SEA: Space Exploration & Astronomy

What is the largest star, and where can it be found? For a few years now, it has been known as Stephenson 2-18, often claimed to boast a diameter more than 2,100 times our sun’s. But is this estimate really reliable? And if not, then what other giant stars may be lurking out there? These are the questions we will be aiming to answer as we wind back the clock in search of the real “largest star”. MUSIC: - Holographic Rain - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37aEn7yuChQ)- Strange Visions (Giuseppe Rizzo)- Endless Mist (Enzo Orefice)- Dystopia - Instrumental (Efliz) - Nights of Darkness 01 - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwC9HZv7Zw0)- Static Balance (Enzo Orefice)- Agnus Dei (Michele Nobler)- Light the Way (Enzo Orefice)Artists: - Enzo Orefice: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/- CO.AG’s music channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS: 00:00: What is the Largest Star? 01:48: It’s Not Stephenson 2-18 05:20: Modern-day Contenders11:30: Primordial Stars15:47: Quasi-Stars 18:11: MoM BH*-1: Webb’s New Black Hole Star 22:28: A Source of Galactic Engines?26:20: The REAL “Largest Star” 

Far beyond the reaches of the four rocky planets, we find our Solar System's showpiece worlds- the two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. As the two largest planets, they both make tantalising targets for probes exploring the planetary neighbourhood, but both lie significantly further from the sun than the Earth and its terrestrial neighbours. But early in the 1970s, the technology for deep space voyages was primed, and missions to both Jupiter and Saturn ensued. Those missions make up the topic of our video today, in this second episode of our trilogy of Probes that Studied the Solar System. CHAPTERS:00:00: Welcome Back 01:52: The Gas Giants 04:11: When Planets Align 08:15: Pioneer 10's Journey to Jupiter12:46: Pioneer 11's Jupiter Journey 15:10: Pioneer 11's Saturn Encounter16:59: A Postcard from Humanity 18:46: The Galileo Spacecraft 24:27: Cassini-Huygens Spacecraft29:11: Landing on Titan 32:14: Enceladus' Underground Ocean33:55: Other Studies: Rings & Storms36:52: Cassini's Grand Finale38:38: Future Missions to the Gas Giants42:33: To be Continued...

In 2012, the world’s most advanced science experiment uncovered the signature of the Higgs Boson, the so-called “God Particle” which gives particles their masses. The Higgs was the last of the Standard Model's particles to be verified experimentally. But far from closing the case, it instead opened a new frontier in physics that today embodies everything we still don’t know about nature’s smallest scales. And so in this video, we will wind back the clock more than half a century, to unravel the history and mysteries of the elusive Higgs Boson.SOUNDTRACK:- “Adega” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2faIhMd5GY)- “Cold Constellations” - Enzo Orefice - “No Eyes in the Fog” - Enzo Orefice - “Creepy Dolls” - Efliz - “Vanished Minds” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPQM8Twz5ec)- “Orbiting Dreams” - Enzo Orefice - “Sunrise” - Enzo Orefice - “Parallel Dimensions” - Enzo Orefice - “Hidden Presence” - Enzo Orefice- “I Vanish When the Sun Awakens” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5fLFlAI0Fw)Artists: - Enzo Orefice: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/- CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic/videosCHAPTERS:00:00: The Standard Model 01:58: The Higgs Field 04:53: The Weak Force Problem 08:12: Early Particle Colliders 12:14: The Large Hadron Collider14:04: Detecting the Higgs Particle 18:31: Sigma Significance 20:23: Discovery in 201223:26: Naturalness vs. Fine Tuning27:01: Supersymmetry29:54: Future Colliders 32:05: Vacuum Decay

Why does the universe choose life over silence? Why has its once inanimate matter and energy come alive on planet Earth? Is it chance? Fate? Or even, by design? It is this profound question that has plagued our conscious minds since the time of our earliest ancestors, and it is going to be the topic of our video today. This video is my oldest idea, and I was planning for it as early as 2021. A massive thank you to the artist Semiquaver for composing the soundtrack that brought this vision to life. SOUNDTRACK:The soundtrack for this video was crafted by Semiquaver, an ambient music and soundscape artist who I'd been following for a while, and knew he was perfect for the job. His channel can be found here:  @semiquaver16th  , where he regularly releases new soundscapes and compositions. The full, 37 minute track will be available to listen to here: https://youtu.be/WQQhwggE6BoCHAPTERS:0:00: What Does It Mean? 1:55: Cosmic Fine-Tuning7:22: The Universe is Infinite10:45: Parallel Universes 14:47: Design Hypothesis 18:56: Cosmic Consciousness 22:02: Boltzmann Brain 25:03: We Are Alone28:30: Theory of Everything

Can we ever turn back the clock? On Earth, Time is rigid and immovable, but in space, it's practically the opposite. Out in the cosmos, time is another dimension alongside the three of space- but unlike in 3D space, there is only one way we seem to be able to move through time. The cause of this directionality, and so-called "Arrow of Time" through the cosmos, makes up the topic of our video today- the second part in a double header on the mysterious workings of Time.SOUNDTRACK: The first and last tracks in this video were composed by Semiquaver, an ambient soundscape music artist. He and I will be working on an original piece specially for the soundtrack to my final video of the year, so go and check him out before then: @semiquaver16th  The other tracks were composed by CO.AG Music, my go-to-guy for such high quality pieces:  @co.agmusic  "Why Me?" - Semiquaver: https://youtu.be/kfp-Qm99BTY?si=ZOUiOTxLgpkHgWhd"Space is as Clear as Dreaming" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/FQ42GG9ReC4?si=ceWagFlaEY3qOiuH"You Can Escape Everything in This Life Except Yourself" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/O58i-jHGYVs?si=mSBKH-WITwGaLV1z"Old Tape Haunting Soundscape" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/LT_APDKFEjU?si=M7h8OTIyC5QtV0Px"I Will Awaken When the Sun Sleeps" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/IshEmQXBi7g?si=mzCVDnGXV28K0TzpCHAPTERS00:00: Welcome Back...01:56: The Fourth Dimension 06:28: Time Dilation11:15: Forward Time Travel 12:42: General Relativity15:00 Backwards Time Travel 18:38: The Second Law21:49: Reverse Entropy23:48: Out of Time

Tick. Tock. It's a sound you probably hear several times a day. Time dominates virtually every aspect of our lives, attuned to the rigid, unflinching regularity of Hours, Minutes and Seconds. The question how did our ancient ancestors figure out these units? Who came up with the concepts of timekeeping, like Minutes and Seconds, and why are there 60 of them, and not say, 100? The answers to such questions make up the topic of our video today- the first in a two-part series on the mysterious workings of Time. Tick. Tock. It's a sound you probably hear several times a day. Time dominates virtually every aspect of our lives, attuned to the rigid, unflinching regularity of Hours, Minutes and Seconds. The question how did our ancient ancestors figure out these units? Who came up with the concepts of timekeeping, like Minutes and Seconds, and why are there 60 of them, and not say, 100? The answers to such questions make up the topic of our video today- the first in a two-part series on the mysterious workings of Time. This one was both a challenge and a privilege to work on, Part 2 will be released towards the end of the month and will be... different. Join my Discord Server: https://discord.com/invite/seaMerchandise: https://the-sea-store.creator-spring.comContent Disclaimer:All the content in this video was researched, written up, narrated and then put together by me (Sam). I do this as a full time job because I enjoy it. I do not use AI for any part of my creative process, and my voice is my personal property and not authorised to be replicated anywhere else. You can support the channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sea_mediaPatrons get early access to new videos and sneak peeks, as well as ad-free access to existing episodes!SOUNDTRACK (In order of appearance):“Hologram” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPFkyyslcb4)“Lost in the Motions of Time” - The Turquoise Moon“Do Not Enter: Horror Background” - The Turquoise Moon “Eyes of Quartz & Obsidian” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNULQQZJIMs)“Calm Gratitude” - The Turquoise Moon“Deep Meditation” - The Turquoise Moon“Summer Evening Soundbath” - The Turquoise Moon“An Ambient Dream” - The Turquoise MoonCO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS:00:00: Tick Tock 02:58: Ancient Timekeeping05:15: Timekeeping in Ancient Egypt10:03: Maths in Mesopotamia15:22: Pars Minuta17:08: Mechanical Clocks20:39: Railway Time 22:41: Greenwich Meantime23:51: Quartz Clocks26:18: Atomic Clocks

Aliens. They already roam this planet, but not on its surface or in the skies. Rather, they lie at the crushing depths of the vast, sprawling oceans. And so in this episode, we'll be swapping the familiar frontier of space for that of the deep ocean, as we plunge into the abyss in search of Leviathans- massive, monstrous marine specimens that have stalked the high seas for almost half a billion years. SOUNDTRACK: Many of the tracks in this video were composed by CO.AG Music, my go-to-guy for such high quality pieces "Someone Else's Problems" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQp7YuV-leM)"Centeon Dreams" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_fyyuO5ZZE)"Forbidden Apostle" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB9ybYQoKu4)"The Anunnaki Return" - Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)"Choose Your Next Move" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abm56ceJi6Y) "Ocean Breath" - Enzo Orefice (StoryBlocks Media)"Echoes of the Unknown" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir8r9k0L0HA)CHAPTERS:00:00: Aliens of the Deep01:36: Leviathan Sea Serpents 06:04: Megalodon: The Megatooth Shark 09:32: Marine Reptiles13:07: Prehistoric Whales17:55: The Blue Whale: Largest Creature Ever21:07: The Bloop: Larger than a Blue Whale? 23:46: Invertebrate Deep Sea Giants 28:12: Siphonophores

On the dark, secluded underside of our planet, we find its most alien continent, Antarctica. A frozen desert larger than Europe, lying atop a sheet containing more than 90% of the world’s ice. But buried beneath this frosty surface, lie fossils and relics from an age where Antarctica was wildly different- covered not by ice, but by forests of trees. SOUNDTRACK:"Black Star" - Lustmord Song: https://lustmord.bandcamp.com/track/black-starArtist: https://lustmord.bandcamp.com“Frozen in Darkness, the Shadowed Halls Underscore” - CO.AG ‘Futuristic Alien Videogame Music” - StoryBlocks Media“Incredulity” by Scott Buckley (Creative Commons 4.0 International License):Song: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/incredulity/Artist: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/“Frozen City, Mysterious Fantasy Orchestra” - StoryBlocks Media“If you love me” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jq1FJ_S73tg“This Machine Managed to Trick Time” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxQtQJ8wiyQ“Delay Time” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JVunbxm1MI“Mysterious Darkness, Reveal Fear” - StoryBlocks MediaCHAPTERS: 00:00: The Seventh Continent 03:48: The Southern Ocean 05:55: The Great Ice Sheet 07:14: West Antarctica 09:21: East Antarctica 11:52: Gondwana: Antarctica’s Past 15:38: Ross Island 16:44: Race to the South Pole 19:34: Little America Bases21:37: McMurdo Station 23:53: Alien Environments in Antarctica 28:36: The Doomsday Glacier

Long ago, the Earth's seven continents were assembled in a giant, sprawling supercontinent known as Pangea. You may've heard of it, but what is often less talked about is what came before. Our planet's current continental chunks have been smashing together and separating for over four billion years, and there have been more than a few "supercontinents" during that time. It is those lost lands that take the stage in this video, as we wind the clock back to the age of the Supercontinents before Pangea.BACKGROUND MUSIC: (In order of appearance)- Meanwhile | Scott Buckley: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/meanwhile/- Ambient Cave | Storyblocks- Everyone Parts with Everything Eventually | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/obyY4n352to?si=eY6KSlBPlWEXcRH8- Dream a Silent Journey | Storyblocks- Ambient Strings and Solo Cello for Meditation | Storyblocks - Lost in Place | Storyblocks- Time Drift | CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tQiFbOhHBY&t- The Disappearance | CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLjXuckODT8- Lost at Sea | Storyblocks- Ascension | StoryblocksCO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicScott Buckley’s track can be found on his website – released under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.auCHAPTERS:00:00: The Supercontinent Cycle02:53: Plate Tectonics & Forming Land05:57: Cratons 08:35: Vaalbara 10:48: Ur 14:03: Kenorland 17:52: Arctica / Atlantica / Nena 20:46: Columbia (a.k.a. "Nuna")23:35: Rodinia29:05: Gondwana / Laurasia31:22: Pangea34:13: Pangea Proxima?

As rich and life-supporting as the Earth is today, it was once nothing more than a column of dust, dancing in a scorched cyclone of gas. And just how we as humans managed to emerge from this ancient dust makes up the topic of this video today. So join us, as we wind the cosmic clock backwards almost five billion years, from you and I in the present, all the way back to the birth of the solar System, back to when Earth was nothing more than a burning, barren wasteland. SOUNDTRACK:The music in this video was created by Scott Buckley and CO.AG Music, their respective tracks are listed below: Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/- Undertow: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/undertow/- Moonlight: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/moonlight/- Machina: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/?s=machina- This Too Shall Pass: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/this-too-shall-pass/- Celestial: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/celestial/- She Moved Mountains: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/she-moved-mountains/CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823- Lufian Sky (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/LLmuc12sS7g- Dim Light Documentary Music (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/DKV7Lfda2NM- Lost Time Edit Mix (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/18R8o8J7GMU- Dream That Summer Dream (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/5jARlSfkVv4- Another Time, Another Space, Another Place (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/kABg8lGVo28CHAPTERS:00:00: Welcome 01:36: Formation of Earth05:41: Hydrothermal Vents07:57: The First Lifeforms10:24: Great Oxidation Event13:21: Eukaryotes 14:52: Multicellular Lifeforms19:06: Early Cambrian Creatures21:21: The Age of Fish24:54: The First Amphibians27:24: Pangaea: The Supercontinent30:40: The Great Die-Off33:38: The Rule of Dinosaurs36:16: The Asteroid Extinction39:10: First Humans 42:09: Closing Statements