Leftist Reading: The Wretched of the Earth Part 2

Episode 156:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 20]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 21 - This Week]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical Materialism - 0:41Annotation 210: 1:15 - 2:51 1. Praxis, Consciousness, and the Role of Praxis in Consciousness a. Praxis and Basic Forms of Praxis - 2:52Annotation 211: 3:29 - 8:17Annotation 212: 9:34 - 11:54Annotation 213: 12:51 - 14:40 b. Consciousness and Levels of Consciousness - 14:42Annotation 214: 16:16 - 18:16Annotation 215: 18:34 - 19:30Annotation 216: 19:44 - 26:00Annotation 217: 28:30 - 30:50Annotation 218: 31:29 - 32:34Annotation 219: 33:58 - 34:33Annotation 220: 36:12 - 37:12[Part 22 - 25?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 14:04Material production activity has a dialectical relationship with all other praxis activity, with material production activity determining, while being impacted by, all other forms of praxis activity.Figure 2 - 24:49Empirical and theoretical consciousness have a dialectical relationship in which empirical consciousness and theoretical consciousness lead to and mutually develop one another.Figure 3 - 29:39Empirical consciousness and theoretical consciousness have a dialectical relationship with one another. Our observations of the material world lead to conscious activity which we then test in reality through conscious activity, and so on, in a never-ending cycle of dialectical development.Figure 4 - 35:55Ordinary consciousness refers to the passive observation of reality which takes place in our daily lives. Scientific consciousness refers to the systematic application of consciousness to solve specific problems in a methodological manner.

Episode 155:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 19]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics IV. Basic Laws of Materialist Dialectics[Part 20 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics IV. Basic Laws of Materialist Dialectics 3. Law of Negation of Negation - 0:37 a. Definition of Negation and Dialectical Negation - 0:57Annotation 195: 2:02 - 6:37Annotation 196: 6:53 - 13:21Annotation 197: 13:47 - 15:29Annotation 198: 15:51 - 17:17Annotation 199: 17:30 - 19:54Annotation 200: 20:53 - 29:46 b. Negation of Negation - 30:02Annotation 201: 30:21 - 35:26Annotation 202: 35:48 - 36:47Annotation 203: 37:16 - 41:10Annotation 204: 41:31 - 42:16Annotation 205: 43:57 - 44:17 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 44:18Annotation 206: 45:26 - 46:46Annotation 207: 47:12 - 48:41Annotation 208: 49:02 - 49:52Annotation 209: 50:10 - 52:14[Part 21 - 25?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 2:47An overview of various forms of negation as they relate to dialectical development.Figure 2 - 3:18Replacement negation refers to the replacement of one thing, phenomenon, or idea with another through dialectical negation.Figure 3 - 4:33Terminal negation refers to the end of a specific cycle of development.Figure 4 - 8:29The metaphysical perspective of terminal negation views negation as an essentially terminal process representing the end point of the existence of a static and isolated thing, phenomenon, or idea.Figure 5 - 23:32A common misperception of dialectical development is that it is “fully negative,” insomuch as the initial thesis (initial subject) is completely negated by the antithesis (impacting subject). In fact, characteristics from both the thesis and antithesis are carried forward into the synthesis.Figure 6 - 25:17In materialist dialectics, it is understood that negation is a process of retention: characteristics from both the thesis (initial subject) and antithesis (impacting subject) are retained in the resulting synthesis.Figure 7 - 30:52The metaphysical “line development” model sees an initial form as being “replaced” or entirely negated into a completely distinct entity.Figure 8 - 33:05The “Spiral Development” model of materialist dialectics sees every stage of development as a higher form of the previous stage which carries forward characteristics from previous stages.Figure 9 - 37:30The cyclical pattern of development is an abstract pattern of dialectical change over time.Figure 10 - 38:56In this example, a new car goes through a cyclical pattern of development in which the third form (new steel) possesses characteristics of the first form (a new car).Figure 11 - 39:40The development of class structure is a dialectical process in which different classes synthesize to form the next era of class society. For example, the capitalist class emerged primarily as a synthesis of the feudal lords and peasants of the medieval era.Footnotes:10) 20:51Conspectus of Hegel’s Science of Logic, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1914.11) 41:29Conspectus of Hegel’s Science of Logic, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1914.12) 42:45Karl Marx, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1914.13) 43:56Anti-Dühring, Friedrich Engels, 1878.

Episode 154:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 18]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics[Part 19 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics IV. Basic Laws of Materialist Dialectics 2. Law of Unification and Contradiction Between Opposites - 0:23Annotation 182: 1:05 - 1:49 a. Definitions of Contradiction and Common Characteristics of Contradiction - 1:49Annotation 183: 2:30 - 5:20Annotation 184: 6:10 - 6:53Annotation 185: 8:07 - 9:10Annotation 186: 9:52 - 13:26Annotation 187: 13:35 - 14:48 b. Motion Process of Contradictions - 14:49Annotation 188: 15:11 - 16:40Annotation 189: 17:23 - 18:42Annotation 190: 19:34 - 20:47Annotation 191: 21:27 - 26:44Annotation 192: 27:35 - 29:38 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 29:39Annotation 193: 30:16 - 30:35Annotation 194: 31:11 - 32:16[Part 20 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 3:06In the metaphysical conception of contradiction, the negated “disappears” and is not represented in the resulting synthesis.Figure 2 - 4:05The materialist dialectical conception of contradiction recognizes that contradicting subjects are defined by their relationship and that the synthesis of the contradiction carries forward attributes and characteristics from both the negator and the negated.Figure 3 - 18:03War, disease, and economy are all examples of unity in contradiction.Figure 4 - 25:43Relative Unity refers to the temporary and relative nature of specific relationships which define and unify specific contradictions; Absolute Struggle refers to the permanent, constant nature of development through contradiction.Figure 4 - 25:43The relationship between relative unity and absolute struggle defines and drives change, motion, and development through contradiction.Footnotes:4) 0:48Summary of Dialectics, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1914.5) 8:05Anti-Dühring, Friedrich Engels, 1877.6) 17:22On the Questions of Dialectics, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1915.7) 21:25On the Questions of Dialectics, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1915.8) 27:34On the Questions of Dialectics, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1915.9) 30:14On the Questions of Dialectics, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1915.

Episode 153:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 17]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics[Part 18 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics IV. Basic Laws of Materialist Dialectics - 0:25Annotation 161: 2:29 - 3:27Annotation 162: 4:09 - 4:43 1. Law of Transformation Between Quantity and Quality - 02:29Annotation 163: 5:01 - 5:59Annotation 164: 6:29 - 8:58 a. Definitions of Quality and Quantity - 09:16Annotation 165: 9:34 - 12:14Annotation 166: 12:58 - 13:52Annotation 167: 13:59 - 14:28Annotation 168: 14:43 - 16:10Annotation 169: 16:21 - 16:44Annotation 170: 16:54 - 17:38Annotation 171: 18:40 - 19:20 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Quantity and Quality - 3:04Annotation 172: 19:52 - 20:29Annotation 173: 21:01 - 22:09Annotation 174: 22:27 - 22:55Annotation 175: 23:47 - 24:45Annotation 176: 24:51 - 26:05Annotation 177: 26:45 - 27:59Annotation 178: 28:53 - 31:32 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 12:06Annotation 179: 32:32 - 34:56Annotation 180: 35:55 - 38:58Annotation 181: 39:31 - 40:07[Part 19 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 21:04The quantity range is a range of quantities between quality shifts.Figure 2 - 22:30Figure 3 - 23:12A quality shift occurs when a quantity changes beyond a threshold, leading to a change in quality.Figure 4 - 24:53The Quantity Range (A) refers to the range of quantities between two qualities in the process of development. The Quality Shift (B) refers to the point at which quantity accumulates to the point of changing the Quality of the developing subject. The Period of Motion (C) includes both the quantity range and the quality shifts themselves. Figure 5 - 30:04Quality refers to the differences which are distinguished in human consciousness between one subject and another, or changes in a subject’s form over time. Footnotes:1) 26:43Anti-Dühring, Friedrich Engels, 1878.2) 39:53See Annotation 108.3) 40:00See Annotation 207.

Episode 152:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 16]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics 1. Private and Common 2. Reason and Result 3. Obviousness and Randomness 4. Content and Form[Part 17 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics 5. Essence and Phenomenon - 00:30 a. Categories of Essence and Phenomenon - 00:30Annotation 155: 1:01 - 3:04 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Essence and Phenomenon - 3:04Annotation 156: 4:22 - 12:05 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 12:06Annotation 157: 12:28 - 14:22 6. Possibility and Reality - 17:44 a. Categories of Possibility and Reality - 17:44 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Possibility and Reality - 18:12Annotation 159: 18:52 - 22:26 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 22:57Annotation 160: 23:50 - 24:16[Part 18 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFootnotes:5) 3:59Philosophical Notebooks, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1914-16.6) 14:37Philosophical Notebooks, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1914-16.7) 23:21To N. D. Kiknadze, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, written after November 5, 1916.

Episode 151:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 15]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics 1. Private and Common 2. Reason and Result 3. Obviousness and Randomness[Part 16 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics 4. Content and Form - 00:24 a. Categories of Content and Form - 00:24Annotation 150: 0:57 - 17:50 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Content and Form - 17:52Annotation 151: 18:26 - 19:21Annotation 152: 19:39 - 22:25Annotation 153: 22:47 - 25:09 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 25:10Annotation 154: 26:02 - 29:04[Part 17 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 3:51A material object can be described in terms of content, inner form, and outer form.Figure 2 - 11:36Figure 3 - 20:30Quantity changes in Content lead to quality shifts in Form.Footnotes:4) 3:26See Annotation 10 and Annotation 108.

Episode 150:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 14]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics 1. Private and Common[Part 15 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics 2. Reason and Result - 0:39 a. Categories of Reason and Result - 0:39Annotation 136: 1:17 - 4:51 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Reason and Result - 4:53Annotation 137: 5:51 - 10:12Annotation 138: 10:19 - 10:46Annotation 139: 10:55 - 12:01Annotation 140: 12:56 - 13:34 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 13:34Annotation 141: 14:02 - 14:26Annotation 142: 15:07 - 17:02 3. Obviousness and Randomness - 17:03 a. Categories of Obviousness and Randomness - 17:03Annotation 143: 17:12 - 17:58Annotation 144: 18:16 - 18:59Annotation 145: 19:21 - 20:03 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Obviousness and Randomness - 20:05Annotation 146: 20:20 - 20:36Annotation 147: 20:54 - 23:07Annotation 148: 23:46 - 24:41 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 24:42Annotation 149: 25:25 - 26:48[Part 16 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 1:56Metaphysical vs. Materialist Dialectical conceptions of development. Figure 2 - 2:39Metaphysical vs. Materialist Dialectical conceptions of frying and eating an egg. Figure 3 - 6:17Direct Reasons stem from immediate relations.Figure 4 - 6:45Indirect Reasons have an intervening relationship between the Reason and the Result. Figure 5 - 7:50Internal Reasons stem from internal relationships. Figure 6 - 8:14External Reasons stem from external relations. Footnotes:2) 12:55Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, Friedrich Engels, 1880.3) 23:25Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, Friedrich Engels, 1886.

Episode 149:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 13]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics[Part 14 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics III. Basic Pairs of Categories of Materialist Dialectics - 0:28Annotation 126: 0:54 - 1:27Annotation 127: 3:21 - 4:02Annotation 128: 4:30 - 5:53 1. Private and Common a. Categories of Private and Common - 5:54Annotation 129: 6:40 - 21:24 b. Dialectical Relationship Between Private and Common - 21:25Annotation 130: 21:47 - 22:30Annotation 131: 22:49 - 23:22Annotation 132: 23:46 - 25:14 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 26:28Annotation 133: 27:00 - 28:01Annotation 134: 28:21 - 33:53Annotation 135: 34:06 - 35:06[Part 15 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 3:25The categories of specific sciences are limited to the scope of study, while the categories of materialist dialectics encompass all things, phenomena, and ideas. Figure 2 - 6:34Figure 3 - 8:25All private subjects have attributes in common with other private subjects. Figure 4 - 9:15All private subjects have attributes in common with other private subjects. Figure 5 - 10:04All things, phenomena, and ideas contain the unique, the private, and the common. Figure 6 - 12:27“Unique” things, phenomena, and ideas can become “common” through development processes (and vice-versa). Figure 7 - 27:23Dialectical analysis of private and common characteristics involves observing private subjects to determine common attributes and considering common attributes to gain insights about private subjects. Footnotes:1) 26:20On the Question of Dialectics, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1915.

Episode 148:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11 - 12]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics 1. The Principle of General Relationships[Part 13 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics 2. Principle of Development a. Definition of Development - 0:31Annotation 117: 1:02 - 6:59Annotation 118: 7:17 - 11:25Annotation 119: 12:32 - 13:09 b. Characteristics of Development - 13:10Annotation 120: 13:30 - 14:47Annotation 121: 15:07 - 15:52Annotation 122: 16:25 - 16:45Annotation 123: 17:38 - 17:53 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 17:55Annotation 124: 18:48 - 19:17Annotation 125: 19:58 - 20:35[Part 14 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 2:02In the process of development, Quantity Change leads to Quality Change.Figure 2 - 3:40All of these have the quality of water because of the molecular quantities of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, however, from the perspective of volume, quantity changes still lead to quality changes.Figure 3 - 5:21The same human being will undergo various quality changes as age quantity increases over time.Figure 4 - 6:09Metaphysics only consider linear properties of quantity change; Materialist Dialectics takes quantity changes and quality shifts into consideration when considering change over time.Figure 5 - 8:06The concept of “change” in materialist dialectics centers on internal and external relationships causing mutual impacts which lead to quantity changes which build into quality shifts.Figure 6 - 10:34Both flooding and flood recession are development processes with the same forward tendency. Flood recession may appear to be a “reversal,” but it is in fact forward development.Figure 7 - 14:08Dialectical Development consists of Quantity and Quality Shifts, which in turn derive from motion. Footnotes:7) 13:18See: Annotation 108.8) 13:21See: Annotation 106.9) 13:24See: Annotation 107.10) 18:28Once Again On The Trade Unions, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1921. See also: Mode and Forms of Existence of Matter.11) 18:42See Annotation 62.12) 21:32Once Again On The Trade Unions, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1921.

Episode 147:This week we’re continuing with:The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismWritten for the Vietnamese curriculum and translated by Luna NguyenYou can purchase a copy and support translation of the further curriculum here:https://www.banyanhouse.org/product/ebook-the-worldview-and-philosophical-methodology-of-marxism-leninism[Part 1 - 5]Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism[Part 6 - 10]Part I: The Worldview and Philosophical Methodology of Marxism-LeninismChapter 1: Dialectical Materialism[Part 11]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics I. Dialectics and Materialist Dialectics[Part 12 - This Week]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics II. Basic Principles of Marxist Dialectics - 0:33Annotation 103: 0:36-1:14 1. The Principle of General Relationships - 1:14Annotation 104: 1:23-4:10Annotation 105: 4:31-6:21Annotation 106: 7:11-8:27Annotation 107: 9:08-12:03 b. Characteristics of Relationships - 12:05Annotation 108: 12:29-14:36Annotation 109: 15:05-16:05Annotation 110: 16:39-17:16Annotation 111: 17:46-18:28Annotation 112: 19:22-22:23 c. Meaning of the Methodology - 22:56Annotation 113: 24:10-24:55Annotation 114: 25:38-27:26Annotation 115: 27:44-30:05Annotation 116: 30:13-32:08[Part 13 - 25?]Chapter 2: Materialist Dialectics[Part 26 - 30?]Chapter 3: Cognitive Theory of Dialectical MaterialismFigures:Figure 1 - 0:39The Principle of General Relationships and the Principle of Development are the most basic principles of materialist dialectics. These two principles are dialectically related to one another. Figure 2 - 5:40Figure 3 - 7:14Figure 4 - 10:28An infinite diversity of relationships exist within the unity of the material world. Figure 5 - 11:14Universal relationships which unite all things, phenomena, and ideas manifest in infinitely diverse ways.Figure 6 - 13:02All things, phenomena, and ideas have the relative characteristic of objectiveness. Figure 7 - 13:42Alice and Bob are external to one another; each is objective from the other’s perspective. Figure 8 - 14:14The relationship between Alice and Bob has objective characteristics to both Alice and Bob. Figure 9 - 24:14The comprehensive viewpoint sees the subject in terms of all of its internal and external relationships. Figure 10 - 47:47A historical viewpoint focuses on the roles and positions of relationships and properties of subjects as well as their development over time. Footnotes:1) 8:42See Private and Common; Essence and Phenomenon.2) 8:47See Annotation 117.3) 8:52See Annotation 190.4) 18:36See Annotation 108.5) 18:39See The Principle of General Relationships.6) 24:08Once Again On The Trade Unions, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1921.