeline. Just as importantly, the foundation has built a community collaboration platform—native to the Academy itself—that allows learners to directly engage with content creators. “If a student has a question and the instructor was me or someone like you, they can just ask it directly within the platform,” Mahmood explained. “It creates comfort and accessibility.” In parallel, the foundation has beta launched a job board, in partnership with Infrastructure Masons, and is developing a career pathways platform. The goal: to create clear entry points into the data center industry for people of all backgrounds and education levels—and to help them grow once they’re in. “Those old jobs, like the town whisperer, they don’t exist anymore,” Mahmood quipped. “Now it’s Facebook, Twitter, social media. That’s how people get jobs. So we’re adapting to that.” By providing tools for upskilling, career matching, and community-building, Mahmood sees Nomad Futurist playing a key role in preparing the sector for the inevitable generational shift ahead. “As we start aging out of this industry over the next 10 to 20 years,” he said, “we need to give people a foundation—and a reason—to take it forward.”

As the data center industry continues to expand, two powerful forces are reshaping the search for next-generation power solutions. First, the rapid expansion of AI, IoT, and digital transformation is significantly increasing global power demand, placing increased pressure on traditional grid systems to meet the energy needs. The International Energy Agency forecasts that electricity consumption by data centers and AI could double by 2026, adding an amount equal to the entire current electricity usage of Japan. The second force is the urgent need for a smaller environmental footprint. As energy consumption rises, the drive for decarbonization becomes more critical, making it harder for data centers to balance environmental sustainability with performance reliability. In response to these challenges, data center leaders are looking beyond conventional solutions and exploring innovative alternatives that can meet the demands of a rapidly evolving industry. This podcast will focus on hydrogen fuel cell technology as a potential fuel source. This emerging technology has the potential to transform how data centers power their operations, providing a sustainable solution that not only helps reduce carbon emissions but also ensures reliable and scalable energy for the future. Hydrogen fuel cells present an opportunity for data centers. Unlike traditional fossil fuel-based systems, hydrogen fuel cells generate power through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, with water and heat as the only byproducts. This makes them a virtually emission-free, environmentally friendly power solution. Moreover, hydrogen fuel cells can reduce data center emissions by up to 99%, providing one of the most effective means of decarbonizing the industry. The environmental benefits are matched by their impressive efficiency, as fuel cells operate with fewer energy losses compared to traditional combustion-based systems. In this episode, Ben Rapp, Strategic Product Development Manager at Rehlko, will explore the science behind hydrogen fuel cells, offering an overview of the key components that make them a viable power solution for data centers. He will also highlight the practical advantages of hydrogen fuel cells, particularly their ability to deliver reliable, on-demand power with minimal disruption. This episode also addresses the challenges of adopting hydrogen fuel cells, including infrastructure development, cost, and the need for a robust hydrogen distribution network. Additionally, we talked to Ben about Rehlko’s hydrogen fuel cell project and the partnerships involved. As part of this initiative, Rehlko has collaborated with companies like Toyota to develop a 100-kilowatt hydrogen fuel cell solution aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of data centers. We’ll go over the progress of this partnership and the practical steps being taken to make hydrogen fuel cells a viable and scalable power solution. Finally, Ben will talk about his perspective on the future role of hydrogen fuel cells in data centers worldwide. With the industry facing increasing pressure to meet sustainability targets while ensuring performance reliability, hydrogen fuel cells are poised to play a critical role in the evolution of data center power systems. They offer both environmental and operational benefits that are essential for the industry’s future. Whether used as a primary power source, backup system, or for grid stabilization, hydrogen fuel cells are poised to become a key player in the future of data center energy management.

In this episode of the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, we explore how Packet Power is transforming data center monitoring. As the demand for energy efficiency and operational transparency grows, organizations need solutions that provide real-time insights without adding complexity. Packet Power’s wireless, scalable, and secure technology offers an easy, streamlined approach to power and environmental monitoring. Monitoring Made Easy® Traditional monitoring solutions can be difficult to install, configure, and scale. Packet Power’s wireless, out-of-band technology removes these hurdles, offering a plug-and-play system that allows organizations to start with a few monitoring nodes and expand as needed. With built-in fleet management, remote diagnostics, and broad compatibility with existing systems, Packet Power helps data centers gain visibility into their power and environmental conditions with minimal effort. Fast, Flexible Deployment Deploying monitoring solutions can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly in large-scale facilities. Many systems require extensive cabling, specialized personnel, and lengthy configuration processes. Packet Power eliminates these roadblocks by offering a vendor-agnostic, rapidly deployable system that works seamlessly with existing infrastructure. Designed and manufactured in the USA, Packet Power products ship in just 2-3 weeks, avoiding the delays often associated with global supply chain issues and ensuring data centers can implement monitoring solutions without unnecessary downtime. Security Built from the Ground Up Security is a critical concern in mission-critical environments. Unlike traditional monitoring solutions that focus primarily on encryption, Packet Power integrates security at every level—from hardware to networking and software. Their read-only architecture ensures that failed hardware won’t disrupt power delivery, while out-of-band monitoring prevents exposure to network vulnerabilities. One-way communication protocols and optional physical data isolation further enhance security, ensuring that critical infrastructure remains protected from cyber threats and misconfigurations. Adapting to Industry Changes The data center landscape is rapidly evolving, with increasing demands for efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability. Packet Power’s solutions are designed to keep pace with these changes, offering a non-intrusive way to enhance monitoring capabilities without modifying existing infrastructure. Their technology is easily embedded into power and cooling systems, enabling organizations to implement real-time monitoring across a wide range of devices while maintaining operational agility. Why Wireless Wins Traditional wired monitoring solutions often require extensive installation efforts and ongoing maintenance, while common consumer wireless options—such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee—are not designed for industrial environments. These protocols pose security risks and struggle in settings with high electromagnetic interference. Packet Power’s proprietary wireless system is optimized for reliability in data centers, eliminating IP-based vulnerabilities while supporting secure, large-scale deployments. Cost Savings & Efficiency Monitoring solutions should provide a return on investment, not create additional overhead. Packet Power reduces costs by minimizing IT infrastructure needs, eliminating the expense of network switches, dedicated cabling, and IP address management. Their wireless monitoring approach streamlines deployment, allowing organizations to instantly gain actionable insights into their energy usage and environmental conditions. This improves cost allocation, supports sustainability initiatives, and enhances operational efficiency. Versatile Applications Energy monitoring is crucial across multiple aspects of data center management. Packet Power’s solutions support a wide range of applications, including tracking energy use in busways, HVAC systems, generators, switchgear, tenant submeters, and selective circuits. Organizations use their data for billing, cost allocation, efficiency optimization, and failure detection. By providing real-time insights into power consumption and environmental conditions, Packet Power helps data centers maintain reliability, compliance, and cost-effectiveness. The Power of EMX Software & 3D Visualization Collecting data is only part of the equation—turning that data into actionable insights is equally important. Packet Power’s EMX Software integrates seamlessly with existing DCIM and BMS platforms, offering real-time alerts, custom reporting, and a brand new 3D Layout Viewer for enhanced visualization. These tools help facility managers and operators make informed decisions, ensuring optimal performance and risk mitigation. Conclusion In an industry where efficiency, security, and flexibility are paramount, Packet Power provides a modern approach to data center monitoring. Their wireless, scalable, and vendor-agnostic solutions simplify installation, reduce costs, and deliver real-time insights into critical infrastructure. As data centers continue to evolve, Packet Power’s innovative technology ensures organizations can adapt quickly and operate more effectively without the burden of complex monitoring systems. To learn more, visit PacketPower.com or email [email protected] for a free consultation.

The AI revolution is charging ahead—but powering it shouldn't cost us the planet. That tension lies at the heart of Vaire Computing’s bold proposition: rethinking the very logic that underpins silicon to make chips radically more energy efficient. Speaking on the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Vaire CEO Rodolfo Rossini laid out a compelling case for why the next era of compute won't just be about scaling transistors—but reinventing the way they work. “Moore's Law is coming to an end, at least for classical CMOS,” Rossini said. “There are a number of potential architectures out there—quantum and photonics are the most well known. Our bet is that the future will look a lot like existing CMOS, but the logic will look very, very, very different.” That bet is reversible computing—a largely untapped architecture that promises major gains in energy efficiency by recovering energy lost during computation. Product, Not IP Unlike some chip startups focused on licensing intellectual property, Vaire is playing to win with full-stack product development. “Right now we’re not really planning to license. We really want to build product,” Rossini emphasized. “It’s very important today, especially from the point of view of the customer. It’s not just the hardware—it’s the hardware and software.” Rossini points to Nvidia’s CUDA ecosystem as the gold standard for integrated hardware/software development. “The reason why Nvidia is so great is because they spent a decade perfecting their CUDA stack,” he said. “You can’t really think of a chip company being purely a hardware company anymore. Better hardware is the ticket to the ball—and the software is how you get to dance.” A great metaphor for a company aiming to rewrite the playbook on compute logic. The Long Game: Reimagining Chips Without Breaking the System In an industry where even incremental change can take years to implement, Vaire Computing is taking a pragmatic approach to a deeply ambitious goal: reimagining chip architecture through reversible computing — but without forcing the rest of the computing stack to start over. “We call it the Near-Zero Energy Chip,” said Rossini. “And by that we mean a chip that operates at the lowest possible energy point compared to classical chips—one that dissipates the least amount of energy, and where you can reuse the software and the manufacturing supply chain.” That last point is crucial. Vaire isn’t trying to uproot the hyperscale data center ecosystem — it's aiming to integrate into it. The company’s XPU architecture is designed to deliver breakthrough efficiency while remaining compatible with existing tooling, manufacturing processes, and software paradigms.

In this episode of the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Matt Vincent, Editor-in-Chief of Data Center Frontier, talks to Tony DeSpirito, vice president of enterprise sales at Vertiv, about AI densification and how data centers can prepare for ever-growing rack power demands. They also explore cooling and physical infrastructure conundrums, and Vertiv’s AI roadshow.

The 25th anniversary of the latest Data Center Dynamics event in New York City last month (DCD Connect NY 2025) brought record-breaking attendance, underscoring the accelerating pace of change in the digital infrastructure sector. At the heart of the discussions were evolving AI workloads, power and cooling challenges, and the crucial role of workforce development. Welcoming Data Center Frontier at their show booth were Phill Lawson-Shanks of Aligned Data Centers and Phillip Koblence of NYI, who are respectively managing director and co-founder of the Nomad Futurist Foundation. Our conversation spanned the pressing issues shaping the industry, from the feasibility of AI factories to the importance of community-driven talent pipelines. The 25th anniversary of the latest Data Center Dynamics event in New York City last month (DCD Connect NY 2025) brought record-breaking attendance, underscoring the accelerating pace of change in the digital infrastructure sector. At the heart of the discussions were evolving AI workloads, power and cooling challenges, and the crucial role of workforce development. Welcoming Data Center Frontier at their show booth were Phill Lawson-Shanks of Aligned Data Centers and Phillip Koblence of NYI, who are respectively managing director and co-founder of the Nomad Futurist Foundation. Our conversation spanned the pressing issues shaping the industry, from the feasibility of AI factories to the importance of community-driven talent pipelines.

For this episode of the DCF Show podcast, host Matt Vincent, Editor in Chief of Data Center Frontier, is joined by Santiago Suinaga, CEO of Infrastructure Masons (iMasons), to explore the urgent challenges of scaling data center construction while maintaining sustainability commitments, among other pertinent industry topics. The AI Race and Responsible Construction "Balancing scale and sustainability is key because the AI race is real," Suinaga emphasizes. "Forecasted capacities have skyrocketed to meet AI demand. Hyperscale end users and data center developers are deploying high volumes to secure capacity in an increasingly constrained global market." This surge in demand pressures the industry to build faster than ever before. Yet, as Suinaga notes, speed and sustainability must go hand in hand. "The industry must embrace a build fast, build smart mentality. Leveraging digital twin technology, AI-driven design optimization, and circular economy principles is critical." Sustainability, he argues, should be embedded at every stage of new builds, from integrating low-carbon materials to optimizing energy efficiency from the outset. "We can't afford to compromise sustainability for speed. Instead, we must integrate renewable energy sources and partner with local governments, utilities, and energy providers to accelerate responsible construction." A key example of this thinking is peak shaving—using redundant infrastructure and idle capacities to power the grid when data center demand is low. "99.99% of the time, this excess capacity can support local communities, while ensuring the data center retains prioritized energy supply when needed." Addressing Embodied Carbon and Supply Chain Accountability Decarbonization is a cornerstone of iMasons' efforts, particularly through the iMasons Climate Accord. Suinaga highlights the importance of tackling embodied carbon—the emissions embedded in data center construction materials and IT hardware. "We need standardized reporting metrics and supplier accountability to drive meaningful change," he says. "Greater transparency across the supply chain can be achieved through carbon labeling of materials and stricter procurement policies." To mitigate embodied emissions, companies should prioritize suppliers with validated Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) and invest in low-carbon alternatives like green concrete and recycled steel. "Collaboration across the industry will be essential to drive policy incentives for greener supply chains," Suinaga asserts. The Role of Modular and Prefabricated Builds As the industry seeks more efficient construction methods, modular and prefabricated builds are emerging as game changers. "They significantly reduce construction waste, improve quality control, and shorten deployment times," Suinaga explains. "By shifting a large portion of the build process to controlled environments, we can improve worker safety and optimize material usage. Companies leveraging prefabrication will gain a competitive edge in both cost savings and sustainability." Modular construction also presents financial advantages. "It allows for deferred CapEx investments, creating attractive internal rates of return (IRRs) for investors while reducing the risk of oversupply by aligning capacity with demand," Suinaga notes. However, he acknowledges that the approach has challenges, including potential supply chain constraints and quick time-to-market pressures during demand spikes. "Maintaining a recurrent production cycle and closely monitoring market conditions are key to ensuring capacity planning aligns with real-time needs." Innovation in Cooling and Water Use With AI workloads driving increasing power densities, the industry is rapidly shifting toward liquid cooling, immersion cooling, and heat reuse strategies. "We’re seeing innovations in direct-to-chip cooling and closed-loop water systems that significantly reduce water consumption," Suinaga says. "Some data centers are capturing and repurposing waste heat to provide energy to nearby facilities—an approach that needs to be scaled." Immersion cooling, he adds, offers the potential to shrink data center footprints and dramatically improve Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE). "A hybrid approach combining air and liquid cooling is key," Suinaga explains. "There’s still uncertainty around the right mix of technologies, as hyperscalers need to support not just AI but also continued cloud growth. Flexibility in cooling design is now essential to accommodate a diverse range of workloads." Regulatory Pressures and the Future of Sustainability Standards Regulatory frameworks such as the SEC’s climate disclosure rules and Europe’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) are pushing data center operators toward greater transparency. Suinaga believes these measures will enforce more accurate sustainability reporting and drive greener investment decisions. "This will push data center operators to adopt more energy-efficient designs early in the planning phase and, in the long term, standardize carbon reporting and create incentives for sustainable practices," he explains. He also highlights the role of investors and publicly traded companies in enforcing stricter climate reporting requirements across their portfolios. "At iMasons, we are refining existing reporting benchmarks and frameworks to provide the industry with a holistic view of best practices. This is an area where we aim to support data center operators with an analytical approach." The Road to Net Zero: Overcoming Challenges Despite ambitious net zero goals, execution remains a significant challenge. "The biggest roadblock to net zero is the availability of truly carbon-free energy and materials at scale," Suinaga states. Achieving net zero requires substantial investment in renewable infrastructure, grid connectivity improvements, and energy storage innovation. To accelerate progress, he emphasizes the importance of adopting circular economy practices, advocating for renewable energy policy support, and investing in next-generation cooling and power technologies. "The demand from AI is outpacing current power infrastructure and renewable options. While some net zero commitments may be delayed, investing in new technologies and clean energy solutions will ultimately put us back on the path to net zero." Workforce Development and Addressing the Talent Shortage The digital infrastructure industry has long faced a talent shortage, which has only become more urgent as demand increases. To help address this challenge, iMasons has launched a new job-matching platform. "It’s designed to bridge the talent gap by connecting skilled professionals with opportunities in digital infrastructure," Suinaga explains. "For job seekers, it’s free to use, providing a streamlined way to match with job listings based on skills, experience, and location." For employers, iMasons partners gain access to the platform to find vetted candidates efficiently. "At the pace this industry is growing, the current workforce isn’t enough—we need to bring in talent from other industries and create new career pathways. Digital infrastructure is recession-proof and offers tremendous opportunities for growth." Industry Partnerships Driving Innovation iMasons has been expanding its partnerships, adding 15 new partners in recent months. "We've welcomed companies from various backgrounds, including AI-driven construction management firms, energy-related companies, and cooling solution providers," Suinaga shares. "iMasons is a hub for industry collaboration, helping to drive innovation across the entire digital infrastructure ecosystem. Our mission is simple: to ensure the industry thrives." Looking Ahead As AI accelerates the demand for digital infrastructure, the industry must embrace innovative, responsible strategies to balance scale with sustainability. iMasons, alongside major players in the sector, is committed to ensuring the next generation of data centers are not just fast to deploy but also environmentally responsible.

In this episode of the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Matt Vincent, Editor-in-Chief of Data Center Frontier, talks to Craig Compiano, CEO of Modius, about how data centers are evolving to meet modern demands, specifically in terms of scalability, security and intelligence. They also discuss Modius’s commitment to enabling the next generation of data centers with scalable and secure solutions.

The modular data center industry is undergoing a seismic shift in the age of AI, and few are as deeply embedded in this transformation as Andrew Lindsey, Co-Founder and CEO of Flexnode. In a recent episode of the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Lindsey joined DCF Editor-in-Chief Matt Vincent and Senior Editor David Chernicoff to discuss the evolution of modular and edge data centers, the growing demand for high-density liquid-cooled solutions, and the industry factors driving this momentum. A Background Rooted in Innovation Lindsey’s career has been defined by the intersection of technology and the built environment. Prior to launching Flexnode, he worked at Alpha Corporation, a top 100 engineering and construction management firm founded by his father in 1979. His early career involved spearheading technology adoption within the firm, with a focus on high-security infrastructure for both government and private clients. Recognizing a massive opportunity in the data center space, Lindsey saw a need for an innovative approach to infrastructure deployment. "The construction industry is relatively uninnovative," he explained, citing a McKinsey study that ranked construction as the second least-digitized industry—just above fishing and wildlife, which remains deliberately undigitized. Given the billions of square feet of data center infrastructure required in a relatively short timeframe, Lindsey set out to streamline and modernize the process. Founded four years ago, Flexnode delivers modular data centers with a fully integrated approach, handling everything from site selection to design, engineering, manufacturing, deployment, operations, and even end-of-life decommissioning. Their core mission is to provide an "easy button" for high-density computing solutions, including cloud and dedicated GPU infrastructure, allowing faster and more efficient deployment of modular data centers. The Rising Momentum for Modular Data Centers As Vincent noted, Data Center Frontier has closely tracked the increasing traction of modular infrastructure. Lindsey has been at the forefront of this shift, witnessing the market evolve significantly over the last five years. "Five years ago, we were looking at a graveyard of modular data center companies that leaned heavily on the edge," Lindsey recalled. Many early modular providers focused on latency-sensitive, interconnected solutions—such as base stations at 5G tower sites. However, the market proved premature, hindered by high costs and the scale of deployment within the telecommunications industry. Now, macroeconomic and technological factors have driven a fundamental shift toward modular data centers. One of the most significant drivers is the rapid evolution of chip design. "A traditional data center design cycle can take a year or 18 months," Lindsey explained. "But if we see radical Nvidia chip advancements every 12 months, your design could be obsolete before you even break ground." The need for embedded flexibility within data center design has made modular solutions an ideal fit. Labor Scarcity and the Need for Efficiency Another factor accelerating the adoption of modular infrastructure is the labor shortage in construction. "There just aren’t enough people today to build the scale of infrastructure needed for data centers," Lindsey noted. Compounding the issue is an aging workforce, with many skilled professionals nearing retirement. "When they leave, they take decades of institutional knowledge with them." Modular construction mitigates this problem by shifting labor-intensive processes to manufacturing environments where technical expertise is concentrated. By centralizing production, modular providers can reduce reliance on dispersed construction labor while maintaining high precision and efficiency. Liquid Cooling and the Future of High-Density Deployments Flexnode is also a leader in the adoption of high-density liquid-cooled infrastructure. Lindsey attended the CoolerChips event last year and has been vocal about the advantages of liquid cooling for modern workloads. "More recently, modular is everywhere," he said. "We at Flexnode are seeing demand hand over fist for high-density liquid-cooled systems that integrate seamlessly with broader building designs." This demand underscores the shift from the speculative modular edge deployments of five years ago to today’s high-performance, flexible data center solutions. "Modular is no longer just a niche," Lindsey concluded. "It’s a critical strategy for meeting the growing demand for scalable, high-efficiency data center capacity." The realization that liquid cooling would become a building-wide challenge, rather than just an IT challenge, was a pivotal moment for Flexnode. "Four years ago, we recognized that liquid cooling, which had been around for 10 to 15 years in government and research, was now commercially viable. But very few data centers were truly equipped to deploy it to its full potential," Lindsey explained. Flexnode identified an opportunity to deliver integrated liquid-cooled modules that connect IT systems to building infrastructure through a fully embedded design. Rather than developing proprietary liquid cooling technology, Flexnode focuses on being "liquid neutral." "The liquid cooling market is advancing well on its own," Lindsey said. "We want to enable OEM-driven solutions like JetCool, Motivair, Isotope, and ZutaCore, ensuring they perform optimally in an environment designed to support them." Flexnode operates at the building scale, working on innovative heat management strategies that eliminate the need for external heat rejection. "We integrate heat rejection into the panelized construction of our modular data centers," Lindsey explained. This approach pushes forward a broader, integrated building design suited for liquid cooling. The Shift Toward Hybrid and Two-Phase Liquid Cooling David Chernicoff asked Lindsey whether Flexnode leans toward specific liquid cooling methodologies, such as waterless, multi-phase, or single-phase solutions. Lindsey responded that their focus aligns with OEM and ODM preferences. "Right now, we're primarily working with direct-to-chip water-based single-phase cooling," Lindsey said. "But as part of our work with the Cooler Chips program, we’re also developing a hybrid immersion approach with Isotope." This hybrid method integrates both direct-to-chip and immersion cooling. The industry is currently debating whether to move to a single-phase hybrid approach or leapfrog directly to two-phase cooling. "The big challenge with two-phase is the environmental impact of certain chemicals used in the process," Lindsey noted. While companies are actively working to address these concerns, two-phase cooling remains a complex consideration. Even Nvidia is leaning toward a two-phase future. "From what we've heard at CoolerChips, Nvidia sees the next generation as being two-phase oriented," Lindsey said. "But they can speak better to that." With liquid cooling now firmly part of the mainstream conversation, the challenge is not just about advancing the technology but also ensuring that the surrounding infrastructure evolves to support it. Flexnode’s approach—integrating liquid cooling at the building level—positions them at the leading edge of this shift. Customer Demands Drive Cooling Technology Choices As the industry evolves, cooling technology decisions are increasingly shaped by customer preferences. "Right now, it's very much customer-driven for us," Lindsey explained. "We're working with sophisticated customers—hyperscalers and GPU-as-a-service providers—who already know what they want to deploy." While some enterprises may still be evaluating their liquid cooling options, hyperscalers are looking beyond traditional single-phase approaches, including both dielectric and water-based cooling. However, Lindsey emphasized that many of these developments remain in the R&D phase. "We don’t typically recommend one technology over another unless there’s a clear drawback," he said. One challenge with direct-to-chip cooling, for example, is achieving full heat absorption into the liquid. "That’s where hybrid approaches come in," Lindsey noted. He described hybrid designs that integrate both two-phase direct-to-chip cooling and immersion cooling, as seen in the CoolerChips program. "In some cases, direct-to-chip is single-phase, in others, it’s two-phase. We’re working as a category B provider, helping integrate these technologies at the building level." Lindsey also touched on sustainability concerns, particularly around immersion cooling. "Immersion is seen as the most sustainable in terms of energy efficiency, but there are still questions about how immersion fluids impact server longevity over time," he said. Factors like glue degradation and cable insulation breakdown raise questions about immersion cooling’s long-term sustainability profile. Two-phase cooling also presents challenges. "There’s an ongoing discussion about PFAS and finding non-toxic, non-carcinogenic alternatives," Lindsey explained. "Beyond that, two-phase cooling can create cavitational forces that affect motherboard and chip integrity over time. That’s why many in the industry—including Nvidia—are still weighing the trade-offs." With liquid cooling now firmly in the mainstream, the industry’s next challenge is integrating these technologies seamlessly into modular data centers. "It’s not just about cooling IT gear anymore; it’s about designing buildings that fully support liquid cooling at scale," Lindsey concluded. Flexnode’s modular approach positions them at the forefront of this transformation. Modular Configurations and Integrated Power Solutions Finally, Flexnode’s modular approach offers extreme configurability. "Our modules can be standalone data centers or integrated into powered shell facilities," Lindsey explained. "We configure everything from 2 MW to 20 MW standalone deployments, and we can scale up to 200 MW campuses." Beyond footprint flexibility, power integration is a growing focus. "On-prem generation is gaining traction, particularly with fuel-agnostic generators that can switch between natural gas, hydrogen, methane, and propane," Lindsey noted. Collaborating with partners like Hyliion, Flexnode is exploring adaptable power solutions, including fuel cells. Being behind the meter is another key driver. "Utilities are getting smarter about power allocation," Lindsey said. "In Europe, data centers are facing use-it-or-lose-it policies, and in the U.S., regions like Ohio are imposing tariffs on unused capacity." On-site power generation provides greater flexibility, helping data centers scale more efficiently and participate in curtailment programs that balance grid demand. Looking Ahead As modular data centers become a core part of the industry landscape, Flexnode is pushing the boundaries of what’s possible. "We see modular as a natural extension of utilities—a distributed solution that enhances flexibility," Lindsey concluded. "And we’re just getting started."